Nobel lecture: Defining and measuring optical frequencies

Reviews of Modern Physics

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 1279-1295

  Hall, John L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LASER PULSES; NATURAL FREQUENCIES; OPTICAL FIBERS; PROBES; SCANNING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STABILITY;

LASER TECHNOLOGY; OPTICAL FREQUENCIES; OPTICAL PHYSICS; TIME SYNCHRONIZATION;

LASER OPTICS;

EID: 33751228425     PISSN: 00346861     EISSN: 15390756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1279     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bagaev, S. N., L. S. Vasilenko, A. K. Dmitriev, M. N. Skvortsov, and V. P. Chebotaev, 1976, " Narrowing of nonlinear resonances in low pressure gases, " JETP Lett. JTPLA2 0021-3640 23, 360-363.
2. Bagayev, S. N., V. P. Chebotayev, A. K. Dmitriyev, A. E. Om, Y. V. Nekrasov, and B. N. Skvortsov, 1991, " 2nd-order Doppler-free spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. APPCDL 0721-7269 52, 63-66.
3. Barger, R. L., and J. L. Hall, 1969, " Pressure shift and broadening of methane line at 3.39 um studied by laser-saturated molecular absorption, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.4 22, 4-8.
4. Bethlem, H. L., G. Berden, and G. Meijer, 1999, " Decelerating neutral dipolar molecules, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1558 83, 1558-1561.
5. BIPM, http://www.BIPM.org/en/si/si_brochure/
6. Borde, C. J., 2005, " Base units of the SI, fundamental constants and modern quantum physics, " Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A PTRMAD 0962-8428 363, 2177-2201.
7. Borde, C. J., J. L. Hall, C. V. Kunasz, and D. G. Hummer, 1976, " Saturated absorption line shape: Calculation of the transit-time broadening by a perturbation approach, " Phys. Rev. A PLRAAN 1050-2947 10.1103/PhysRevA.14.236 14, 236-263.
8. Cheng, W. Y., L. S. Chen, T. H. Yoon, J. L. Hall, and J. Ye, 2002, " Sub-Doppler molecular-iodine transitions near the dissociation limit (523-498 nm), " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 27, 571-573.
9. Clairon, A., P. Laurent, G. Santarelli, S. Ghezali, S. N. Lea, and M. Bahoura, 1995, " A cesium fountain frequency standard-Preliminary results, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IEIMAO 0018-9456 10.1109/19.377790 44, 128-131.
10. Diddams, S. A., D. J. Jones, L. S. Ma, S. T. Cundiff, and J. L. Hall, 2000, " Optical frequency measurement across a 104- THz gap with a femtosecond laser frequency comb, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 25, 186-188.
11. Diddams, S. A., D. J. Jones, J. Ye, T. Cundiff, J. L. Hall, J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, and T. W. Hansch, 2000, " Direct link between microwave and optical frequencies with a 300 THz femtosecond laser comb, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102 84, 5102-5105.
12. Diddams, S. A., L.-S. Ma, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, 1999, " Broadband optical frequency comb generation with a phase-modulated parametric oscillator, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 24, 1747-1749.
13. Drever, R. W. P., J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, A. J. Munley, and H. Ward, 1983, " Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical-resonator, " Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. APPCDL 0721-7269 10.1007/BF00702605 31, 97-105.
14. Eckstein, J. N., A. I. Ferguson, and T. W. Hansch, 1978, " High-resolution 2-photon spectroscopy with picosecond light-pulses, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.847 40, 847-850.
15. Evenson, K. M., J. S. Wells, F. R. Petersen, B. L. Danielson, G. W. Day, R. L. Barger, and J. L. Hall, 1972, " Speed of light from direct frequency and wavelength measurements of the methane-stabilized laser, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.29.1346 29, 1346-1349.
16. Fischer, M., N. Kolachevsky, M. Zimmermann, R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, T. W. Hansch, M. Abgrall, J. Grunert, I. Maksimovic, S. Bize, H. Marion, F. P. Dos Santos, P. Lemonde, G. Santarelli, P. Laurent, A. Clairon, C. Salomon, M. Haas, U. D. Jentschura, and C. H. Keitel, 2004, " New limits on the drift of fundamental constants from laboratory measurements, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.230802 92, 230802.
17. Flowers, J. L., and B. W. Petley, 2001, " Progress in our knowledge of the fundamental constants of physics, " Rep. Prog. Phys. RPPHAG 0034-4885 10.1088/0034-4885/64/10/201 64, 1191-1246.
