Predestination: The American Career of A Contentious Doctrine

Predestination: The American Career of A Contentious Doctrine

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-288

  Thuesen, Peter J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Calvinist; Catholic; Conditional election; Foreknowledge; Lutheran; Megachurch; Methodist; Mormon; non calvinist; Predestination; Purgatory; Puritan; Sacraments; Unconditional election

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953218816     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174274.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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199. David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), 366, 397;
200. Mark A. Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 83-85.
201. David Hackett Fischer, Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 1-15.
202. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 2nd ed., ed. Peter Laslett (London: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 319.
203. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 1967), 34.
204. Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999), 93-95.
205. Carl J. Richard, The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 195, 279n41;
206. Richard T. Hughes and C. Leonard Allen, Illusions of Innocence: Protestant Primitivism in America, 1630-1875 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 1-2.
207. David L. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 79-80.
208. John Toland, Christianity Not Mysterious; or, A Treatise Shewing, That There Is Nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason, nor Above It (London, 1696), 160-62.
209. Charles B. Sanford, The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984), 19-21, 61, 85;
210. Toland, Edwin S. Gaustad, Sworn on the Altar of God: A Religious Biography of Thomas Jefferson (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1996), 23-24.
211. Kerry S. Walters, Benjamin Franklin and His Gods (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 136-40;
212. Melvin H. Buxbaum, Benjamin Franklin and the Zealous Presbyterians (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975), 93-115.
213. Benjamin Franklin, A Letter to a Friend in the Country (1735), in Labaree et al., eds., Papers, 2:79, 84.
214. Benjamin Franklin, A Defense of Mr. Hemphill's Observations (1735), in Labaree et al., eds., Papers, 2:114-15.
215. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 186.
216. Grant Wacker, Religion in Nineteenth Century America (New York:Oxford University Press, 2000), 32.
217. Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 9-11.
218. Jason M. Scarborough, "Hades," in The Westminster Handbook to Origen, ed. John Anthony McGuckin (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2004), 119-20.
219. Lee Bressler, The Universalist Movement in America, 1770-1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 15.
220. Russell E. Miller, The Larger Hope: The First Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1770-1870 (Boston: Unitarian Universalist Association, 1979), 3-10.
221. James Relly, Epistles; or, The Great Salvation Contemplated (London, 1776), 11.
222. David Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985), 51-54, 339-40.
223. E. Brooks Holifield, Theology in America: Christian Thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 224-26;
224. Nathaniel Stacy, Memoirs of the Life of Nathaniel Stacy, Preacher of the Gospel of Universal Grace (Columbus, Pa., 1850), 82-83;
225. Wilbur Fisk, Calvinistic Controversy: Embracing a Sermon on Predestination and Election, and Several Numbers on the Same Subject (New York: Phillips and Hunt, 1880), 88.
226. Ann Taves, Fits, Trances, and Visions:Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), 92-95;
227. John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 53-54.
228. James E. Kirby, Russell E. Richey, and Kenneth E. Rowe, The Methodists (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1996), 263-65.
229. Nathan Bangs, An Examination of the Doctrine of Predestination, as Contained in a Sermon, Preached in Burlington, Vermont, by Daniel Haskel, Minister of the Congregation (New York: Totten, 1817), 5, 52-54, 84-86;
230. Daniel Haskel, The Doctrine of Predestination Maintained as Scriptural, Rational, and Important (Burlington, Vt.: Samuel Mills, 1817).
231. William B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit (New York: Robert Carter and Brothers, 1857), 2:526-31.
232. John R. Fitzmier, New England's Moral Legislator:Timothy Dwight, 1752-1817 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), esp. 116-29.
233. Joseph A. Conforti, Samuel Hopkins and the New Divinity Movement: Calvinism, the Congregational Ministry, and Reform in New England between the Great Awakenings (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Christian University Press, 1981), 11-15.
234. Douglas A. Sweeney and Allen C. Guelzo, eds., The New England Theology: From Jonathan Edwards to Edwards Amasa Park (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 2006).
235. Frank Hugh Foster, A Genetic History of the New England Theology (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1907);
236. Allen C. Guelzo, Edwards on the Will: A Century of American Theological Debate (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), esp. 54-139.
237. Richard Salter Storrs, Edwards Amasa Park, D.D., LL.D.: Memorial Address (Boston: Samuel Usher, 1900), 27.
238. Paul Ramsey, ed., The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 1, Freedom of the Will (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1957), 34-47, 156-62.
239. Joseph A. Conforti, Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition, and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 121.
240. Bruce Kuklick, Churchmen and Philosophers: From Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press, 1985), 55-59.
241. Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1996), 35.
242. Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800-1850 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1950).
243. Allen C. Guelzo, "An Heir or a Rebel? Charles Grandison Finney and the New England Theology," Journal of the Early Republic 17 (1997): 72.
244. Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), 97.
245. John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 18;
246. Cynthia Lynn Lyerly, Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 29.
247. Thomas J. Davis, "Images of Intolerance: John Calvin in Nineteenth-Century History Textbooks," Church History 65 (1996):234-48.
248. Richard Allen, The Life Experience and Gospel Labors of the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen (1833; reprint, Nashville: Abingdon, 1960), 19.
249. Richard S. Newman, Freedom's Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (New York: New York University Press, 2008), 47, 145.
