Democratic Religion: Freedom, Authority, and Church Discipline in the Baptist South, 1785-1900

Democratic Religion: Freedom, Authority, and Church Discipline in the Baptist South, 1785-1900

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-204

  Wills, Gregory A ^a  

^a Southern Baptist Theological Seminary ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Baptists; Conservatives; Democracy; Moderates; Religious authority; Southern baptist churches; Spirituality; Tolerance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922434541     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160994.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (478)

1. J. H. DeVotie, "Georgia Baptist Statistics for 1883," The Christian Index, 8 May 1884, 5.
2. H. H. Tucker, "Letter from H. H. Tucker, D.D.," in History of the First African Baptist Church, from Its Organization, January 20th, 1788, to July 1st, 1888, ed. E. K. Love (Savannah, Ga.: Morning News Print, 1888), 322.
3. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 132-136, 137, 146-149, 153-159.
4. James Melvin Washington, Frustrated Fellowship: The Black Baptist Quest for Social Power (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1986), 147-150.
5. Tucker, "Letter," 323;
6. E. B. Teague, "The African in Selma," The Christian Index, 9 September 1869, 138.
7. Black Baptist leader E. K. Love stated that although he disagreed with some of Tucker's points, "the point touching social equality meets our fullest approval. We have never urged social equality as a prerequisite to negro greatness" (History, 326). Love later rejected policies of cooperation with white Baptists and urged strict separation.
8. A. J. Kelly, "Colored Church and Ministers," The Christian Index, 28 May 1868, 87.
9. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 314;
10. Edward L. Wheeler, Uplifting the Race: The Black Minister in the New South, 1865-1902 (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1986), 61-83.
11. David E. Butler, "The Victory-Rejoice!" The Christian Index, 19 November 1874, 5;
12. "Colloquy with Colored Ministers," Journal of Negro History 16 (1931): 91.
13. A. T. Holmes, "The Colored People," The Christian Index, 17 June 1869, 93.
14. Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 165-168, 234-235, 293-295;
15. Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage, 1976), 204-209, 261-271.
16. A. W. Pegues, Our Baptist Ministers and Schools (Springfield, Mass.: Willey, 1892), 113-117, 319-321, 526-539;
17. Wheeler, Uplifting, 75, 82, appendix.
18. William H. Cooper, "Fowl Town (Col.) Baptist Association," The Christian Index, 23 November 1876, 8.
19. Warren also declined "an offer of $3,000 cash, for his influence in carrying an election."
20. G. H. Dwelle, "History of the Colored Baptists of Georgia," in Love, History, 227;
21. Raboteau, Slave Religion, 141, 214-215, 220, 307-308;
22. J. P. Tustin, "Andrew Marshall," in William B. Sprague, ed., Annals of the American Pulpit, vol. 6 (New York: Robert Carter, 1865), 258,259.
23. John Krebs, "From the Rev. John M. Krebs, D.D.," in Sprague, Annals, 263-264.
24. Robert Ryland, "Reminiscences of the First African Church, Richmond, Va., by the Pastor, No. 4," American Baptist Memorial 14 (1855): 354.
25. Minutes, Washington Baptist Association, 1866, 10;
26. Minutes, Western Baptist Association, 1866, 6;
27. Minutes, Rehoboth Baptist Association, 1866, 11;
28. Minutes, New Sunbury Baptist Association, 1874, 20.
29. Ralph Luker, Social Gospel in Black and White: American Racial Reform, 1885-1912 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 12-13.
30. Luker, Social Gospel, 23;
31. Wheeler, Uplifting, 101;
32. Pegues, Our Baptist Ministers, 588-589, 608, 620;
33. Rufus Spain, At Ease in Zion: Social History of Southern Baptists, 1865-1900 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 84-93;
34. John Eighmy, Churches in Cultural Captivity: A History of the Social Attitudes of Southern Baptists (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1972), 32-40;
35. George Sale, "Atlanta Baptist Seminary," The Christian Index, 10 May 1894, 1;
36. Minutes, Southern Baptist Convention, 1873, 56.
37. Minutes, Southern Baptist Convention, 1867, 14, 49-51, 79;.
38. David Shaver, "A Movement Weil-Timed," The Christian Index, 18 November 1869, 178;
39. T. C. Boykin, "The Colored Institute: The Index," The Christian Index, 16 December 1869, 194;
40. W. T. Brantly, "Institute for Colored Ministers," The Christian Index, 23 December 1869, 198;
41. E. W. Warren, "The Macon Institute," The Christian Index, 6 January 1870, 2;
42. E. W. Warren, "Institute for Colored Ministers," The Christian Index, 22 December 1870, 198;
43. George Sale, "Atlanta Baptist Seminary," The Christian Index, 10 May 1894, 1;
44. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Convention, 1895, 44-46.
45. Church Book, Washington First Baptist Church, Washington, Ga., 6 February 1869, MU.
46. J. J. D. Renfroe, "More Alabama Items," The Christian Index, 21 October 1869, 162;
47. P. F. Burgess, "The Goshen (Colored) Baptist Church," The Christian Index, 2 March 1876, 2.
48. H., "Colored Churches Constituted," The Christian Index, 22 October 1868, 178)
49. Church Book, Bethesda Baptist Church, Greene County, Ga., 17 July 1897, MU.
50. Foner, Reconstruction, 158-161.
