Potential Analgesic & Anti-Pyretic Herbal Drugs: A Comparative Review of Marketed Products

International Journal of Phytomedicine

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 197-209

  Singh, Mukesh Kumar ^a   Nagori, Kushagra ^a   Tripathi, D K ^a  

^a RUNGTA COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Analgesic; Antipyretic; Ayurvedic system; Herbal drugs

Indexed keywords

ARTHRELLA; AYURVEDIC DRUG; CHARAK; HERBACEOUS AGENT; JWARANKUSH; REOSTO; RUMALAYA; RUMALAYA FORT; RUMARTHO; RYMANYL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACACIA NILOTICA; ACHILLEA MILLEFALIUM; ALEURITIS MOLUCCANA; AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY; AUBERGINE; AYURVEDA; AZADIRACHTA INDICA; BARK; BAUHINIA RACEMOSA; BENINCASA HISPIDA; BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA; BORASSUS FLABELLIFER; BOSWELLIA SERRATA; CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA; CARISSA CARANDAS; CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES; CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS; CLEOME VISCOSA; COMMIPHORA WIGHTI; CURCUMA LONGA; CUSSONIA PANICULA; DALBERGIA SISSOO; DESCURAINIA SOPHI; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; FLOWER; GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA; GMELINA ASIATICA; GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM; HELICTERES ISORA; HIPPOBROMUS PANCIFLORUS; HUMAN; HUNTERIA UMBELLATA; HYGROPHILA SPINOSA; LAPORTEA CRENULATA; LIPPIA NODIFLORA; MALVASTRUM COROMANDELIANUM; MEDICINAL PLANT; MIKANIA SCANDENS; NONHUMAN; OROXYLUM INDICUM; PERGULARIA DAEMIA; PHYLLANTHUS EMBILICA; PIPER LONGUM; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PLANT STEM; PLUCHEA LANCEOLATA; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REVIEW; RUBIA CORDIFOLIA; SESAME; SMILAX CHINENSIS; SPHAERANTHUS INDICUS; STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA; TERMINALIA ARJUNA; TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA; TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS; VITEX NEGUNDO; WILLOW; WITHANIA SOMNIFERA; ZINGIBER ZERUMBET;

EID: 79953315354     PISSN: None     EISSN: 09750185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5138/ijpm.2010.0975.0185.02030     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Moon komal, Khadabadi SS, Deokate UA, Deore SL. Caesalpinia bonducella F-An Overview. Report and Opinian. 2010; 2(3): 83-90.
2. Gupta Mradu, Shaw BO, Mukherjee A. A new glycosidic flavonoid from J warhar mahakashay (antipyretic) Ayurvedic preparation. International journal of ayurvedic research. 2010; 1(2):106-111.
3. Northover BJ, Subramanian G. Analgesic-antipyreticdrugs as inhibitors of kallikrein. Brit. J.Pharmacol. 1961; 17:107-115.
4. Mahesh S, Swati patil, Sachin R. Patil, Ravi kumar, Patil MB. Evaluation of the analgesic and antipyretic activities of Ethanolic extract of male flowers (inflorescences) of borassus Flabellifer L. (arecaceae). International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2009 oct-dec; 1(2):98-105.
5. Mate GS, Naikwade NS, Chowki CSAA and Patil SB. Evaluation of anti-nociceptive activity of Cissus quadrangularis on albino mice. Int. J. Green Pharm. 2008; 2: 118-121.
6. Bagepalli Srinivas Ashok Kumar, Kuruba Lakshman, Korala Konta Narsimha Jayaveera, Devangam Sheshadri Shekar, Chinna SwamyVel Muragan, and Bachappa Mano. Antinociceptive and Antipyretic Activities of Amaranthus Viridis Linn in Different Experimental Models. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology. 2009 October-December; 1(3):167-171.
7. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. In: Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (eds). Dehra Dun, India: International book distributors, 1987; 2061-2062.
8. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Publications and Information Directorate. The Wealth of India. Vol. 1. A Dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. New Delhi, India, 1988; 221.
9. Agra MF, Baracho GS, Nurit K, Basilio IJLD, Coelho VPM. Medicinal and poisonous diversityof the flora of "Cariri Paraibano" Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 111(2):283-395.
10. De Fatima Agra M, Silva KN, Basilio IJLD, De Freitas PF, Filho JMB. Survey of medicinal plants used in the region northeast of Brazil. Braz J Pharmacognosy 2008; 18(3); 472-508.
11. Sher H, Khan ZD. Resource utilization for economic development and folk medicine among the tribal people. Observation from Northern part of Pakistan. Pak J Plant Science 2006; 12(2):149-162.
12. Quershi SJ, Khan MA, Ahmed M. A survey of useful medicinal plants of Abbottabad, in Northern Pakistan. Trakia J Sci 2008; 6(4):39-51.
13. Dar MEI. Ethnobotonical uses of plants of Lawat district Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Asian J Plant Sci 2003; 2(9):680-682.
14. Arshad M, Khan QUA. Ethnobotonical study of some medicinal plants of Rawal Town. Pak J Biol Sci 2000; 3(8):1245-1246.
15. Muhammad S, Amusa NA. The important food crops and medicinal plants of north-western Nigeria. Res J Agric Biol Sci 2005; 1(3):254-260.
16. Patra Arjun, Jha Shivesh, Narasimha Murthy P, Aher Vaibhav D, Chattopadhyay Pronobesh, Panigrahi Ghanshyam Roy Devdeep. Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Activities of Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders Leaves (Acanthaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, April 2009; 8(2): 133-137.
17. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on medicinal plants used in ayurveda. New Delhi, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. 2002, 4, 320-331.
18. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi, CSIR, 1986, 29.
19. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay, India, Popular Prakashan, 1978, 667-669.
20. Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Maiti S, Mukherjee D. Antitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced mice. Indian J Exp Biol 1997; 35: 473-477.
21. Boily Y, Vanpuyvelde L. Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) for antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 16: 1-13.
22. Fenwick GR, Heaney RK, Mullin WG. CRC Crit. Rev. Food. Sci., Nut. 1983; 18,123-30.
23. Zhao Yuqing. Compound Chinese medicine prepared by using snake medicine Qianshouguanyin for preventing cancer of lung. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Cong. CN 2001; 1: 321,509.
24. Jigam Ali A, Akanya Helmina O, Emmanuel O. Ogbadoyi, Dauda Bukar EN. In vivo Antiplasmodial, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Root Extracts of Acacia nilotica Del (Leguminosae). Asian j. Exp. Biol. Sci, 2010; 1 (2): 315-320.
25. Borikar VI, Jangde CR, Philip Preety, Rekhe DS, Atole SK. Study of Antipyretic Activity of Bauhinia racemosa lam in Rats. Veterinary World, 2009; 2(6): 217-218.
26. Kirtikar KR and Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, International book distributor 1975; Vol.2, 2nd edn: 894-895.
27. Vijay Priyanka, Vijayvergia Rekha. Analgesic, anti-inflammatoryand antipyretic activity of Cissus quadrangularis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2010; 2 (1): 111-118.
28. Prasad GC, Udupa KN. Indian Journal Med. Res. 1964;(52):480.
29. Misra SS, Dixit SN. Acta Bot. Ind. 1949;(7):147.
30. Tiwari Varsha, Tiwari Abhishek, Madhavan V. Preliminary phytochemical analysis, hptlc studies and antipyretic activity Of alcohol and aqueous extract of helicteres isora L.Root. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2010; 2(2):74-79.
31. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Allahabad: Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1991; 2: 371-72.
32. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal plants. New Delhi: NISCAIR; 2002: 131.