250. Albert J. Raboteau, A Fire in the Bones:Reflections on African-American Religious History (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 72-102;
251. Hatch, Democratization, 106-10.
252. Richard Wheatley, The Life and Letters of Mrs. Phoebe Palmer (New York: W. C. Palmer, Jr., 1876), 616.
253. Grant Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostalism and American Culture (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2001);
254. Donald W. Dayton, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1987).
255. David Hempton, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005), 208-9.
256. Kathryn Teresa Long, The Revival of 1857-58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 11-25.
257. John Saillant, Black Puritan, Black Republican:The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753-1833 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 83-91.
258. Anthony J. Carter, On Being Black and Reformed: A New Perspective on the African-American Christian Experience (Phillipsburg, N.J.: P&R, 2003), 76-78.
259. Nathan O. Hatch, "The Puzzle of American Methodism," Church History 63 (1994): 178.
260. Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 55.
261. Alexander Campbell, The Millennial Harbinger, ser. 4, vol. 2 (Bethany, W. Va.: A. Campbell, 1852), 77.
262. Paul M. Blowers and James O. Duke, "Calvinism," in The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement, ed. Douglas A. Foster, Paul M. Blowers, Anthony L. Dunnavant, and D. Newell Williams (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2004), 110.
263. Paul K. Conkin, Cane Ridge: America's Pentecost (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990).
264. John Rogers, ed., The Biography of Eld. Barton Warren Stone, Written by Himself: With Additions and Reflections, 5th ed. (Cincinnati: James and James, 1847), 38.
265. David L. Rowe, Thunder and Trumpets: Millerites and Dissenting Religion in Upstate New York, 1800-1850 (Chico, Calif.: Scholars, 1985), 1-11.
266. Sylvester Bliss, Memoirs of William Miller, Generally Known as a Lecturer on the Prophecies, and the Second Coming of Christ (1853; reprint, New York: AMS, 1971), 69.
267. Wayne R. Judd, "William Miller: Disappointed Prophet," in The Disappointed: Millerism and Millenarianism in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and Jonathan M. Butler (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1993), 20-21.
268. Ellen G. White, Early Writings (1882; reprint, Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1945), 221.
269. Richard Rice, The Openness of God: The Relationship of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Free Will (Nashville: Review and Herald, 1980).
270. Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875; reprint, Boston: First Church of Christ, Scientist, 1994), 459.
271. Gillian Gill, Mary Baker Eddy (Reading, Mass.:Perseus, 1998).
272. Stephen Gottschalk, Rolling Away the Stone: Mary Baker Eddy's Challenge to Materialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 60;
273. Catherine L. Albanese, A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), 284, 290.
274. Richard Lyman Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Knopf, 2005), 30-41;
275. Richard Lloyd Anderson, Joseph Smith's New England Heritage: Influences of Grandfathers Solomon Mack and Asael Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1971), 89-140.
276. Jan Shipps, Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition (Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1985), 30-33.
277. Richard Lyman Bushman, Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 75-77.
278. Douglas J. Davies, An Introduction to Mormonism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 159-62.
279. Terryl L. Givens, People of Paradox: A History of Mormon Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 8.
280. Sterling M. McMurrin, The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion and The Philosophical Foundations of Mormon Theology (1965 and 1959;
281. Brigham Young, "Free Agency," in Discourses of Brigham Young, ed. John A. Widtsoe (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1954), 62.
282. Dan Vogel, Religious Seekers and the Advent of Mormonism (Salt Lake City: Signature, 1988), 69-70.
283. Philip L. Barlow, Mormons and the Bible: The Place of the Latter-day Saints in American Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 46-61.
284. Robert J. Matthews, "A Plainer Translation": Joseph Smith's Translation of the Bible: A History and Commentary (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975), 318.
285. John L. Brooke, The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 205-7.
286. Mark Twain, Roughing It (1872; reprint, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1913), 1:110-11.
287. C. P. Lyford, The Mormon Problem: An Appeal to the American People (New York: Philips and Hunt, 1886), 174.
288. Peter J. Thuesen, "The 'African Enslavement of Anglo-Saxon Minds':The Beechers as Critics of Augustine," Church History 72 (2003): 569-92.
289. Stephen H. Snyder, Lyman Beecher and His Children: The Transformation of a Religious Tradition (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1991), 60.
290. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity (New York: Norton, 1973), 28-42, 244-57.
291. Catharine Beecher, An Appeal to the People in Behalf of Their Rights as Authorized Interpreters of the Bible (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1860), 4, 228-30;
292. Philip L. Quinn, "Disputing the Augustinian Legacy: John Locke and Jonathan Edwards on Romans 5:12-19," in The Augustinian Tradition, ed. Gareth B. Matthews (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 233-50.
293. Marie Caskey, Chariot of Fire: Religion and the Beecher Family (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978), 123-66, 370-73;
294. Charles H. Foster, The Rungless Ladder: Harriet Beecher Stowe and New England Puritanism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1954);
295. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Oldtown Folks, ed. Dorothy Berkson (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 365.
296. Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Minister's Wooing, ed. Susan K. Harris (New York: Penguin, 1999), 17
297. Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 279.
298. John Gatta, American Madonna: Images of the Divine Woman in Literary Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 53-71.
299. Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West, 2nd ed. (Cincinnati: Truman and Smith, 1835), 101, 128.
300. Richard A. Muller, Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1985), 88.
301. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill and trans. Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), III.23.1, p. 947.
