Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753-1833

Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753-1833

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-244

  Saillant, John ^a  

^a WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abolitionism; Early republic; Edwards; Federalist party; Haynes; Puritanism; Republican ideology; Slavery; War of 1812; War of independence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922416351     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/0195157176.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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192. Caroline L. Shanks, "The Biblical Anti-Slavery Argument of the Decade 1830-1840," The Journal of Negro History 16 (1931): 132-57.
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203. Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind from the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966), pp. 303-4.
204. George Washington, "Farewell Address," in The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940), 35:214-38.
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210. Samuel Orcutt, History of Torrington, Connecticut, from Its First Settlement in 1737, with Biographies and Genealogies (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1878), pp. 35, 77-78, 212;
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214. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 232-39;
215. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975), pp. 287-99.
216. Timothy Dwight, The Charitable Blessed: A Sermon, Preached in the First Church in New-Haven, August 8, 1810 (New Haven, Conn.: Sidney's Press, 1810), pp. 19-23.
217. Timothy Dwight, "A Statistical Account of the City of New-Haven," in A Statistical Account of the Towns and Parishes in the State of Connecticut, Published by the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (New Haven, Conn.: Walter and Steele, 1811), 1:77-78.
218. Timothy Dwight, Theology: Explained and Defended in a Series of Sermons (New Haven: T. Dwight and Son, 1839).
219. Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 287-88;
220. Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), pp. 26-28.
221. Conrad Edick Wright, "Christian Compassion and Corporate Beneficence: The Institutionalization of Charity in New England, 1720-1810," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1980), p. 11;
222. Wright, The Transformation of Charity, pp. 16-23.
223. Timothy Dwight, Greenfield Hill: A Poem in Seven Parts, in The Major Poems of Timothy Dwight, ed. William J. McTaggart and William K. Bottorff (Gainesville, Fla.: Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints), pp. 402-7.
224. S. Wenzke, Timothy Dwight (1752-1817) (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989), p. 137.
225. Timothy Dwight, A Discourse, in Two Parts, Delivered July 23, 1812, on the Public Fast, in the Chapel at Yale College (New Haven, Conn.: Howe and Defrost, 1812);
226. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969).
227. William D. Piersen, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), pp. 40, 99.
228. William H. Siebert, Vermont's Anti-Slavery and Underground Railroad Record (Columbus, Ohio: Spahr and Glenn Co., 1937), p. 8;
229. Richard Newman, Lemuel Haynes: A Bio-Bibliography (New York: Lambeth Press, 1984), p. 14.
230. Howard E. Short, History of West Granville Parish (West Granville, Mass.: West Granville Church, 1931), p. 11.
231. Edward Lowe Temple, Old Rutland: Side Lights on Her Honorable and Notable Story during One Hundred and Sixty Years, A.D. 1761-A.D. 1922 (Rutland, Vt.: Edward Lowe Temple, 1923), p. 9.
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235. David F. Allmendinger, Jr., Paupers and Scholars: The Transformation of Student Life in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975), pp. 45-78.
236. Rollin G. Osterweis, Three Centuries of New Haven, 1638-1938 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1953), pp. 287-88.
237. Robert Austin Warner, New Haven Negroes: A Social History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1940), pp. 40-47.
238. James M. Banner, Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789-1815 (New York: Knopf, 1970), pp. 108-9.
239. Edgar J. McManus, Black Bondage in the North (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1973), pp. 185-86.
240. Gary B. Nash, "New Light on Richard Allen: The Early Years of Freedom," William and Mary Quarterly, third series 46 (1989): 332.
241. Albert J. Raboteau, "The Slave Church in the Era of the American Revolution," Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, ed. Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), p. 211;
242. Carol V. R. George, Segregated Sabbaths: Richard Allen and the Emergence of Independent Black Churches, 1760-1840 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 116-34.
243. David Turley, The Culture of English Antislavery, 1780-1860 (New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 29.
244. Christopher Fyfe, A History of Sierra Leone (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 31-32.
245. Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York: Capricorn Books, 1976), pp. 92-101.
246. Gary B. Nash, "Thomas Peters: Millwright and Deliverer," in Struggle and Survival in Colonial America, ed. David G. Sweet and Gary B. Nash (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 69-85.
247. Sierra Leone Inheritance, ed. Christopher Fyfe (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 118-19.
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251. Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavas Vassa, the African. Written by Himself, in The Interesting Narrative, pp. 2-236.
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253. Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848 (New York: Verso, 1988), pp. 133-58.