33. Hallal A, Benali S, Markouk M, Bekkouche K, Larhsini M, Chait A, et al. Evaluation of the A nalgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Asian j. Exp. Biol. Sci., 2010; 1(1): 189-192.
34. Benchaabane A, Abbad, A. Les plantes medicinales commercialisees a Marrakech. Collection mainverte, Marrakesh, Morocco. 1997; 70.
35. Bellakhdar, J. La pharmacopee marocaine traditionnelle: Medecine arabe et savoirs populaires. Editions le Fennec, Ibis Press, Casablanca, Morocco, 1997; 640.
36. Garcia-Espinosa R, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. planta con uso potencial en el combate de nemetedos fitoparsitos. Agric. Trop. 1980; 2: 92-97.
37. Verma HK, Baranwal VK. Antiviral activity and physical properties of the leaf extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1983; 92: 461-465.
38. Dubey NK and Kishore N. Fungitoxicity of some higher plants and synergistic activity of their oils. Trop. Sci. 1987;(27): 23-27.
39. Ruffa M J, Ferraro G, Wagner M L, Calcagno M L, Campos R L. and Cavallaro L. Cytotoxic effect of argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79: 335-339.
40. Jain N, Alam M S, Kamil M, Ilyas M, Niwa M and Sakae A. Two flavonol glycosides from Chenopodium ambrosioides. Phytochem. 1990; (29): 3988-3991.
41. Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Sambath Kumar R, Gmathi P, Rajeshwar Y, Kalkoti BB, et al. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of methanol extract from Bauhinia racemosa stem bark in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 98(3): 267-273.
42. Sudhakar M, Rao Ch V, Rao P M, Raju D B. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Cleome viscosa. Fitoterapia 2006; 77: 47-49.
43. Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Friedman J, Palevitch D. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 19:145.
44. Sudhakar M, Rao Ch V, Rao P M, Raju D B. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Gmelina asiatica. Fitoterapia 2006; 77: 47-49.
45. Ismail TS, Gopalakrishnan S, Hazeena BV. Indian J Pharmacol. 1997; 29:306.
46. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, An ICS. Indian medicinal plants. Dehradun: Bichen Sigh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1984; 2(2): 1273.
47. Pendota S C, Yakubu M T, Grierson D S and Afolayan A J. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the aqueous extract of Hippobromus pauciflorus Radlk leaves in male Wistar rats. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009 May 18; 8 (10):2036-2041.
48. Clarkson C, Vinesh JM, Neil RC, Olwen MG, Pamisha P, Motlalepula GM, et al. In vitro-antiplasmodialactivity of medicinal plants native to ornaturalised in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92: 177-191.
49. Pendota SC, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ. An ethnobotanical studyof plants used for the treatment of eye infections in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2008; 2051-2053.
50. Neha S, Ranvir GD and Jangade CR. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of Curcuma longa rhizome extracts in Wister Rats. Veterinary World. 2009 Aug; 2(8):304-306.
51. Kirtikar KR and Basu B D. Indian medicinal plants. Periodical Experts Books Agency, Delhi, 1935; 4(2) 2423-36.
52. Mutalik S, Paridhavi K, Mallikarjuna Rao C, Udupa N. Antipyretic and analgesic effect of leaves of solanum Melongena linn. In rodents indian journal of pharmacology. 2003; 35: 312-315.
53. Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Rammanakutty C. Indian Medicinal Plants. Madras (India): Orient Longman Publishers Limited; 1996.
54. Sudheesh S, Sandhya C, Koshy SA, and Vijayalakshmi NR. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Solanummelongena. Phytother Res. 1999; 13:393-6.
55. Noda Y, Kaneyuke T, Igarashi K, Mori A, Packer L. Antioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in egg plant. Res Commn Med Pathol Pharamacol 1998: 102; 175-87.
56. Sudheesh S, Kumar P, Kumar V, Vijayalakashmi NR. Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from Solanum melongena. Plant Food Human Nutr. 1997; 51:321-30.