302. G. C. Berkouwer, Divine Election, trans. Hugo Bekker (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1960), 177n8, 189n31.
303. James K. Beilby and Paul R. Eddy, eds., Divine Foreknowledge: Four Views (Downers Grove, Ill.:InterVarsity, 2001).
304. Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity in Two Hundred and Fifty Expository Lectures on the Assembly's Shorter Catechism (Boston, 1726), 263.
305. Francis Turretin, Institutes of Elenctic Theology, trans. George Musgrave Giger and ed. James T. Dennison, Jr., 3 vols. (Phillipsburg, N.J.:P&R, 1992), 1:332-33.
306. Heinrich Heppe, Reformed Dogmatics: Set Out and Illustrated from the Sources, trans. G. T. Thomson and ed. Ernst Bizer (1950; reprint, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1978), 150-89.
307. Roger E. Olson, Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 2006), 17-18.
308. Julia Keller, "A Wicked Wind Takes Aim," Chicago Tribune, 5 December 2004, p. 1 (series continued on 6 and 7 December 2004).
309. G. C. Berkouwer, Divine Election, trans. Hugo Bekker (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1960);
310. Loraine Boettner, The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932; reprint, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1951);
311. Harry Buis, Historic Protestantism and Predestination (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 1958);
312. Paul K. Jewett, Election and Predestination (Grand Rapids, Mich.:Eerdmans, 1985).
313. Perry D. Westbrook, Free Will and Determinism in American Literature (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1979);
314. Paul F. Boller, Jr., Freedom and Fate in American Thought: From Edwards to Dewey (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1978).
315. Conrad Cherry, ed., God's New Israel: Religious Interpretations of American Destiny, rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998)
316. Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995).
317. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill and trans. Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), I.16.8, p. 207.
318. Allen C. Guelzo, Edwards on the Will: A Century of American Theological Debate (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 10.
319. Robert Kane, A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
320. Daniel C. Dennett, Freedom Evolves (New York:Viking, 2003).
321. Gerald F. De Jong, The Dutch Reformed Church in the American Colonies (Grand Rapids, Mich.:Eerdmans, 1978).
322. Randall Balmer, A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
323. Charles L. Cohen, "The Post-Puritan Paradigm of Early American Religious History," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 54 (1997): 695-722.
324. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Vintage, 1988), 146.
325. Peter Bayliss, "Rock of Ages: The Story of a Well-Loved Hymn," This England 21 (Winter 1988): 34-37.
326. Augustus Toplady, The Reverend Mr. Toplady's Dying Avowal of His Religious Sentiments, 6th ed. (London, 1778), 4.
327. George Lawton, Within the Rock of Ages: The Life and Work of Augustus Montague Toplady (Cambridge: Clarke, 1983), 163-65.
328. George M. Ella, Augustus Montague Toplady: A Debtor to Mercy Alone (Durham, England: Go Publications, 2000), 86-87, 169;
329. Thomas Wright, Augustus M. Toplady and Contemporary Hymn Writers, vol. 2 of The Lives of the British Hymn Writers (London: Farncombe and Son, 1911), 42-44.
330. Mark A. Noll, "The Defining Role of Hymns in Early Evangelicalism," in Wonderful Words of Life: Hymns in American Protestant History and Theology, ed. Richard J. Mouw and Mark A. Noll (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2004), 13-15.
331. Laurence Womock, The Examination of Tilenus before the Triers; in Order to His Intended Settlement in the Office of a Publick Preacher in the Common-wealth of Utopia (London, 1658), 84-85.
332. Dewey D. Wallace, Jr., Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology, 1525-1695 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 122-23.
333. G. R. Cragg, From Puritanism to the Age of Reason: A Study of Changes in Religious Thought within the Church of England, 1660 to 1700 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1966), 13-36.
334. Cotton Mather, Manuductio ad Ministerium: Directions for a Candidate of the Ministry (Boston, 1726), 98.
335. John Edwards, Veritas Redux: Evangelical Truths Restored, 2 vols. (London, 1707), 1:234, 237-45.
336. John Edwards, Theologia Reformata; or, Discourses on Those Graces and Duties Which Are Purely Evangelical, and Not Contained in the Moral Law (London, 1726), 98.
337. Charles Leslie, A View of the Times, Their Principles and Practices: In the Rehearsals, 2nd ed., 6 vols. (London, 1750), 4:34-35, 42-43.
338. Ronald N. Stromberg, Religious Liberalism in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Oxford University Press, 1954), 111.
339. Thomas S. Kidd, The Protestant Interest: New England after Puritanism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004), 114-35.
340. Charles Leslie, The Religion of Jesus Christ the Only True Religion; or, A Short and Easie Method with the Deists (Boston, 1719).
341. John Checkley, Choice Dialogues between a Godly Minister, and an Honest Country-Man, Concerning Election & Predestination (Boston, 1720), 1, 8.
342. John Frederick Woolverton, Colonial Anglicanism in North America (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984), 115-22;
343. Jon Pahl, Paradox Lost: Free Will and Political Liberty in American Culture, 1630-1760 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 63-69.
344. Henry F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 77;
345. Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, 1689-1775 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 68-69.
346. Franklin Bowditch Dexter, Documentary History of Yale University, under the Original Charter of the Collegiate School of Connecticut, 1701-1745 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916), 233.