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259. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975), pp. 333-35;
260. James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), pp. 33-96.
261. Louis S. Gerteis, Morality and Utility in American Antislavery Reform (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), pp. xii-xvi, 4;
262. Daniel J. McInerney, " 'A Faith for Freedom': The Political Gospel of Abolitionism,"Journal of the Early Republic 11 (1991): 371-93;
263. James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South (New York: Knopf, 1990), pp. 54-79.
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266. James Walvin, Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1994), p. 305.
267. Sylvia R. Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 57-73.
268. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975), p. 278.
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270. James W. St. George Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870 (New York: Dalhousie University Press, 1976), pp. 18-32, 64-71.
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275. Lemuel Haynes, "Liberty Further Extended: Or free thoughts on the illegality of Slave-keeping; Wherein those arguments that Are used in its vindication Are plainly confuted. Together with an humble Address to such as are Concearned in the practise," in Lemuel Haynes, Black Preacher to White America: The Collected Writings of Lemuel Haynes, 1774-1833, ed. Richard Newman (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1990), pp. 17-30.
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277. Timothy Mather Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of Rev. Lemuel Haynes, A.M., For Many Years Pastor of a Church in Rutland, Vt., and Late in Granville, New-York (1837; New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), pp. 45-47.
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279. Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787-1863 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975);
280. Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 1720-1840 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).
281. David E. Swift, Black Prophets of Justice: Activist Clergy before the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), pp. 24-46.
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284. John Chester Miller, The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery (New York: Free Press, 1977).
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288. Lemuel Haynes, "The Battle of Lexington," in Haynes, Black Preacher to White America, pp. 9-15.
289. James Lyon, Urania, or a Choice Collection of Psalm-Tunes, Anthems, and Hymns, from the Most Approved Authors . . . (Philadelphia: William and Thomas Bradford, 1767).
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294. Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. (Dublin: T. Ewing, 1775).
295. Thomas J. Davis, "Emancipation Rhetoric, Natural Rights, and Revolutionary New England: A Note on Four Black Petitions in Massachusetts, 1773-1777, New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 248-63.
296. Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), pp. 94-138.
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299. James Duane, Speech to the Committee on Rights, September 8, 1774.
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301. Richard Henry Lee, Draft Address to the People of Great Britain and Ireland, Smith, ed., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1:178-179.
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314. H. P. Smith and W. S. Rann, History of Rutland County, Vermont, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason and Company, 1886), p. 55.
315. John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (Bristol, England: William Pine, 1765) 3:2257.
316. Jonathan Edwards, Notes on Scripture, ed. Stephen J. Stein, vol. 15 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Harry S. Stout (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 315-16.
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349. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, ed. Galliard Hunt (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), 5:233.
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357. Gerald R. McDermott, One Holy and Happy Society: The Public Theology of Jonathan Edwards (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992).
358. William Lloyd Garrison, Thoughts on African Colonization: Or an Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles and Purposes of the American Colonization Society. Together with the Resolutions, Addresses and Remonstrances of the Free People of Color (Boston: Garrison and Knapp, 1832), pp. 17-19.
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360. Ezra Stiles, The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., ed. Franklin Bowditch Dexter (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901), 2:395.
361. Lemuel Haynes, Black Preacher to White America: The Collected Writings of Lemuel Haynes, 1774-1833, ed. Richard Newman (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1990), p. 32.
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363. Samuel Hopkins, Two Discourses. I. On the Necessity of the Knowledge of the Law of God, in Order to the Knowledge of Sin. II. A Particular and Critical Inquiry into the Cause, Nature and Means of That Change in Which Men Are Born of God (Boston: William M'Alpine, 1768).
364. Samuel Hopkins, The True State and Character of the Unregenerate, Stripped of All Misrepresentation and Disguise (New Haven: Thomas and Samuel Green, 1769).
365. Monroe Fordham, Major Themes in Northern Black Religious Thought (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1975), p. 15.
366. M. M. Knappen, Tudor Puritanism: A Chapter in the History of Idealism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), pp. 368-69.
367. Samuel Orcutt, History of Torrington, Connecticut, from Its First Settlement in 1737, with Biographies and Genealogies (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1878), pp. 31-36.
368. Norman Fiering, "The Rationalistic Foundations of Jonathan Edwards's Metaphysics," Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience, ed. Nathan O. Hatch and Harry S. Stout (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 78.
369. William Breitenbach, "Piety and Moralism: Edwards and the New Divinity," Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience, p. 186.