57. Nanda B K, Jena J, Rath B, Behera BR. Analgesic and Antipyretic activity of whole parts of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research. 2009; 1(1): 207-212.
58. Nadkarni A K. Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai. 2002; 3(1):1162-1163.
59. Anonymous. Wealth of India, 1st 2005 reprint, National Institute of Science Communication and Information resources, CSIR, New Delhi, 2005; 4-5.
60. Hajare S W, Chandra Suresh, Tandan S K, Sarma J, Lal J, Telang A G. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of dalbergia sissoo leaves. Indian journal of pharmacology 2000; 32: 357-360.
61. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants 2nd ed. Vol.1 Lalit Mohan Basu, 49-Leader Road, Allahabad, 1933; 818-9.
62. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica, 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Bombay, Popular Book Depot, 1954; 432.
63. Chopra RN, Nayer SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, New Delhi, CSIR, 1956; 90-91.
64. Qadrie Zulfkar Latief, Hawisa Najat Tayeb, Khan Mohd, Wajid Ali, Samuel Moses and Anandan R. Antinociceptive and anti-pyretic activity of benincasa hispida (thunb.) Cogn. In wistar albino rats pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009 july; 22(3) 287-290.
65. Nadkarni's. Indian Materia Medica. 1995; 1: 185-186.
66. Kirtikar and Basu. Indian Medicinal Plants 1985; 2: 1127-1128.
67. Kirthikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol III, De-hradun, Bishen Mahendra Pal Singh, 1975; 1915-1917.
68. Mukherjee T. Antimalarial herbal drugs. A review. Fitoterapia. 1991; 62: 197-204.
69. Forestieri AM, Monforte MT, Ragusa S, Trovato A, Iauk L. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity in rodents of plant extracts used in African Medicine, Phytother Res. 1996; 10: 100-106.
70. th 2002 april; hotel renaissance kuala lumpur, Malaysia vol 1:692-697.
71. Jaganath I.B. and Ng L.T. Herbs: The green pharmacy of Malaysia. Vin press Sdn. Bhd. and Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute 2000:95-99.
72. Mascolo N, Jain R and Jain S C, Capasso F J. Ethnopharmacol, 1989; 27:129-140.
73. Agrawal AK, Rao CV, Sairam K and Joshi VK. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000; 38(10):994-998.
74. Nakatani N. Biofactors 2000; 13: 141-146.
75. Bhaskar VH, Balakrishnan N. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Pergularia daemia and Carissa carandas. Daru; 17(3) 2009.
76. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, vol.III. International Book Distributors, Dehardun; 1999. 1616-1617 & 1546-1548.
77. Nadkarani AK. Indian Materia Medica,vol.I. Popular Prakashan Pvt Ltd, Bombay; 1976. 430 & 277-278.
78. Anonymous. Indian Medicinal Plants (a compendium of 500 species), vol.IV. Orient Longman Ltd, Hyderabad; 1995. 236-238 & 386-389.
79. Wahi AK, Ravi J, Hemalatha S, Singh PN. Anti diabetic activity of Daemia extens. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2002; 2(1): 80-83.
80. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants (An Illustrated Dictionary). Springer Science and Business Media, New York; 2007. 472 & 123.
81. Khan Alam, Baki Md. Abdullahil, Abdul Alim Al-Bari M., Hasan Sohel, Ekramul Haque M et al. Antipyretic Activity of Roots of Laportea crenulata Gaud in Rabbit. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2007; 2(2): 58-61.
82. rd ed., Vol. 2, Anand Publishing Ltd., Calcutta-9, 1990; 236-237.
83. Kirtikar K R and Basu B D. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed., Vol. 3, Delhi, India, 1993; 2343.
84. Hasan A and Haque A M. Amadar Bonoohshodi Sompod. 1st ed., Hasan book house, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1993; 59.