347. Joseph J. Ellis, The New England Mind in Transition: Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, 1696-1772 (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press, 1973), 140-41.
348. Samuel Cooke, Divine Sovereignty in the Salvation of Sinners, Consider'd and Improv'd (Boston, 1741), 34.
349. Bruce E. Steiner, Samuel Seabury, 1729-1796: A Study in the High Church Tradition (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1971), 344;
350. Robert Bruce Mullin, Episcopal Vision/American Reality: High Church Theology and Social Thought in Evangelical America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), xiii-xiv.
351. Allen C. Guelzo, Edwards on the Will: A Century of American Theological Debate (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 155-64.
352. W. M. Spellman, The Latitudinarians and the Church of England, 1660-1700 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1993), 11.
353. Harry S. Stout, The New England Soul:Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 127-35;
354. Ned C. Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture, 1680-1760 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997), 63-71.
355. Norman Fiering, "The First American Enlightenment: Tillotson, Leverett, and Philosophical Anglicanism," New England Quarterly 54 (1981): 343.
356. John Corrigan, The Prism of Piety: Catholick Congregational Clergy at the Beginning of the Enlightenment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), esp. 9-31.
357. Gilbert Burnet, An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England (London, 1699), viii, 145-46, 166, 168-70.
358. Robert W. Pritchard, The Nature of Salvation: Theological Consensus in the Episcopal Church, 1801-73 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 44-48.
359. Martin Greig, "Heresy Hunt: Gilbert Burnet and the Convocation Controversy of 1701," Historical Journal 37 (1994): 569-92.
360. Cotton Mather, A Seasonable Testimony to the Glorious Doctrines of Grace, at This Day Many Ways Undermined in the World (Boston, 1702), 12-13.
361. John Tillotson, "Of the Eternity of Hell Torments" (1690), in The Works of the Most Reverend Dr. John Tillotson, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. Thomas Birch, 3 vols. (London, 1752), 1:322.
362. Norman Fiering, Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Its British Context (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 229.
363. John Tillotson, Several Discourses of Death and Judgment, and a Future State (London, 1701), 260;
364. John Tillotson, Sermons on Several Subjects and Occasions, 12 vols. (London, 1742-1744), 8:3564-65.
365. Jonathan Edwards, "The Eternity of Hell Torments," in Sermons on the Following Subjects (Hartford, Conn., 1780), 172;
366. Edwards, "Eternity of Hell Torments," 187-89.
367. Fiering, Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought, 206.
368. Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," in The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 22, Sermons and Discourses, 1739-1742, ed. Harry S. Stout and Nathan O. Hatch, with Kyle P. Farley (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 409, 411.
369. D. P. Walker, The Decline of Hell: Seventeenth-Century Discussions of Eternal Torment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 99.
370. Klaus Scholder, The Birth of Modern Critical Theology: Origins and Problems of Biblical Criticism in the Seventeenth Century, trans. John Bowden (London: SCM, 1990), 26-45.
371. Edwards, "Eternity of Hell Torments," 192-93.
372. Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism (1711), in Pastoral Poetry and an Essay on Criticism, ed. E. Audra and Aubrey Williams, in The Twickenham Edition of the Poems of Alexander Pope, vol. 1 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961), 300-302.
373. Randall C. Zachman, Image and Word in the Theology of John Calvin (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), 80-91.
374. Ronald J. VanderMolen, "Providence as Mystery, Providence as Revelation:Puritan and Anglican Modifications of John Calvin's Doctrine of Providence," Church History 47 (1978): 27-47, esp. 32-33.
375. James Simpson, Burning to Read: English Fundamentalism and Its Reformation Opponents (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 2007), 106-41.
376. Michael P. Winship, Seers of God: Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and Early Enlightenment (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 13-15.
377. Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1999), 17;
378. Zachman, Image and Word, 85-86;
379. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill and trans. Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), I.16.3, p. 201.
380. Jon Butler, "Magic, Astrology, and the Early American Religious Heritage, 1600-1760," American Historical Review 84 (1979): 341-42.
381. Jonathan I. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 518-19.
382. Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York:Harper and Row, 1984), 336-63.
383. William Cooper, A Letter to a Friend in the Country, Attempting a Solution of the Scruples & Objections of a Conscientious or Religious Nature, Commonly Made against the New Way of Receiving the Small-Pox (Boston, 1721), 7, 9;
384. Kenneth P. Minkema, "The Spiritual Meanings of Illness in Eighteenth-Century New England," in Religions of the United States in Practice, ed. Colleen McDannell, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 1:269-78.
385. Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), 11-14;
386. Thomas Prince, Earthquakes the Works of God, and Tokens of His Just Displeasure (Boston, 1755), 23;
387. John Winthrop, A Lecture on Earthquakes:Read in the Chapel of Harvard-College in Cambridge, N.E. November 26th 1755 (Boston, 1755), 36.
388. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology, 2 vols. (New York: Appleton, 1896), 364-66.
389. Conrad Wright, The Beginnings of Unitarianism in America (Boston: Beacon, 1955), 167-68.
390. Thomas Foxcroft, The Earthquake, a Divine Visitation: A Sermon Preached to the Old Church in Boston, January 8, 1756 (Boston, 1756), 5, 41, 44-46.