370. Joseph Haroutunian, Piety versus Moralism: The Passing of the New England Theology (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1932), pp. 16-17.
371. Stephen Garrard Post, "Love and Eudaemonism: A Study in the Thought of Jonathan Edwards and Samuel Hopkins" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago Divinity School, 1983), pp. 43-45.
372. Job Swift, Discourses on Religious Subjects, by the Late Rev. Job Swift, D.D. To Which Are Prefixed, Sketches of His Life and Character, and a Sermon, Preached at West-Rutland, on the Occasion of His Death, by the Rev. Lemuel Haynes (Middlebury, Vt.: Huntington and Fitch, 1805), p. 238.
373. Samuel Hopkins, Sin, thro' Divine Interposition, an Advantage to the Universe (Boston: Daniel and John Kneeland, 1759).
374. Hopkins, An Inquiry into the Nature of True Holiness (Newport, R.I.: Solomon Southwick, 1773).
375. Samuel Hopkins, The System of Doctrines, Contained in Divine Revelation, Explained and Defended, Shewing Their Consistence and Connexion with Each Other. To Which Is Added, A Treatise on the Millennium, 2d ed. (Boston: Lincoln and Edmonds, 1811), esp. 1:131-41, 202-6.
376. Phillip Richards, "The 'Joseph Story' as Slave Narrative: On Genesis and Exodus as Prototypes for Early Black Anglophone Writing," in African Americans and the Bible: Sacred Texts and Social Textures, ed. Vincent L. Wimbush (New York: Continuum, 2000), pp. 221-35.
377. Absalom Jones, "An Account of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade [January 1, 1808]," in Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787-1900, ed. Philip S. Foner and Robert James Branham (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998), p. 78;
378. Samuel Hopkins, A Treatise on the Millennium. Showing from Scripture Prophecy, That It Is Yet to Come; When It Will Come; In What It Will Consist; and the Events Which Are First to Take Place, Introductory to It (Boston: Isaiah Thomas and Ebenezer T. Andrews, 1793), pp. 150-51.
379. Robert W. Jenson, America's Theologian: A Recommendation of Jonathan Edwards (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 48.
380. Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990), pp. 147-54.
381. Haroutunian, Piety versus Moralism, pp. 82-83.
382. Samuel Hopkins, The Life of the Late Reverend, Learned and Pious Mr. Jonathan Edwards (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1765), p. 25.
383. Joseph A. Conforti, Samuel Hopkins and the New Divinity Movement: Calvinism, the Congregational Ministry, and Reform in New England between the Great Awakenings (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1981), pp. 59-63, 76;
384. Ernest Cassara, Hosea Ballou: The Challenge to Orthodoxy (1961; reprint, Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982), pp. 58-71.
385. Lemuel Haynes, Divine Decrees, an Encouragement to the Use of Means (Rutland, Vt.: William Fay, 1805).
386. Timothy Dwight, A Discourse, in Two Parts, Delivered July 23, 1812, on the Public Fast, in the Chapel at Yale College (New Haven, Conn.: Howe and Defrost, 1812), p. 44;
387. Timothy Dwight, A Discourse, in Two Parts, Delivered August 20, 1812, on the National Fast (New York: J. Seymour, 1812), p. 4.
388. David F. Allmendinger, Jr., Paupers and Scholars: The Transformation of Student Life in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975), pp. 9-12, 54.
389. Lemuel Haynes, The Sufferings, Support, and Reward of Faithful Ministers, Illustrated. Being the Substance of Two Valedictory Addresses, Delivered at Rutland, West Parish, May 24th, A.D. 1818 (Bennington, Vt.: Darius Clark, 1820).
390. Haynes, Black Preacher to White America, pp. 175-201.
391. Hosea Ballou, An Epistle to the Rev. Lemuel Haynes; Containing a Brief Reply to His Sermon Delivered at West Rutland, June, 1805, Designed to Refute the Doctrine of Universalism (Randolph, Vt.: Sereno Wright, 1806).
392. Hosea Ballou, A Candid Review of a Pamphlet Entitled a Candid Reply: The Whole Being a Doctrinal Controversy between the Hopkintonian and the Universalist (Portsmouth, N.H.: William Weeks, 1810).
393. Sketches of the Life of the Late Rev. Samuel Hopkins, D.D., ed. Stephen West (Hartford, Conn.: Hudson and Goodwin, 1805), p. 97.
394. Levi Hart, Liberty Described and Recommended; in a Sermon, Preached to the Corporation of Freemen in Farmington, at Their Meeting on Tuesday, September 20, 1774, and Published at Their Desire (Hartford, Conn.: Ebenezer Watson, 1775).