85. Obertreis B, Giller K, Teucher T, Behnke B and Schmitz H. Antiinflammatory effect of Urtica dioica extract in comparison to caffeic malic acid. Arzneimittelforschung, 1996; 46: 52-56.
86. Harput U S, Saracoglu I and Ogihara Y. Stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation and inhibition of nitric oxide production by aqueous Urtica dioica extract. Phytotherapy Research, 2005; 19: 346-348.
87. El-Sadek S E, EL-Gendy A M, Tohamy M A, Abd El-Aa M. A. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effect of Achillea millefolium and Salix plants. Bs. Vet. Med. J. January 2007; 17(1):86-92.
88. Chandler R F, Hooper S N, Hooper D L, Jamieson D W and Flinn C G. Herbal remedies of the maritime Indian: sterols and triterpenes of Achillea millefolium L (Yarrow). J. Pharm. Sci., 1982; 7(1): 690-693.
89. Krivoy N, Pavlotzky E, Chrubasik S, Eisenberg E and Brook G. Effect of salices cortex extract on human platelet aggregation. Planta Medica. 2001; 67 (3): 209-212.
90. Khonsung Parirat, Nantsupawat Saranyapin, Jesadanont Sukanya Nimmannit, Vanida, Chantharateptawan Ampai Panthong. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Water Extract of Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Thai J Pharmacol. 2006; 28 (3):8-14.
91. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. In: Indian medicinal plants I. Dehra Dun, India: International Book Distributors and Publishers, Dehra Dun, India. 1995; 304.
92. Anonymous. In: Dictionary of Indian medicinal plants. Lucknow, India, CIMAP. 1992; 287.
93. Fyson PF. The flora of the Nilgiris and Pulney Hill Tops, Volume I. 1st ed. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1974:43.
94. Sebastian MK, Bhandari MM. J Ethnopharmacol. 1984; 122:223.
95. Reddy YS, Venkatesh S, Suresh B. Antinociceptive activity of Malvastrum coromandelinum. Fitoterapi. 2001; 72(3):278-8.
96. Niazi Junaid, Gupta Vikas, Chakarborty Prithviraj, Kumar Pawan. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of aleuritis moluccana leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2010 January-March; 3(1):35-37.
97. Duke JA. Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press (USA). 1991; 29-30.
98. Meyre Silva C, Mora TC, Soares Santos A, Dal Magro J, Yunes RA, Delle Monache F, et al. A Triterpene and flavonoid C-glyco side from aleurites moluccana L. Willd. (euphorbiaceae). Acta Farm. Bom. 1997; 16: 169-172.
99. Meyre Silva C, Mora TC, Soares Santos A, Dal Magro J, Yunes RA, Biavatti MW, et al. Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological studies of aleurites moluccana leaves [L] Willd. Phytomed. 1998; 5: 109-113.
100. Kaaiakamanu DM, Akina JK. Hawaiian herbs of medicinal value. Charles E. Tuttle Company (Vermont); 1922.
101. Elvitch CR, Manner HI. Aleurites moluccana. Species profiles for pacific island agroforestry 2006; 1-16.
102. Akuodor G C, Idris-Usman M S, Mbah, C C, Megwas U A, Akpan, J L, Ugwu T C et al. Studies on anti-ulcer, analgesic and antipyretic properties of the ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in rodents. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010 March 15; 9 (5): 2316-2321
103. Nwinyi OC, Chinedu HS, Ajani OO. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava and Gongronema latifolium. J. Med. Plant Res. 2008; 2 (8): 189-192.
104. Archana P, Tandan S K, Chandra S and Lal J. Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Caesalpinia bonducella Seed Kernel Extract. Phytother. Res. 2005; 19: 376-381.
105. Chakrabarti S, Biswas Tuhin Kanti, Tapan Seal, Begum Rokeya, Liaquat Ali, AzadKhan A K et al. Antidiabeticactivity of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in chronic type 2 diabetic model in Long Evans rats and evaluation of insulin secretagogue property of its fractions on isolated islets. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005; 97: 117-122.