391. Boston Gazette, or Country Journal, no. 34 (24 November 1755): 1.
392. Charles Chauncy, Earthquakes a Token of the Righteous Anger of God (Boston, 1755), 6-8;
393. Charles H. Lippy, Seasonable Revolutionary: The Mind of Charles Chauncy (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), 113.
394. Joseph Haroutunian, Piety versus Moralism: The Passing of the New England Theology, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1970), 134-40.
395. Ava Chamberlain, "The Theology of Cruelty: A New Look at the Rise of Arminianism in Eighteenth-Century New England," Harvard Theological Review 85 (1992): 348-49.
396. George Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 268-73.
397. Frank Lambert, Inventing the "Great Awakening" (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999).
398. Richard P. Heitzenrater, ed., The Elusive Mr. Wesley, 2nd ed. (Nashville:Abingdon, 2003), 94-99.
399. John Wesley, Predestination Calmly Considered (London, 1752), 9, 25, 29, 39.
400. John Wesley, Free Grace: A Sermon Preach'd at Bristol (Bristol, 1739), 10, 12, 23.
401. Henry D. Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism, 3rd ed. (London:Epworth, 2002), 187, 393, 545-50.
402. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991), 27-28.
403. George Whitefield, A Letter from the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, to the Reverend Mr. John Wesley, in Answer to His Sermon, Entituled Free Grace (Boston, 1740), 6, 11-12, 17, 26.
404. Thomas S. Kidd, The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), 124.
405. David Hempton, Methodism:Empire of the Spirit (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005), 84.
406. Charles Wesley, Hymns on God's Everlasting Love, in Charles Wesley: A Reader, ed. John R. Tyson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 304-5.
407. John Wesley, A Sermon on the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield (Boston, 1771), 18, 20.
408. Kenneth J. Collins, The Scripture Way of Salvation: The Heart of John Wesley's Theology (Nashville: Abingdon, 1997), 202-4.
409. Augustus Toplady, A Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley: Relative to His Pretended Abridgment of Zanchius on Predestination (London, 1770), 5-6;
410. John Wesley, A Christian Library, vol. 43 (Bristol, 1755), 203;
411. Augustus Toplady, More Work for Mr. John Wesley (London, 1772), 3, 16, 21, 103.
412. Robert Middlekauff, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596-1728, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 95.
413. Michael G. Hall, The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather, 1639-1723 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1988), 35, 326-38, 350-51.
414. Increase Mather, Awakening Soul-Saving Truths, Plainly Delivered, in Several Sermons (Boston, 1720), 68-70, 75-76, 84-87, 95, 97-99.
415. Thomas Shepard, The Sincere Convert, Discovering the Paucity of True Believers and the Great Difficulty of Saving Conversion (London, 1640), 94, 121, 124-25, 264.
416. Michael P. Winship, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636-1641 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), 12;
417. Thomas Werge, Thomas Shepard (Boston: Twayne, Hall, 1987), 50-51.
418. Jasper Ridley, John Knox (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 215.
419. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana; or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England, from Its First Planting in the Year 1620, unto the Year of our Lord, 1698 (London, 1702), 1.
420. Edmund S. Morgan, Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1963), 87-105;
421. Elizabeth Reis, "Seventeenth-Century Puritan Conversion Narratives," in Religions of the United States in Practice, ed. Colleen McDannell, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 1:22-26.
422. Michael McGiffert, ed., God's Plot: Puritan Spirituality in Thomas Shepard's Cambridge, rev. ed. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994), 50-51.
423. Michael P. Winship, "Were There Any Puritans in New England?" New England Quarterly 74 (2001): 124.
424. David D. Hall, "On Common Ground: The Coherence of American Puritan Studies," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 14 (1987): 199;
425. E. Brooks Holifield, Theology in America: Christian Thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 38.
426. William Ames, An Analyticall Exposition of Both the Epistles of the Apostle Peter (London, 1641), A2r.
427. John H. Leith, Assembly at Westminster:Reformed Theology in the Making (Richmond, Va.: John Knox, 1973).
428. Williston Walker, The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism (New York: Scribner's, 1893), 189-237.
429. Christopher Hill, including God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (New York: Harper and Row, 1972).
430. Loraine Boettner, The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination, 7th ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.:Eerdmans, 1951), 61, 84, 150-51, 162, 182.
431. Gerald J. Goodwin, "The Myth of 'Arminian-Calvinism' in Eighteenth- Century New England," New England Quarterly 41 (1968): 213-37;
432. William Perkins, A Christian and Plaine Treatise of the Manner and Order of Predestination and of the Largenes of Gods Grace (London, 1606), 33-35;
433. William Barker, Puritan Profiles: 54 Influential Puritans at the Time when the Westminster Confession of Faith Was Written (Fearn, Scotland: Mentor, 1996), 18-21.
434. Guy M. Richard, "Samuel Rutherford's Supralapsarianism Revealed: A Key to the Lapsarian Position of the Westminster Confession of Faith?" Scottish Journal of Theology 59 (2006): 27-44;
435. David A. S. Fergusson, "Predestination: A Scottish Perspective," Scottish Journal of Theology 46 (1993): 457-78, esp. 465.
436. William Twisse, A Treatise of Mr. Cottons, Clearing Certaine Doubts Concerning Predestination, Together with an Examination Thereof (London, 1646).
437. Sargent Bush, Jr., ed., The Correspondence of John Cotton (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 109-12.