395. Ruth Bogin, " 'The Battle of Lexington': A Patriotic Ballad by Lemuel Haynes," William and Mary Quarterly, third series, 42 (1985): 499-506.
396. Lois E. Horton, "From Class to Race in Early America: Northern Post-Emancipation, Radical Reconstruction," Journal of the Early Republic 19 (1999): 629-49.
397. Jonathan Edwards, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Souls in Northampton, and the Neighbouring Towns and Villages of the County of Hampshire, in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England, and The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God, ed. C. C. Goen, vol. 4 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. John E. Smith (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), pp. 159, 330;
398. Jonathan Edwards, A History of the Work of Redemption, ed. John F. Wilson, vol. 9 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. John E. Smith (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 480 (quotation);
399. Kenneth P. Minkema, "Jonathan Edwards on Slavery and the Slave Trade," William and Mary Quarterly, third series 54 (1997): 823-35.
400. Samuel Hopkins, A Dialogue Concerning the Slavery of the Africans; Shewing It to Be the Duty and Interest of the American States to Emancipate All Their African Slaves, 2d ed. (1776; reprint, New York: Robert Hodge, 1785), p. 11;
401. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 232-45;
402. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975), pp. 295-99.
403. Jonathan Edwards, Jr., The Injustice and Impolicy of the Slave-Trade, and of the Slavery of the Africans (Providence: John Carter, 1792), pp. 12-13.
404. David Brion Davis, "The Culmination of Racial Polarities and Prejudice," Journal of the Early Republic 19 (1999): 772.
405. Samuel Hopkins, A Discourse upon the Slave Trade and the Slavery of the Africans (Providence, R.I.: John Carter, 1793), pp. 18-19.
406. Lemuel Haynes, "Liberty Further Extended: Or free thoughts on the illegality of Slave-keeping; Wherein those arguments that Are useed in its vindication Are plainly confuted. Together with an humble Address to such as are Concearned in the practise," in Haynes, Black Preacher to White America, pp. 17-19.
407. Stephen A. Freeman, "Puritans in Rutland, Vermont 1770-1818," Vermont History 33 (1965): 342-48.
408. James M. Banner, Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789-1815 (New York: Knopf, 1970), esp. pp. 40-54.
409. Jonathan Edwards, Sermons and Discourses, 1723-1829, ed. Kenneth P. Minkema, vol. 14 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Harry S. Stout (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 549;
410. Jonathan Edwards, Notes on Scripture, ed. Stephen J. Stein, vol. 15 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Harry S. Stout (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 58.
411. Jonathan Edwards, The Christian Monthly History 8 (1745): 234-54.
412. Jonathan Edwards, Apocalyptic Writings, ed. Stephen J. Stein, vol. 5 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. John E. Smith (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 446.
413. Lemuel Haynes, The Important Concerns of Ministers and the People of Their Charge (Rutland, Vt.: n.p., 1798).
414. Ebenezer Bradford, Preaching the Unsearchable Riches of Christ-Illustrated (Salem, Mass.: S. Hall, 1785), p. 38.
415. Samuel Hopkins, Twenty-One Sermons, on a Variety of Interesting Subjects, Sentimental and Practical (Salem, Mass.: Joshua Cushing, 1803), p. 47.
416. Samuel Hopkins, Rare Observations; or, Some Remarks on Several Points Rarely Considered (Providence, R.I.: John Carter, 1770), p. 29;
417. Dana D. Nelson, in The Word in Black and White: Reading "Race" in American Literature, 1638-1867 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 24-29.
418. Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, "The Spiritual Pilgrimage of Sarah Osborn (1714-1796)," Church History 61 (1992): 408-21, esp. pp. 419-20.
419. Richard Newman, Lemuel Haynes: A Bio-Bibliography (New York: Lambeth Press, 1984), p. 37.
420. Richard D. Brown, "'Not Only Extreme Poverty, But the Worst Kind of Orphanage': Lemuel Haynes and the Boundaries of Racial Tolerance on the Yankee Frontier, 1770-1820," New England Quarterly 61 (1988): 502-18.
421. Samuel Hopkins, The Importance and Necessity of Christians Considering Jesus Christ in the Extent of His High and Glorious Character (Boston: Kneeland and Adams, 1768), p. v.
422. Lemuel Haynes, "Sinners, Make Haste [A Sermon on Luke 19:5]," in Haynes, Black Preacher to White America, p. 230.