106. Shukla S, Mehta A, Mehta P, Vyas S P, Shukla S, Bajpai VK. Studies on anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella F. seed oil in experimental animal models. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2009.
107. Shukla S, Mehta A, John J, Singh S, Mehta P, Vyas SP. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2009; 47: 1848-1851.
108. Adeolu A, Adedapo, Margaret O, Sofidiya, Viola Maphosa, Busani Moyo et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extract of Cussonia paniculata stem Bark. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2008;2:246-53.
109. Hutchings A, Scott A H, Lewis G. Zulu medicinal plants: An inventory, Natal, South Africa: University of Natal Press. 1996; 266-267.
110. Tetyana P and Van Staden J. Micropropagation of Cussonia paniculata-a medicinal plant with horticultural potential. S Afr J Bot. 2001; 68: 51-54.
111. Afolayan A J and Adebola P O. In vitro propagation: A biotechnological tool capable of solving the problem of medicinal plants decimation in South Africa. Afr J Biotech. 2004; 3: 683-687.
112. Igbe Ighodaro, Ozolua Raymond I, Okpo Steve O and Obasuyi Osahon. Antipyretic and Analgesic Effects of the Aqueous Extract of the Fruit Pulp of Hunteria umbellata K Schum (Apocynaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. August 2009; 8 (4): 331-336.
113. Raman A, Mallam V. Enhanced in vitro activity of glucokinase enzyme in the Presence of Hunteria umbellata seeds, a traditional Nigerian treatment for diabetes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1994; 46: 1046.
114. Elujoba AA. Female infertility in the Lands of traditional birth attendants in South-Western Nigeria. Fitoterapia. 1995; 66: 239-248.
115. Raquibul Hasan S M, Jamila Mariam, Majumder Muntasir Mamun. Analgesic and Antioxidant Activity of the Hydromethanolic Extract of Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Leaves. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2009; 4 (1): 1-7.
116. Ysrael M C and Croft K.D. Inhibition of leukotriene and platelet activating factor Synthesis in leucocytes by the sesquiterpene lactone scandenolide. Planta Med. 1990; 56: 268-270.
117. Bishayee A and Chatterjee M. Protective effects of Mikania cordata root extract against Physical and chemical factors-induced gastric erosions in experimental animals. Plants Med. 1994; 60: 110-113. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959428
118. Bishayee A and Chatterjee M. Anticarcinogenic biological response of Mikania cordata: Refections in hepatic biotransformation systems. Cancer Lett. 1994; 81: 193-200. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90202-X
119. Mosaddik, M A and Alam K M. The antiulcerogenic effect of an alkaloidal fraction From Mikania cordata on diclofenac sodium-induced gastrointestinal lesions in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2000; 52: 1157-1162. DOI: 10.1211/0022357001774930
120. Paschapur Mahesh S, Patil Swati, Patil Sachin R, Kumar Ravi, Patil M B. Evaluation Of the analgesic and antipyretic activities of Ethanolic extract of male flowers (inflorescences) of borassus Flabellifer l. (arecaceae). International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2009; Oct-Dec. 1(2):98-105.
121. Kapoor LD. Handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants: Herbal reference library. CRC Press. Florida; 2000: 82.
122. Vaidyaratnam PS. Varier's Arya Vaidya Sala-Indian Medicinal Plants A Compendium of 500 species, Orient Longman. India; 1994 (Reprint 2002), 4:293-296.
123. Chander Ramesh, Singh Kavita, Khanna A K, Kaul S M, Puri Anju, Saxena Rashmi et al. J Antidyslipidemic And Antioxidant Activities Of Different Fractions Of Terminalia Arjuna Stem Bark. Indian Journal Of Clinical Biochemistry. 2004; 19 (2): 141-148.