438. David Como, "Puritans, Predestination, and the Construction of Orthodoxy in Early Seventeenth-Century England," in Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church, c. 1560-1660, ed. Peter Lake and Michael Questier (Woodbridge, England: Boydell, 2000), 79;
439. Brian G. Armstrong, Calvinism and the Amyraut Heresy: Protestant Scholasticism and Humanism in Seventeenth-Century France (Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 169-70.
440. Jonathan D. Moore, English Hypothetical Universalism: John Preston and the Softening of Reformed Theology (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2007), esp. 217-29.
441. Francis Turretin, Institutes of Elenctic Theology, trans. George Musgrave Giger and ed. James T. Dennison, Jr., 3 vols. (Phillipsburg, N.J.:P&R, 1992), 1:348.
442. Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity in Two Hundred and Fifty Expository Lectures on the Assembly's Shorter Catechism (Boston, 1726), 262-64.
443. Seymour Van Dyken, Samuel Willard, 1640-1707: Preacher of Orthodoxy in an Era of Change (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1972), 108-9.
444. Stephen Charnock, Several Discourses upon the Existence and Attributes of God (London, 1682), 711-12.
445. David A. Weir, The Origins of the Federal Theology in Sixteenth-Century Reformation Thought (Oxford: Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1990), 3-5.
446. Norman Pettit, The Heart Prepared: Grace and Conversion in Puritan Spiritual Life, rev. ed. (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 219.
447. John von Rohr, The Covenant of Grace in Puritan Thought (Atlanta:Scholars, 1986), 15-17;
448. Roger E. Olson, Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 2006), 53-54;
449. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 1939), 387.
450. Thomas Hooker, The Soules Vocation or Effectual Calling to Christ (London, 1638), 40-41.
451. Mary Rhinelander McCarl, "Thomas Shepard's Record of Relations of Religious Experience, 1648-1649," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 48 (1991): 443n59.
452. John Milton, The Christian Doctrine (De Doctrina Christiana), in The Works of John Milton, vol. 14, ed. Frank Allen Patterson (New York: Columbia University Press, 1933), 143.
453. William Riley Parker, Milton: A Biography, rev. ed., ed. Gordon Campbell (Oxford:Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1996), 480-83.
454. Kai T. Erikson, Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (New York: Wiley, 1966), 191.
455. Perry Miller, "The Marrow of Puritan Divinity," in his Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 1956), 73-74;
456. George M. Marsden, "Perry Miller's Rehabilitation of the Puritans:A Critique," Church History 39 (1970): 96-98;
457. Von Rohr, Covenant of Grace, 20;
458. John S. Coolidge, The Pauline Renaissance in England: Puritanism and the Bible (Oxford: Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1970), xiii, 141, 150-51.
459. William K. B. Stoever, "A Faire and Easie Way to Heaven": Covenant Theology and Antinomianism in Early Massachusetts (Middletown, Conn.:Wesleyan University Press, 1978), 109-11.
460. Joseph P. Wawrykow, The Westminster Handbook to Thomas Aquinas (Louisville, Ky.:Westminster John Knox, 2005), 19-20, 92-95, 119-20.
461. James Hoopes, "Art as History: Perry Miller's New England Mind," American Quarterly 34 (1982): 3-25.
462. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism and Other Writings, ed. and trans. Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells (New York:Penguin, 2002), 73-74.
463. Peter J. Thuesen, In Discordance with the Scriptures:American Protestant Battles over Translating the Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 35-36.
464. David Zaret, The Heavenly Contract: Ideology and Organization in Pre- Revolutionary Puritanism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 10, 17-18.
465. Malcolm H. MacKinnon, "Part I: Calvinism and the Infallible Assurance of Grace: The Weber Thesis Reconsidered," and "Part II: Weber's Exploration of Calvinism: The Undiscovered Provenance of Capitalism," British Journal of Sociology, 39 (1988): 143-210.
466. Alastair Hamilton, "Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," in The Cambridge Companion to Weber, ed. Stephen Turner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 169.
467. Hamilton, "Max Weber's Protestant Ethic," 170.
468. Theodore Dwight Bozeman, The Precisianist Strain: Disciplinary Religion and Antinomian Backlash in Puritanism to 1638 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 123, 127.
469. Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th-18th Centuries, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York: St. Martin's, 1990), 282-83.
470. Christopher Hill, A Tinker and a Poor Man: John Bunyan and His Church, 1628-1688 (New York: Knopf, 1988), 171.
471. David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), 132-33.
472. Elizabeth Reis, Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997), 37-43.
473. Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 148;
474. William Perkins, A Golden Chaine, in The Whole Works of That Famous and Worthy Minister of Christ in the Universitie of Cambridge, M. William Perkins, 3 vols. (London, 1631), 1:72;
475. E. Brooks Holifield, The Covenant Sealed: The Development of Puritan Sacramental Theology in Old and New England, 1570-1720 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974), 46.
476. Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 301-13;
477. Philippe Ariès, The Hour of Our Death, trans. Helen Weaver (New York: Vintage, 1981), 10-13.
478. Lynn A. Botelho, "Death and Dying," in Bremer and Webster, eds., Puritans and Puritanism, 367-69.
479. Increase Mather, A Discourse Concerning the Uncertainty of the Times of Men, and the Necessity of Being Prepared for Sudden Changes & Death (Boston, 1697), 13;
480. Richard Crowder, No Featherbed to Heaven: A Biography of Michael Wigglesworth, 1631-1705 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1962), 120-21.
