Different groups, different threats: A Multi-Threat approach to the experience of stereotype threats

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 464-480

  Shapiro, Jenessa R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Multi Threat Framework; Stereotype threat; Stereotypes; Stigma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; DISABLED PERSON; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PILOT STUDY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STIGMA;

ADULT; AFFECT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; DISABLED PERSONS; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PILOT PROJECTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL STIGMA; STEREOTYPING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79953706295     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167211398140     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Aboud, F. E. (1988). Children and prejudice. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.
2. Akiba, D., Szalacha, L. A., & Garcia Coll, C. T. (2004). Multiplicity of ethnic identification during middle childhood: Conceptual and methodological considerations. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 104, 45-60.
3. Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2004). The ups and downs of attributional ambiguity: Stereotype vulnerability and the academic self-knowledge of Black college students. Psychological Science, 15, 829-836.
4. Bigler, R. S., Averhart, C. J., & Liben, L. S. (2003). Race and the workforce: Occupational status, aspirations, and stereotyping among African American children. Developmental Psychology, 39, 572-580.
5. Blascovich, J., Spencer, S., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). Blacks and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12, 225-229.
6. Brewin, C. R., MacCarthy, B., Duda, K., & Vaughn, C. E. (1991). Attribution and expressed emotion in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 546-554.
7. Chandra, A., & Minkovitz, C. S. (2007). Factors that influence mental health stigma among 8th grade adolescents. Journal of
8. Youth and Adolescence, 36, 763-774.
9. Cohen, A. B. (2009). Many forms of culture. American Psychologist, 64, 94-204.
10. Cohen, G. L., & Garcia, J. (2005). "I am us": Negative stereotypes as collective threats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 566-582.
11. Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59, 614-625.
12. Corrigan, P., & Watson, A. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 35-53.
13. Crandall, C. S. (1991). Do heavy-weight students have more difficulty paying for college? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 606-611.
14. Crandall, C. S. (1995). Do parents discriminate against their heavy-weight daughters? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 724-735.
15. Crandall, C., & Biernat, M. (1990). The ideology of anti-fat attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 227-243.
16. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
17. Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1615-1628.
18. Goff, P. A., Steele, C. M., & Davies, P. G. (2008). The space between us: Stereotype threat and distance in interracial contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 91-107.
19. Goffman, E. (1963). Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
20. Jones, E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A., Markus, H., Miller, D., & Scott, R. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: Freeman.
21. Kiefer, A. K., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2007). Implicit stereotypes, gender identification, and math-related outcomes: A prospective study of female college students. Psychological Science, 18, 13-18.
22. Kiefer, A., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Barczyk, A. (2006). When appearance concerns make women look bad: Solo status and body image concerns diminish women's academic performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 78-86.
23. Levin, J. R., & Neumann, E. (1999). Testing for predicted patterns: When interest in the whole is greater than in some of its parts. Psychological Methods, 4, 44-57.
24. Lickel, B., Hamilton, D. L., Wieczorkowska, G., Lewis, A., Sherman, S. J., & Uhles, A. N. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 223-246.
25. Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989). A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, 54, 400-423.
26. Madge, N. J. H. (1976). Context and expressed ethnic preferences of infant school-children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 337-344.
27. Marx, D. M., & Goff, P. A. (2005). Clearing the air: The effect of experimenter race on target's test performance and subjective experience. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 645-657.
28. Marx, D. M., Ko, S. J., & Friedman, R. A. (2009). The "Obama effect": How a salient role model reduces race-based performance differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 953-956.
29. Marx, D. M., Stapel, D. A., & Muller, D. (2005). We can do it: The interplay of construal orientation and social comparison under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 432-446.
30. McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 74, 498-515.
31. Moses, T. (2010). Being treated differently: Stigma experiences with family, peers, and school staff among adolescents with mental health disorders. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 985-993.
32. Quinn, D. M., & Crocker, J. (1999). When ideology hurts: Effects of belief in the Protestant ethic and feeling overweight on the psychological well-being of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 402-414.
33. Quinn, D. M., Kahng, S. K., & Crocker, J. (2004). Discreditable: Stigma effects of revealing a mental illness history on test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 803-815.
34. Rusch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Todd, A. R., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2010). Implicit self-stigma in people with mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 150-153.
35. Rusch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Olschewski, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010). Automatically activated shame reactions and perceived legitimacy of discrimination: A longitudinal study among people with mental illness. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 60-63.
36. Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194-201.
37. Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 440-452.
38. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Barquissau, M. (2004). The costs of accepting gender differences: The role of stereotype endorsement in women's experience in the math domain. Sex Roles, 50, 835-850.
39. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336-356.
40. Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of Black racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18-39.
41. Shapiro, J. R. (in press). Types of threats: From stereotype threat to stereotype threats. In T. Schmader & M. Inzlicht (Eds.), Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
42. Shapiro, J. R., & Neuberg, S. L. (2007). From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 107-130.
43. Steele, C. M. (1999). Thin ice: "Stereotype threat" and Black college students. Atlantic Monthly, 284, 44-54.
44. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
45. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379-440). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
46. Teachman, B. A., Wilson, J. G., & Komarovskaya, I. (2006). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 75-95.
47. Turner, K. L., & Brown, C. S. (2007). The importance of gender and ethnic identities across individuals and contexts. Social Development, 16, 700-719.
48. Weiner, B., Perry, R. P., & Magnusson, J. (1988). An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 738-748.
49. Wright, B. A. (1983). Physical disability: A psychosocial approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row.