Optical lattice clocks and quantum metrology

Nature Photonics

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 203-210

  Katori, Hidetoshi ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953660297     PISSN: 17494885     EISSN: 17494893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.45     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Diddams, S., Bergquist, J., Jefferts, S. & Oates, C. Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century. Science 306, 1318-1324 (2004). (Pubitemid 39532502)
2. Hänsch, T. W. Passion for precision. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1297-1309 (2006).
3. Hall, J. L. Defining and measuring optical frequencies. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1279-1295 (2006).
4. Flowers, J. The route to atomic and quantum standards. Science 306, 1324-1330 (2004). (Pubitemid 39532503)
5. Schiller, S. et al. Einstein Gravity Explorer - a medium-class fundamental physics mission. Exp. Astron. 23, 573-610 (2009).
6. Steinmetz, T. et al. Laser frequency combs for astronomical observations. Science 321, 1335-1337 (2008).
7. Li, C.-H. et al. A laser frequency comb that enables radial velocity measurements with a precision of 1 cm s-1. Nature 452, 610-612 (2008). (Pubitemid 351485638)
8. Essen, L. & Parry, J. The caesium resonator as a standard of frequency and time. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 250, 45-69 (1957).
9. Heavner, T. P., Jefferts, S. R., Donley, E. A., Shirley, J. H. & Parker, T. E. NIST-F1: Recent improvements and accuracy evaluations. Metrologia 42, 411-422 (2005). (Pubitemid 41436730)
10. Bize, S. et al. Cold atom clocks and applications. J. Phys. B 38, S449-S468 (2005). (Pubitemid 40871831)
11. Young, B. C., Cruz, F. C., Itano, W. M. & Bergquist, J. C. Visible lasers with subhertz linewidths. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3799-3802 (1999). (Pubitemid 129689316)
12. Gill, P. Optical frequency standards. Metrologia 42, S125-S137 (2005). (Pubitemid 40872013)
13. Dehmelt, H. G. Mono-ion oscillator as potential ultimate laser frequency standard. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-31, 83-87 (1982).
14. Nagourney, W., Sandberg, J. & Dehmelt, H. Shelved optical electron amplifier: Observation of quantum jumps. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2797-2799 (1986).
15. Hänsch, T. W. & Schawlow, A. L. Cooling of gases by laser radiation. Opt. Commun. 13, 68-69 (1975).
16. Wineland, D. & Itano, W. Laser cooling of atoms. Phys. Rev. A 20, 1521-1540 (1979).
17. Udem, T., Reichert, J., Holzwarth, R. & Hänsch, T. W. Absolute optical frequency measurement of the cesium D1 line with a mode-locked laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568-3571 (1999). (Pubitemid 129689270)
18. Jones, D. J. et al. Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis. Science 288, 635-639 (2000). (Pubitemid 30241561)
19. Jones, T. Splitting the Second: The Story of Atomic Time (Taylor & Francis, 2000).
20. Itano, W. M. et al. Quantum projection noise: Population fluctuations in two-level systems. Phys. Rev. A 47, 3554-3570 (1993).
21. Paul, W. Electromagnetic traps for charged and neutral ppagess. Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 531-540 (1990).
22. + optical frequency standard. J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 105 829-837 (2000). (Pubitemid 32491322)
23. Dicke, R. H. The effect of collisions upon the Doppler width of spectral lines. Phys. Rev. 89, 472-473 (1953).
24. + single-ion optical clocks: Metrology at the 17th decimal place. Science 319, 1808-1812 (2008). (Pubitemid 351451585)
25. + single-ion optical frequency standard. Phys. Rev. A 80, 043403 (2009).
26. + optical clocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 070802 (2010).
27. Katori, H. Spectroscopy of strontium atoms in the Lamb-Dicke confinement, in Proc. 6th Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology (ed. Gill, P.) 323-330 (World Scientific, 2002).
28. Verkerk, P. et al. Dynamics and spatial order of cold cesium atoms in a periodic optical potential. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3861-3864 (1992).
29. Hemmerich, A. & Hänsch, T. W. Two-dimesional atomic crystal bound by light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 410-413 (1993).
30. Phillips, W. D. Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 721-741 (1998). (Pubitemid 128367435)
31. Katori, H., Ido, T. & Kuwata-Gonokami, M. Optimal design of dipole potentials for efficient loading of Sr atoms. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2479-2482 (1999).
32. McKeever, J. et al. State-insensitive cooling and trapping of single atoms in an optical cavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 133602 (2003).
33. Ye, J., Kimble, H. J. & Katori, H. Quantum state engineering and precision metrology using state-insensitive light traps. Science 320, 1734-1738 (2008). (Pubitemid 351931280)
34. Westbrook, C. I. et al. Localization of atoms in a three-dimensional standing wave. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 33-36 (1990).
35. Gordon, J. P. & Ashkin, A. Motion of atoms in a radiation trap. Phys. Rev. A 21, 1606-1617 (1980).
36. Cohen-Tannoudji, C. Manipulating atoms with photons. Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 707-719 (1998). (Pubitemid 128367434)
37. Chu, S., Bjorkholm, J., Ashkin, A. & Cable, A. Experimental observation of optically trapped atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 314-317 (1986).
