Polio vaccines - "no thank you!" barriers to polio eradication in Northern Nigeria

African Affairs

Volumn 106, Issue 423, 2007, Pages 185-204

  Yahya, Maryam ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASE CONTROL; IMMUNIZATION; POLIOMYELITIS; VACCINATION; VACCINE;

AFRICA; NIGERIA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 34447550747     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: 14682621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adm016     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. The SCSN was established by the Zamfara State legislature, following the adoption of the shari'a criminal code in October 1999. Northern Muslim political and religious leaders established the council as an organization/tool to promote the adoption of shari'a in other Nigerian states.
2. J. Clements and C. Drake, 'Combating anti-vaccination rumours: lessons learned from case studies in East Africa', Case study report, UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, 2002.
3. P. Streefland, 'Public doubts about vaccination safety and resistance against vaccination', Health Policy 55, 3 (2001), pp. 159-72.
4. P. Feldman-Savelsberg, F.T. Ndonko and B. Schmidt-Ehry, 'Sterilizing vaccines or the politics of the womb: retrospective study of rumour in cameroon', Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14, 2 (2000), pp. 159-79.
5. These include private foundations (e.g. United Nations Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation); development banks (e.g. the World Bank); donor governments (e.g. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America); the European Commission; humanitarian and nongovernmental organizations (e.g. the International Red Cross and Red Crescent societies) and corporate partners (e.g. Sanofi Pasteur, De Beers).
6. 'Muslim suspicion of polio vaccine lingers on', Science in Africa, March 2004, (5 May 2005).
7. Bauchi, Niger and Zamfara only boycotted one round of National Immunization Days and then resumed. Kano State continued the boycott for over a year.
8. 'Islamic leaders' fears of US "plot" put millions at risk for polio', (28 October 2003).
9. 'Muslim suspicion of polio vaccine lingers on', (19 February 2004).
10. 'Vaccine boycott spreads polio', South Africa (11 February 2004).
11. Poliomyelitis (polio) is caused by the wild polio virus. Seven poliovirus genotypes have been identified, two of which can be found in West Africa. C. Chezzi, N.K. Blackburn and B.D. Schoub, 'Molecular epidemiology of type 1 polioviruses from Africa', Journal of General Virology 78 (1997), pp. 1017-24.
12. 'Polio makes comeback in Africa', South Africa (22 October 2003).
13. 'Polio vaccine: our boycott is lesser evil, says Gov Shekarau', Vanguard Newspaper, Nigeria, 27 February 2004.
14. 'Nigeria orders polio vaccine tests', (29 October 2003).
15. Ibid.
16. C. Duodu, 'The Fear of Vaccines', New African, April 2004.
17. J.A. Miller, 'Are new vaccines laced with birth-control drugs?', Human Life International 13, 8 (1995), cited at (7 February 2007).
18. See for example Ogbu Kalu, 'Safiyya and Adamah: punishing adultery with sharia stones in twenty-first century Nigeria', African Affairs 102, 408 (2003), pp. 389-408.
19. '15 million children to be immunized against polio in Nigeria as disease spreads', UNICEF press release, (22 October 2003).
20. 'Opinion: the controversy over the polio vaccine', (8 January 2004).
21. 'Reps and the polio vaccine controversy', Daily Trust Newspaper, Nigeria, 30 December 2003.
22. 'By the year 2002, the international immunisation campaign had made a US$ 3 billion investment towards the eradication of polio', (16 April 2002).
23. 'Traditional rulers in northern Nigeria call for halt to polio', British Medical Journal, (7 February 2004).
24. 'Reps and the polio vaccine controversy', Daily Trust Newspaper, 30 December 2003.
25. 'Muslim suspicion of polio vaccine lingers on', (19 February 2004).
26. Ibid.
27. 'Nigeria dispute endangers global polio drive, Africa Recovery', (February 2004).
28. Ibid.
29. The aim behind the 'Islamic Fiqh Council' is to have a common forum for the intellectual interpretation and reflection ('Ijtihad') on Islam, to provide the Muslim community with answers to questions arising from developments in contemporary life. This conference brings together Islamic lawyers, scholars and philosophers from all over the world. The 15th annual conference of the Islamic Fiqh council took place in March 2004.
30. 'Preventing child vaccinations: permissible?', (18 March 2004).
31. Author, Field interviews, Lagos, Nigeria, 25 June 2005.
32. 'Head of mostly Muslim state in Nigeria revokes 11-month ban on polio vaccine', (19 July 2004).
33. Author, Interview with Nafiu Baba-Ahmed (Secretary SCSN), Kaduna, Nigeria, 4 July 2005.
34. '2004 synchronised National Immunisation Days for west and central Africa flagged off', (10 October 2004).
35. Ibid.