481. Nicholas F. Radel, "A Sodom Within:Historicizing Puritan Homoerotics in the Diary of Michael Wigglesworth," in The Puritan Origins of American Sex: Religion, Sexuality, and National Identity in American Literature, ed. Tracy Fessenden, Nicholas F. Radel, and Magdalena J. Zaborowska (New York: Routledge, 2001), 41-55.
482. Increase Mather, A Call to the Tempted: A Sermon on the Horrid Crime of Self-Murder (Boston, 1724), 1-2, 8, 10-11, 13-14.
483. Richard S. Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle, eds., The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 1996), 229-30.
484. Jonathan Edwards, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God, in The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 4, The Great Awakening, ed. C. C. Goen (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 205;
485. George M. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 163-69.
486. Howard I. Kushner, Self-Destruction in the Promised Land: A Psychocultural Biology of American Suicide (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989), 21-27;
487. Julius H. Rubin, Religious Melancholy and Protestant Experience in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 42-59.
488. Richard F. Lovelace, The American Pietism of Cotton Mather: Origins of American Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.:Christian University Press, 1979), 86-89.
489. Joel R. Beeke, Assurance of Faith: Calvin, English Puritanism, and the Dutch Second Reformation (New York: Peter Lang, 1991), 114.
490. Richard Baxter, The Signs and Causes of Melancholy: With Directions Suited to the Case of Those Who Are Afflicted with It: Collected Out of the Works of Mr. Richard Baxter...by Samuel Clifford (London, 1716), 8;
491. Joseph Alleine, An Alarm to Unconverted Sinners (Boston, 1716), 20-21.
492. David D. Hall, Puritans in the New World: A Critical Anthology (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 99, 138.
493. Peter Lake with Michael Questier, The Antichrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists, and Players in Post- Reformation England (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), 264.
494. Charles Lloyd Cohen, God's Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience (New York:Oxford University Press, 1986), 116.
495. Amanda Porterfield, Female Piety in Puritan New England: The Emergence of Religious Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 62.
496. Allan I. Ludwig, Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815, 3rd ed. (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England and Wesleyan University Press, 1999), 155-60.
497. Edward Taylor and Cotton Mather quoted in Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 77-78;
498. Jonathan Edwards, "The Excellency of Christ," and "The Terms of Prayer," both in The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 19, Sermons and Discourses, 1734-1738, ed. M. X. Lesser (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 780, cf. 592-93.
499. Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, The Practice of Piety: Puritan Devotional Disciplines in Seventeenth-Century New England (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 25-39.
500. Peter Iver Kaufman, Prayer, Despair, and Drama:Elizabethan Introspection (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 20, 58, 64-65.
501. Patrick Collinson, A Mirror of Elizabethan Puritanism: The Life and Letters of "Godly Master Dering" (London: Dr. Williams's Trust, 1964), 16-17.
502. Anne S. Brown and David D. Hall, "Family Strategies and Religious Practice: Baptism and the Lord's Supper in Early New England," in Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of a Practice, ed. David D. Hall (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 62.
503. Robert G. Pope, The Half-Way Covenant: Church Membership in Puritan New England (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969), 3-9;
504. David R. Como, Blown by the Spirit: Puritanism and the Emergence of an Antinomian Underground in Pre-Civil-War England (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2004).
505. Douglas L. Winiarski, "Souls Filled with Ravishing Transport: Heavenly Visions and the Radical Awakening in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 61 (2004): 3-46.
506. H. Richard Niebuhr, "The Anachronism of Jonathan Edwards," in Theology, History, and Culture: Major Unpublished Writings, ed. William Stacy Johnson (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), 123-33.
507. T. H. L. Parker, John Calvin: A Biography (Philadelphia:Westminster, 1975), 108;
508. Bernard Cottret, Calvin:A Biography, trans. M. Wallace McDonald (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2000), 190-91;
509. Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Oxford:Blackwell, 1996), 264-65.
510. Max Gauna, Upwellings: First Expressions of Unbelief in the Printed Literature of the French Renaissance (Cranbury, N.J.:Associated University Presses, 1992), 78-80;
511. John Calvin, "Articles Concerning Predestination," in Calvin: Theological Treatises, ed. and trans. J. K. S. Reid (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 1954), 179-80.
512. Kenneth P. Minkema, "Old Age and Religion in the Writings and Life of Jonathan Edwards," Church History 70 (2001): 684.
513. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, vol. 1, The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 280-84.
514. Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church, rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 1997), 221-25.
515. John Ferguson, Pelagius: A Historical and Theological Study (Cambridge:Heffer and Sons, 1956), 45.
516. B. R. Rees, Pelagius: A Reluctant Heretic (Woodbridge, England: Boydell, 1988), 38-42;
517. Eugene TeSelle, "Pelagius, Pelagianism," in Fitzgerald et al., eds., Augustine through the Ages, 633-40.
518. Martha Ellen Stortz, " 'Where or When Was Your Servant Innocent?' Augustine on Childhood," in The Child in Christian Thought, ed. Marcia J. Bunge (Grand Rapids, Mich.:Eerdmans, 2001), 95.
519. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Vintage, 1988), 127-50;
520. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000, 2nd ed. (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2003), 89-90.