38. Kaplan, A., Fredslund Andersen, M. & Davidson, N. Suppression of inhomogeneous broadening in rf spectroscopy of optically trapped atoms. Phys. Rev. A 66, 045401 (2002).
39. Katori, H., Takamoto, M., Pal'chikov, V. G. & Ovsiannikov, V. D. Ultrastable optical clock with neutral atoms in an engineered light shift trap. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 173005 (2003).
40. 0 transition in 171,173Yb atoms held in an optical lattice. Phys. Rev. A 69, 021403 (2004).
41. Brusch, A., Le Targat, R., Baillard, X., Fouch, M. & Lemonde, P. Hyperpolarizability effects in a Sr optical lattice clock. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 103003 (2006).
42. Barber, Z. W. et al. Optical lattice induced light shifts in an Yb atomic clock. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 103002 (2008).
43. Hachisu, H. et al. Trapping of neutral mercury atoms and prospects for optical lattice clocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 053001 (2008).
44. Ido, T. & Katori, H. Recoil-free spectroscopy of neutral Sr atoms in the Lamb-Dick regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 053001 (2003).
45. Taichenachev, A. V. et al. Magnetic field-induced spectroscopy of forbidden optical transitions with application to lattice-based optical atomic clocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 083001 (2006).
46. 0 transition in even isotopes of alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms. Phys. Rev. A 75, 020501 (2007).
47. Hong, T., Cramer, C., Nagourney, W. & Fortson, E. N. Optical clocks based on ultranarrow three-photon resonances in alkaline earth atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 050801 (2005).
48. Santra, R., Arimondo, E., Ido, T., Greene, C. H. & Ye, J. High-accuracy optical clock via three-level coherence in neutral bosonic 88Sr. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 173002 (2005).
49. Yu, D. & Chen, J. Optical clock with millihertz linewidth based on a phase-matching effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 050801 (2007).
50. Ovsiannikov, V. D., Pal'chikov, V. G., Katori, H. & Takamoto, M. Polarisation and dispersion properties of light shifts in ultrastable optical frequency standards. Quant. Electron. 36, 3-19 (2006).
51. 1 transition at 657nm in Ca. Phys. Rev. A 70, 23414 (2004).
52. 0 states and relevant magic wavelengths of group-iib atoms. Phys. Rev. A 78, 014502 (2008).
53. 0 optical clock transition in laser-cooled Fermionic isotopes of neutral mercury. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 183004 (2008).
54. Taichenachev, A. V., Yudin, V. I., Ovsiannikov, V. D., Pal'chikov, V. G. & Oates, C. W. Frequency shifts in an optical lattice clock due to magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole transitions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 193601 (2008).
55. Katori, H., Hashiguchi, K., Il'inova, E. Y. & Ovsiannikov, V. D. Magic wavelength to make optical lattice clocks insensitive to atomic motion. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 153004 (2009).
56. Porsev, S. G. & Derevianko, A. Multipolar theory of blackbody radiation shift of atomic energy levels and its implications for optical lattice clocks. Phys. Rev. A 74, 020502 (2006).
57. Safronova, M. S. et al. Black-body radiation shifts and theoretical contributions to atomic clock research. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 57, 94-105 (2010).
58. Taichenachev, A. V., Yudin, V. I., Ovsiannikov, V. D. & Pal'chikov, V. G. Optical lattice polarization effects on hyperpolarizability of atomic clock transitions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 173601 (2006).
59. Castin, Y. & Dalibard, J. Quantization of atomic motion in optical molasses. Europhys. Lett. 14, 761-766 (1991).
60. Lemonde, P. & Wolf, P. Optical lattice clock with atoms confined in a shallow trap. Phys. Rev. A 72, 033409 (2005).
61. Lemonde, P. Optical lattice clocks. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 172, 81-96 (2009).
62. Takamoto, M., Katori, H., Marmo, S. I., Ovsiannikov, V. D. & Pal'chikov, V. G. Prospects for optical clocks with a blue-detuned lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 063002 (2009).
63. Gibble, K. & Verhaar, B. J. Eliminating cold-collision frequency shifts. Phys. Rev. A 52, 3370-3373 (1995).
64. Gibble, K. Decoherence and collisional frequency shifts of trapped bosons and fermions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 113202 (2009).
65. Gupta, S. et al. Radio-frequency spectroscopy of ultracold fermions. Science 300, 1723-1726 (2003). (Pubitemid 36712563)
66. Akatsuka, T., Takamoto, M. & Katori, H. Optical lattice clocks with non-interacting bosons and fermions. Nature Phys. 4, 954-959 (2008).
67. Takamoto, M. & Katori, H. Coherence of spin-polarized fermions interacting with a clock laser in a Stark-shift-free optical lattice. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 78, 013301 (2009).
68. 87Sr isotope. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75, 104302 (2006).