18. Fortier, T. M., D. J. Jones, J. Ye, and S. T. Cundiff, 2003, " Highly phase stable mode-locked lasers, " IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. IJSQEN 1077-260X 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819110 9, 1002-1010.
19. Gibble, K., and S. Chu, 1993, " Laser-cooled Cs frequency standard and a measurement of the frequency-shift due to ultracold collisions, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1771 70, 1771-1774.
20. Hall, J. L., 1968, " The laser absolute wavelength standard problem, " IEEE J. Quantum Electron. IEJQA7 0018-9197 10.1109/JQE.1968.1074946 QE-4, 638-641.
21. Hall, J. L., 2000, " Optical frequency measurement: 40 years of technology revolutions, " IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. IJSQEN 1077-260X 10.1109/2944.902162 6, 1136-1144.
22. Hall, J. L., C. J. Bordé, and K. Uehara, 1976, " Direct optical resolution of recoil effect using saturated absorption spectroscopy, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.1339 37, 1339-1342.
23. Hall, J. L., L.-S. Ma, M. Taubman, B. Tiemann, F.-L. Hong, O. Pfister, and J. Ye, 1999, " Stabilization and frequency measurement of the I2 -stabilized Nd:YAG laser, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IEIMAO 0018-9456 10.1109/19.769663 48, 583-653.
24. Hall, J. L., J. Ye, S. A. Diddams, L.-S. Ma, S. T. Cundiff, and D. J. Jones, 2001, " Ultrasensitive spectroscopy, the ultrastable lasers, the ultrafast lasers, and the seriously nonlinear fiber: A new alliance for physics and metrology, " IEEE J. Quantum Electron. IEJQA7 0018-9197 10.1109/3.970893 37, 1482-1492.
25. Heavner, T. P., S. R. Jefferts, E. A. Donley, J. H. Shirley, and T. E. Parker, 2005, " NIST-F1: recent improvements and accuracy evaluations, " Metrologia MTRGAU 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/012 42, 411-422.
26. Holman, K. W., R. J. Jones, A. Marian, S. T. Cundiff, and J. Ye, 2003, " Detailed studies and control of intensity-related dynamics of femtosecond frequency combs from mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers, " IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. IJSQEN 1077-260X 9, 1018-1024.
27. Hong, F. L., J. Ishikawa, K. Sugiyama, A. Onae, H. Matsumoto, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, 2003, " Comparison of independent optical frequency measurements using a portable iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IEIMAO 0018-9456 10.1109/TIM.2003.811676 52, 240-244.
28. Hudson, E. R., H. J. Lewandowski, B. C. Sawyer, and J. Ye, 2006, " Cold molecule spectroscopy for constraining the evolution of the fine structure constant, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.143004 96, 143004.
29. Jennings, D. A., C. R. Pollock, F. R. Petersen, R. E. Drullinger, K. M. Evenson, J. S. Wells, J. L. Hall, and H. P. Layer, 1983, " Direct frequency-measurement of the I2 -stabilized He-Ne 473-THz (633-nm) laser, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 8, 136-138.
30. Jones, D. J., S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, 2002, " Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis, " Science SCIEAS 0036-8075 10.1126/science.288.5466.635 288, 635-639.
31. Jones, R. J., and J. Ye, 2004, " High-repetition-rate coherent femtosecond pulse amplification with an external passive optical cavity, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 10.1364/OL.29.002812 29, 2812-2814.
32. Kasevich, M. A., E. Riis, S. Chu, and R. G. Devoe, 1989, " Rf spectroscopy in an atomic fountain, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.612 63, 612-616.
33. Knight, J. C., T. A. Birks, P. S. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, 1996, " All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 21, 1547-1549.
34. Kourogi, M., T. Enami, and M. Ohtsu, 1996, " A coupled-cavity monolithic optical frequency comb generator, " IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. IPTLEL 1041-1135 10.1109/68.544723 8, 1698-1700.
35. Letokhov, V. S., and V. P. Chebotayev, 1977, NonLinear Laser Spectroscopy (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
36. Levenson, M. D., and S. S. Kano, 1988, Introduction to NonLinear Laser Spectroscopy (Academic, San Diego).
37. Ma, L. S., Z. Y. Bi, A. Bartels, L. Robertsson, M. Zucco, R. S. Windeler, G. Wilpers, C. Oates, L. Hollberg, and S. A. Diddams, 2004, " Optical frequency synthesis and comparison with uncertainty at the 10 (-19) level, " Science SCIEAS 0036-8075 10.1126/science.1095092, 303, 1843-1845.