521. G. W. H. Lampe, "Christian Theology in the Patristic Period," in A History of Christian Doctrine, ed. Hubert Cunliffe-Jones (London:Clark, 1978), 167-69.
522. Ralph W. Mathisen, Ecclesiastical Factionalism and Religious Controversy in Fifth- Century Gaul (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1989), 129-30;
523. Conrad Leyser, "Semi-Pelagianism," in Fitzgerald et al., eds., Augustine through the Ages, 761-66.
524. D. E. Nineham, "Gottschalk of Orbais: Reactionary or Precursor of the Reformation?" Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40 (1989): 1-18;
525. Henry Bettenson and Chris Maunder, eds., Documents of the Christian Church, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 67.
526. Margaret R. Miles, The World Made Flesh: A History of Christian Thought (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005), 137.
527. Joseph P. Wawrykow, The Westminster Handbook to Thomas Aquinas (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2005), 131.
528. Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans. Ephraim Fischoff (Boston:Beacon, 1963), 25.
529. Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 95-102.
530. Patrick Collinson, The Reformation: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 54-60;
531. Lewis W. Spitz, The Protestant Reformation, 1517-1559 (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 66-69.
532. Heiko A. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New York: Image, 1992), 232.
533. Leigh Eric Schmidt, Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989).
534. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 456-63.
535. David C. Steinmetz, Luther in Context (1986; reprint, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1995), 17-21.
536. Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1250-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980), 233-36.
537. Heiko Augustinus Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1983), 187-93.
538. Paul Althaus, The Theology of Martin Luther, trans. Robert C. Schultz (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1966), 9-11.
539. Alister E. McGrath, Reformation Thought: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1993), 93-97.
540. Martin Luther, Letters of Spiritual Counsel, trans. Theodore Tappert (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1955), 131, 133.
541. David C. Steinmetz, Calvin in Context (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 172-83;
542. William J. Bouwsma, John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 171-73, 183-85.
543. Heiko A. Oberman, The Two Reformations: The Journey from the Last Days to the New World, ed. Donald Weinstein (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press, 2003), 165.
544. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill and trans. Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), III.21.1, pp. 921-23.
545. John M. Rist, "Augustine on Free Will and Predestination," in Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. R. A. Markus (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972), 227-28;
546. John Calvin, Concerning the Eternal Predestination of God, trans. J. K. S. Reid (1961; reprint, Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 1997).
547. Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), 614.
548. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 1999), 339-43.
549. David L. Holmes, A Brief History of the Episcopal Church (Valley Forge, Pa.: Trinity Press International, 1993), 179-97.
550. W. P. Stephens, The Holy Spirit in the Theology of Martin Bucer (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 23-41;
551. Frank A. James, Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer (Oxford:Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1998);
552. John Patrick Donnelley, S.J., Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's Doctrine of Man and Grace (Leiden:Brill, 1976), 124-69.
553. Dewey D. Wallace, Jr., Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology, 1525-1695 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 19-28.
554. D. Andrew Penny, Freewill or Predestination: The Battle over Saving Grace in Mid-Tudor England (Woodbridge, England: Royal Historical Society, Boydell, 1990), 103-24.
555. Theodore Dwight Bozeman, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 3-12.
556. Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 21-28.
557. Dewey D. Wallace, Jr., "George Gifford, Puritan Propaganda and Popular Religion in Elizabethan England," Sixteenth Century Journal 9 (1978): 43.
558. William Haller, The Rise of Puritanism; or, The Way to the New Jerusalem as Set Forth in Pulpit and Press from Thomas Cartwright to John Lilburne and John Milton, 1570-1643 (1938; reprint, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957), 65.
559. Richard A. Muller, "Perkins' A Golden Chaine: Predestinarian System or Schematized Ordo Salutis?" Sixteenth Century Journal 9 (1978): 68-81.
560. Richard A. Muller, Christ and the Decree: Christology and Predestination in Reformed Theology from Calvin to Perkins (1986; reprint, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1988), 164-65, 172.
561. Richard A. Muller, "The Myth of 'Decretal Theology,' " Calvin Theological Journal 30 (1995): 159-67;
562. G. W. H. Lampe, "Christian Theology in the Patristic Period," in A History of Christian Doctrine, ed. Hubert Cunliffe-Jones (London: Clark, 1978), 166-67;
563. J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, rev. ed. (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978), 366-69.
564. Roger E. Olson, Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 2006), 142;
565. Eef Dekker, "Was Arminius a Molinist?" Sixteenth Century Journal 27 (1996): 337-52.
566. Richard A. Muller, Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1985), s.v. "voluntas Dei," 332.
567. Philip Benedict, Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), 305-13, quotation on 309.
568. P. G. Lake, "Calvinism and the English Church 1570-1635," Past and Present, no. 114 (Feb. 1987): 32-76.
569. H. C. Porter, Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 344-90;
570. Francis J. Bremer, The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards, rev. ed. (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1995), 37-38.
571. Stephen Foster, The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570-1700 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 128;
572. Anthony Milton, Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought, 1600-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 437-38, 521, 544.
573. Julian Davies, The Caroline Captivity of the Church: Charles I and the Remoulding of Anglicanism, 1625-1641 (Oxford: Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1992).
574. Nicholas Tyacke, Aspects of English Protestantism, c. 1530-1700 (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2001), 215.