124. Tiwari AK, Gode J D, Dubey G P. Effect of Terminalia arjuna on lipid profiles of rabbits fed hypercholesterolemic diet. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1990; 28: 43-47.
125. Khanna A K, Chander R Kapoor N J. Terminalia arjuna an Ayurvedic cardiotonic regulates lipid metabolism in hyperlipaemic rats. Phytotherapy Res. 1996; 10: 663-665.N
126. Shaila H P, Udupa S L, Udupa A L, Nair N S. Effect of Terminalia arjuna on experimental hyperlipidemia in rabbits. Int. J. Pharmacol. 1997; 35: 1-4.
127. Gauthaman K, Maulik M, Kumari R, Manchandra S C, Dinda A K and S K Maulik. Effect of chronic treatment with bark of Terminalia arjuna a study in isolated Ischemicreperfused rat heart. J. Ethnopharmacol 2001; 75:197-201.
128. Kandil F E and Soliman A M. A new tannin anticancer promotor from Terminalia arjuna. 2nd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry (ECSOC-2), 1998; Sept, 1-30.
129. Kaur K, Arora S, Kumar S and Nagpal A. Antimutagenic activities of acetone and methanol fractions of Terminalia arjuna. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002; 40: 1475-1482.
130. Andrews RC, Rooyckers O, Walker BR. Effects of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor carbenoxolone on insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes. J Clin endocrinol metab. 2003;88(1):285-291.
131. Kokate C K. Pharmacognosy, 12th ed. Nirali publication; 180.
132. Hasan A F, Begum S, Furumoto T, Fukui H. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry. 2000; 64: 4: 873-874.
133. Shahidi F, Chandrika M, Liyana-Pathirana Dana S W. FoodChemistry. 2006; 99: 3: 478-483.
134. Wang Bor-Sen, Chang Lee-Wen, Yen Wen-Jye, Duh Pin-Der. FoodChemistry. 2007; 102: 1: 351-360.
135. Hu Y M, Wang H, Ye W C, Zhao S X. J Chinese MateriaMedica. 2007; 32(7): 603-605.
136. C P Khare. Indian medicinal plants. An lllustrated dictionary. Springer science, 2007; 670.
137. Biswdev Bishayi, Subhashree Roychowdhury, Soumya Ghosh, Mahuya Sengupta. Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of Tinospora cordifolia in CCl4 Intoxicated mature albino rats. Journal of toxicological sciences 2002; 27(3) 139-146.
138. Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh AC. Chemistry and medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (guduchi). Indian journal of pharmacology. 2003; 35: 83-91.
139. Misra B, Bhava prakash nighantu, vol.1, (Hindi commentary by K C Chunekar), (Chowkhamba Vidya bhavan, Varanasi), 1969; 269.
140. Cui MF. Observation of curative effect of Jin Gang Ten syrup on one hundred and twenties patients suffer from pelvic inflammatory. Modern Journal of IntegratedTraditional Chinese and Western Medicine. 2001; 6: 515.
141. He YL. Reports on join-curing eight patients suffer from chronic pelvic inflammatory By using Jin Gang Ten capsule and shortwave. Chinese Space Medicine Journal. 2002; 1: 70.
142. Zheng JZ. Clinical summary of one hundred patients suffer from pelvic inflammatory Cured with Jin Gang Ten syrup. Guang Dong Medicine. 1996; 5: 330-331.Oct
143. Qiu RQ. Clinical analysis on curing thirties patients suffer from chronic pelvic Inflammatory with bump by using compounds containing Smilax china L. Journal of Fu jian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1997; 4: 4-5.
144. Huang ZQ, Huang YR. Clinical application of single Smilax china L. on prolong life of the patients suffer from liver neoplasms. Chinese National Folk Medicine Journal. 2000; 45: 212-213.
145. C. P. Khare. Indian medicinal plants. An lllustrated dictionary. Springer science, 2007; 79.
146. Chaurasia Savita. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. American-Euras ian Journal of Sus tainable Agriculture. 2009; 3(2): 244-252.