69. Bernard, J. E., Marmet, L. & Madej, A. A. A laser frequency lock referenced to a single trapped ion. Opt. Commun. 150, 170-174 (1998). (Pubitemid 128430108)
70. Baillard, X. et al. Accuracy evaluation of an optical lattice clock with bosonic atoms. Opt. Lett. 32, 1812-1814 (2007). (Pubitemid 351292631)
71. Lisdat, C., Winfred, J., Middelmann, T., Riehle, F. & Sterr, U. Collisional losses, decoherence, and frequency shifts in optical lattice clocks with bosons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 090801 (2009).
72. Courtillot, I. et al. Clock transition for a future optical frequency standard with trapped atoms. Phys. Rev. A 68, 30501 (2003).
73. 3Sr in an optical lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 223001 (2003).
74. Takamoto, M., Hong, F. L., Higashi, R. & Katori, H. An optical lattice clock. Nature 435, 321-324 (2005). (Pubitemid 40745538)
75. 87Sr clock transition in an optical lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 033003 (2006).
76. 87Sr atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 130801 (2006).
77. 87Sr optical clock transition. Metrologia 45, 539-548 (2008).
78. 87Sr atoms. Eur. Phys. J. D 48, 11-17 (2008).
79. Hong, F. L. et al. Measuring the frequency of a Sr optical lattice clock using a 120 km coherent optical transfer. Opt. Lett. 34, 692-694 (2009).
80. Lemke, N. D. et al. Spin-1/2 optical lattice clock. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 063001 (2009).
81. Kohno, T. et al. One-dimensional optical lattice clock with a fermionic 171Yb isotope. Appl. Phys. Exp. 2, 072501 (2009).
82. Campbell, G. K. et al. Probing interactions between ultracold fermions. Science 324, 360-363 (2009).
83. Beloy, K. Lattice-induced nonadiabatic frequency shifts in optical lattice clocks. Phys. Rev. A 82, 031402 (2010).
84. -16 fractional uncertainty by remote optical evaluation with a Ca clock. Science 319, 1805-1808 (2008). (Pubitemid 351451584)
85. Santarelli, G. et al. Frequency stability degradation of an oscillator slaved to a periodically interrogated atomic resonator. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 45, 887-894 (1998). (Pubitemid 128748749)
86. Quessada, A. et al. The Dick effect for an optical frequency standard. J. Opt. B 5, S150-S154 (2003).
87. Numata, K., Kemery, A. & Camp, J. Thermal-noise limit in the frequency stabilization of lasers with rigid cavities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 250602 (2004).
88. Bize, S. et al. Interrogation oscillator noise rejection in the comparison of atomic fountains. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 47, 1253-1255 (2000). (Pubitemid 32025362)
89. Takamoto, M., Takano, T. & Katori, H. Frequency comparison of optical lattice clocks beyond the Dick limit. Nature Photon. (in the press).
90. Allan, D. Time and frequency (time-domain) characterization, estimation, and prediction of precision clocks and oscillators. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 34, 647-654 (1987).
91. Akatsuka, T., Takamoto, M. & Katori, H. Three-dimensional optical lattice clock with bosonic 88Sr atoms. Phys. Rev. A 81, 023402 (2010).
92. Santarelli, G. et al. Quantum projection noise in an atomic fountain: A high stability cesium frequency standard. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4619-4622 (1999). (Pubitemid 129689435)
93. -16 level laser stabilization. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1101. 1351 (2011).
94. Kimble, H. J., Lev, B. L. & Ye, J. Optical interferometers with reduced sensitivity to thermal noise. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 260602 (2008).
95. Seel, S. et al. Cryogenic optical resonators: A new tool for laser frequency stabilization at the 1 Hz Level. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4741-4744 (1997). (Pubitemid 127644662)
96. Meiser, D., Ye, J., Carlson, D. R. & Holland, M. J. Prospects for a millihertz-linewidth laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 163601 (2009).
97. Lodewyck, J., Westergaard, P. G. & Lemonde, P. Nondestructive measurement of the transition probability in a Sr optical lattice clock. Phys. Rev. A 79, 061401 (2009).
98. Uzan, J.-P. The fundamental constants and their variation: Observational and theoretical status. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 403-455 (2003). (Pubitemid 36719927)
99. Peik, E. et al. Limit on the present temporal variation of the fine structure constant. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 170801 (2004).
100. 87Sr optical lattice clocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 140801 (2008).
101. Fortier, T. M. et al. Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 070801 (2007).
102. Angstmann, E. J., Dzuba, V. A. & Flambaum, V. V. Relativistic effects in two valence-electron atoms and ions and the search for variation of the fine-structure constant. Phys. Rev. A 70, 014102 (2004).
103. Bauch, A. & Weyers, S. New experimental limit on the validity of local position invariance. Phys. Rev. D 65, 081101 (2002).
104. Chou, C. W., Hume, D. B., Rosenband, T. & Wineland, D. J. Optical clocks and relativity. Science 329, 1630-1633 (2010).
105. Newbury, N. R., Williams, P. A. & Swann, W. C. Coherent transfer of an optical carrier over 251 km. Opt. Lett. 32, 3056-3058 (2007). (Pubitemid 351328430)
106. Bjerhammar, A. On a relativistic geodesy. J. Geod. 59, 207-220 (1985).