36. 'Reviving immunization in Nigeria - a position paper', authored jointly by representatives of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the European Commission, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the World Health Organization (WHO), and published by DFID Nigeria, Abuja, 2004.
37. 'Nigeria demographic health survey 2003', National Population Commission (NPC), Nigeria, April 2004.
38. Ibid.
39. J. Clements and C. Drake, Combating Anti-vaccination Rumours: Lessons Learned From Case Studies in East Africa (UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, UNICEF, 2001).
40. Author, Field interviews, Bauchi, Nigeria, 7 July 2005.
41. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Nigeria, 29 June 2005.
42. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Nigeria, 30 June 2005.
43. Ibid.
44. Author, Field interviews, Kaduna, Nigeria, 15 July 2005.
45. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Nigeria, 11 July 2005.
46. Author, Field interviews, Kaduna, Nigeria, 4 July 2005.
47. Author, Field interviews, Kaduna, Nigeria, 1 July 2005.
48. The Hausa are people of northern Nigeria and south-eastern Niger. Hausas can also be found in most West African cities. The Hausas have been Muslims since the 14th century and have converted many other Nigerian ethnic groups to the Muslim faith through trade and Jihad. Hausa language is spoken as a universal language in most parts of northern Nigeria.
49. WHO, 'World Health Organization traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005' (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002), p. 11.
50. Ibid.
51. I.O. Orobuloye and O.Y. Oyeneyi, 'Primary health care in developing countries: the case of Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Tanzania', Social Science and Medicine 16, 6 (1982), pp. 675-86.
52. E. Ayensu, 'Healing plants', (29th May 2005).
53. R. Stock, 'Distance and the utilization of health facilites in rural Nigeria', Social Science and Medicine 17, 9 (1983), pp. 563-70.
54. E. Ayensu, 'Healing plants', (29th May 2005).
55. 'Reviving immunization in Nigeria - A position paper', authored jointly by representatives of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the European Commission, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the World Health Organization (WHO), September 2004.
56. FBA Health System Analysts, 'The state of routine immunisation services in Nigeria and reasons for current problems', Revised version (DFID, Nigeria, Lagos, June 2005).
57. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization is an historic alliance between the private and public sector committed to saving children's lives and people's health through the widespread use of vaccines .
58. NEPAD, 'Health strategy 2003' (adopted at first African Union Conference of Health Ministers) Tripoli, 2003.
59. FBA Health System Analysts, 'The state of routine immunisation services in Nigeria and reasons for current problems', Revised version (DFID, Nigeria, June 2005).
60. Coverage rates of 18 percent in Niger (1998), 29 percent in Mali (2001), 31 percent in Togo (1998), 36 percent in Cameroon (1998), 59 percent in Benin (2001) and 69 percent in Ghana: Nigeria Demographic Health Survey 2003, National Population Commission (NPC), Nigeria, April 2004.
61. FBA Health System Analysts, 'The state of routine immunisation services in Nigeria and reasons for current problems', Revised version (DFID, Nigeria, June 2005), p. 36.
62. A. Dunn, 'Synthesis Report', Addendum to Existing Qualitative and Quantitative Immunisation Survey, PATHS Programme, Nigeria, Abuja, 2002.
63. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Nigeria, 30 June 2005.
64. 'Convention on the rights of the child- second country periodic report', Federal Ministry of Women's Affairs (Abuja, 2004), p. 55.
65. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Kaduna, Bauchi, Nigeria, 30 June-14 July 2005.
66. Author, Field interviews, Bauchi, Nigeria, 9 July 2005.
67. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Nigeria, 30 June 2005.
68. A. Dunn, 'Synthesis Report', Addendum to Existing Qualitative and Quantitative Immunisation Survey, PATHS Programme - Nigeria, Abuja, 2002.
69. Cold chain officers manage vaccine preservation in cold storage.
70. Author, Field interviews, Abuja, Nigeria, 5 July 2005.
71. Author, Field interviews, Kano, Nigeria, 13 July 2005.
72. FBA Health System Analysts, 'Tle state of routine immunisation services in Nigeria and reasons for current problems', Revised version (DFID, Nigeria, June 2005).
73. J. Clements and C. Drake, 'Combating anti-vaccination rumours: lessons learned from case studies in East Africa', (UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, 2002 UNICEF, 2004).
74. 'Polio: PPPIF to launch Blue Ribbon Campaign', this news cited at (19 September 2005).
75. J. Clements and C. Drake, 'Combating anti-vaccination rumours: lessons learned from case studies in East Africa' (UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, UNICEF, 2001).