147. Warrier P K, Nambiar V P K and Ramankully C. In Indian Medicinal Plants, a Compendium of 500 species. Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, India, 1996; 5: 202-206.
148. Jain S K and R A. DeFilipps, In Medicinal Plants of India. Reference Publications, Algonac, Michigun, 1991; 1: 392-393.
149. Shukla K P, S P Singh, Kishore N, Singh D R and Srivastava S. Evaluation of rasnadi guggulu compound in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatism 1985. 21: 16-25.
150. Advankar M K & Chitnis M P. In vitro anticancer activity of RC-18. Chemotherapy. 1982; 28:291.
151. Singh D C & Ojha J K. Primary study of effect of manjistha and kanchnara on diabetic microangiopathy with special reference to diabetic leg ulcer. Sachitra ayurveda. 1991; 44: 126.
152. Mhaskar K S, Blatter E & Caius J F. Indian medicinal plants-their usage in ayurveda and unani medicine. 2000; 3.
153. Mooradian A D. diabetic complication of central nervous system, endocri rev. 1988; 9: 346.
154. Kasture V S, Deshmukh V K, Chopde C T, Anticonvulsant and behavioral actions of triterpene isolated from rubia cordifolia. Indian J Exp. Biol; 2000:38:675.
155. Kasture S B, Kasture V S, Chopde C T. Anti-inflammatory activity of Rubia cordifolia roots. J Nat rem. 2001; 1: 111.
156. Khare C.P. indian medicinal plants. An lllustrated dictionary. springer science. 2007; 238-239.
157. Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, Selvammurthy W. Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomed pharmacother. 2003; 57(7): 296-300.
158. Gupta GL, Rana AC. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). A Review. Phcog Rev. 2007; 1: 129-136.
159. Ravishanker B, Bhaskaran NR, and Sasikala CK. Pharmacological evaluation of vitex negundo leaves. Bull Medico Ethno-Bot Res. 1985; 6(1):72-92.
160. Telang RS, Chatterjee S and Varshneya C. Studies on Analgesic and anti-Inflammatory activities of Vitex negundo Linn. Indian J Pharmacol. 1999; 31(5): 363-366.
161. Vishal R Tandon. Medicinal uses and biological activities of Vitex negundo. Natural product radiance. 2005; 4(3):162-165.
162. Khosla P, Sangeeta Bhanwra, Singh J, Srivastava R K. Antinociceptive activity of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) in Rats. Indian journal of pharmacology 2000; 32: 372-374.
163. Kaushik Biswas, Chattopadhyay Ishita, Banerjee Ranjit K and Bandhopadhyay Uday. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current sci. 2002; 82(11): 1336-1345.
164. Araujo CAC, Leon LL. Biological activities of curcuma longa L. Mem lnst oswaldo cruz. Rio de janeiro. 2001; 96(5):723-728.
165. Jain Sanjay, Shrivastava Satyaendra, Nayak Satish, Sumbhate S. Recent trends in Curcuma longa Linn. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2007;1(1): 119-128.
166. Goyal BM, Bansal P, Gupta V, Kumar S, Singh R, Maithani M. Pharmacological Potential of Boerhaavia diffusa: An Overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2010; 2(1): 17-22
167. Sen T, Dhara AK, Bhattacharjee pal S and Chaundhuri NAK. Antioxidant activity of Methanol fraction of Pluchea indica root extract. Phyto Res. 2002; 16:331-335.
168. Forest R D. J R Soc Med 1982; 75:268.
169. Kalaivani T and Mathew Lazar. Phytochemistry and Free radical scavenging activities Of Oroxylum indicum. Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech. 2009; 4:45-52.
170. Khan mohib and Siddiqui Mustafa. Antimicrobial activity of Piper fruits. Natural productradiance. 2007; 6(2): 111-113.