38. Ma, L. S., J. Ye, P. Dubé, and J. L. Hall, 1999, " Ultrasensitive frequency-modulation spectroscopy enhanced by a high-finesse optical cavity: Theory and application to overtone transitions of C2H2 and C2HD, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. B JOBPDE 0740-3224 16, 2255-2268.
39. NIST, http://www.mel.nist.gov/div821/museum/timeline.htm
40. Notcutt, M., L. S. Ma, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, 2005, " Simple and compact 1-Hz laser system via an improved mounting configuration of a reference cavity, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 30, 1815-1817.
41. Polzik, E. S., J. Carri, and H. J. Kimble, 1992, " Atomic spectroscopy with squeezed light for sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit, " Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. APPCDL 0721-7269 10.1007/BF00325016 55, 279-290.
42. Ranka, R. W. J., and A. Stentz, 2000, " Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 25, 25.
43. Reichert, J., M. Niering, R. Holzwarth, M. Weitz, T. Udem, and T. W. Hansch, 2000, " Phase coherent vacuum-ultraviolet to radio frequency comparison with a mode-locked laser, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.3232 84, 3232-3235.
44. Salin, F., J. Squier, and M. Piche, 1991, " Mode locking of Ti: Sapphire lasers and self-focusing: A Gaussian approximation, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 16, 1674-1478.
45. Sanchez, A., C. F. Davis, K. C. Liu, and A. Javan, 1978, " Mom tunneling diode-Theoretical estimate of its performance at microwave and infrared frequencies, " J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.324426 49, 5270-5278.
46. Shelton, R. K., S. M. Foreman, L. S. Ma, J. L. Hall, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, M. Notcutt, and J. Ye, 2002, " Subfemtosecond timing jitter between two independent, actively synchronized, mode-locked lasers, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 27, 312-314.
47. Shelton, R. K., L.-S. Ma, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, J. L. Hall, and J. Ye, 2001, " Phase-coherent optical pulse synthesis from separate femtosecond lasers, " Science SCIEAS 0036-8075 10.1126/science.1061754 293, 1286-1289.
48. Sobel, D., 1995, Longitude, the True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time (Penguin Books, New York).
49. Steiner, R., E. R. Williams, D. B. Newell, and R. Liu, 2005, " Towards an electronic kilogram: An improved measurement of the Planck constant and electron mass, " Metrologia MTRGAU 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/014 42, 431-441.
50. Stenholm, S., 1984, Foundations of Laser Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York).
51. Svanberg, S., 1992, Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin).
52. Telle, H. R., D. Meschede, and T. W. Hansch, 1990, " Realization of a new concept for visible frequency-division-Phase locking of harmonic and sum frequencies, " Opt. Lett. OPLEDP 0146-9592 15, 532-534.
53. Udem, T., R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hansch, 2002, " Optical frequency metrology, " Nature (London) NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/416233a 416, 233-237.
54. Whitford, B. G., 1980, " Measurement of the absolute frequencies of CO2-laser transitions by multiplication of CO2-laser difference frequencies, " IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IEIMAO 0018-9456 29, 168-176.
55. Windeler, R. S., 2006, private communication with J. L. Hall.
56. Ye, J., L. S. Ma, and J. L. Hall, 2001, " Molecular iodine clock, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.270801 87, 270801.
57. Young, B. C., F. C. Cruz, W. M. Itano, and J. C. Bergquist, 1999, " Visible lasers with subhertz linewidths, " Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3799 82, 3799-3802.
58. Young, B. C., R. J. Rafac, J. A. Beall, F. C. Cruz, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, 2005, " Hg+ optical frequency standard: Recent progress," in ICOLS 2005, Vol. XVII, Laser Spectroscopy (World Scientific, Cairngorm, Aviemore, Scotland), p. 433.
59. Ziskind, M., C. Daussy, T. Marrel, and C. Chardonnet, 2002, " Improved sensitivity in the search for a parity-violating energy difference in the vibrational spectrum of the enantiomers of CHFCIBr, " Eur. Phys. J. D EPJDF6 1434-6060 10.1140/epjd/e2002-00133-0 20, 219-225.