51. A. T. Holmes, "The Colored People," The Christian Index, 17 June 1869, 93;
52. H. H. Tucker, "Liberia-Kansas-The Exode-The Elect of God," The Christian Index, 28 August 1879, 4;
53. Sylvanus Landrum, "A Colored Association-Public Schools-Churches on the Seaboard," The Christian Index, 2 August 1866, 122.
54. "Negro Association-Man with a Gun," The Christian Index, 22 October 1868, 166;
55. D. G. D., "Zion Association (Col'd)," The Christian Index, 12 November 1874, 5.
56. Church Book, Athens First Baptist Church, Athens, Ga., 7 April 1867, MU.
57. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Association, 1865, 5-6;
58. Minutes, Rehoboth Baptist Association, 1866, 11.
59. Edward A. Freeman, The Epoch of Negro Baptists and the Foreign Mission Board, National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc. (Kansas City, Kan.: Central Seminary Press, 1953), 51, 81-84.
60. S. A. McNeal, "Baptist Doctrine," in Love, History, 224;
61. G. H. Dwelle, "History of the Colored Baptists of Georgia," in Love, History, 230.
62. W. H. Tilman, "Baptist Church History," in Love, History, 233;
63. Levi Thornton, "The History of the Baptists," in Love, History, 237;
64. William J. White, "More about Easter," The Georgia Baptist, 19 April 1900, 4.
65. G. S. Johnson, "The Relation of the White and Colored Baptists in the Past, Now, and as It Should Be in the Future," in Love, History, 259;
66. T. J. Hornsby, "The Relation of the White and Colored Baptists," in Love, History, 256-257.
67. Harry Toulmin, The Western Country in 1793: Reports on Kentucky and Virginia, ed. Christian Index, 22 October 1868, 178).
68. Church Book, Bethesda Baptist Church, Greene County, Ga., 17 July 1897, MU.
69. Foner, Reconstruction, 158-161.
70. A. T. Holmes, "The Colored People," The Christian Index, 17 June 1869, 93;
71. H. H. Tucker, "Liberia-Kansas-The Exode-The Elect of God," The Christian Index, 28 August 1879, 4;
72. Sylvanus Landrum, "A Colored Association-Public Schools-Churches on the Seaboard," The Christian Index, 2 August 1866, 122.
73. "Negro Association-Man with a Gun," The Christian Index, 22 October 1868, 166;
74. D. G. D., "Zion Association (Col'd)," The Christian Index, 12 November 1874, 5.
75. Church Book, Athens First Baptist Church, Athens, Ga., 7 April 1867, MU.
76. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Association, 1865, 5-6;
77. Minutes, Rehoboth Baptist Association, 1866, 11.
78. Edward A. Freeman, The Epoch of Negro Baptists and the Foreign Mission Board, National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc. (Kansas City, Kan.: Central Seminary Press, 1953), 51, 81-84.
79. Walter H. Brooks, a prominent African-American Baptist pastor, based cooperation on denominational unity: "Yet whatever their differences, Negro Baptists and white Baptists in America constituted one family until after the Civil War. Indeed there has never been any formal separation of the two groups. Each has simply followed the race instinct, in an age of freedom, while one group cooperates with the other. North and South" ("The Evolution of the Negro Baptist Church," Journal of Negro History 7 [1922]: 11-22).
80. S. A. McNeal, "Baptist Doctrine," in Love, History, 224;
81. G. H. Dwelle, "History of the Colored Baptists of Georgia," in Love, History, 230.
82. W. H. Tilman, "Baptist Church History," in Love, History, 233;
83. Levi Thornton, "The History of the Baptists," in Love, History, 237;
84. William J. White, "More about Easter," The Georgia Baptist, 19 April 1900, 4.
85. G. S. Johnson, "The Relation of the White and Colored Baptists in the Past, Now, and as It Should Be in the Future," in Love, History, 259;
86. T. J. Hornsby, "The Relation of the White and Colored Baptists," in Love, History, 256-257.
87. Harry Toulmin, The Western Country in 1793: Reports on Kentucky and Virginia, ed. 1888, MU.
88. R. H. Simmons, "Ordination," The Georgia Baptist, 8 September 1898, 3;
89. D. C. Bracy, "Morgan County Notes," The Georgia Baptist., 6 October 1898, 3.
90. First Saints Baptist Missionary Association (Mississippi), Minutes, 1869
91. Thompson, History of Negro Baptists, 49;
92. Union Baptist Association [Alabama], Minutes, 1904, 20.
93. E. K. Love, "Regeneration," in The Negro Baptist Pulpit: A Collection of Sermons and Papers on Baptist Doctrine and Missionary and Educational Work (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1890), 66, 76-77;
94. W. H. Tilman, "Baptist Church History," in Love, History, 235.
95. Hornsby, "Relation," 253;
96. Johnson, "Relation," 258, 259.
97. Church Book, Springfield African Baptist Church, 14 May 1899 ("All Standing mod[erator] ask[ed] clerk to read the church Discipline or Covenant"), 10 April 1898, 15 March 1899.
98. Minutes, Cooper Baptist Association, 1887, 7.
99. Church Book, Springfield African Baptist Church, 17 February 1886, 20 January 1886, 13 May 1882.
100. On slave theft, see Genovese, Roll, Jordan, 599-609. Springfield had 12 trials per 10,000 members for property crimes; antebellum churches had 35 trials of black members per 10,000 black members.
101. Adeline Jackson, in George P. Rawick, ed.The American Slave: A Composite Biography, vol. 3, South Carolina Narratives (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1972), PT. 3, 3
102. Raboteau, Slave Religion, 224;
103. Church Book, Springfield African Baptist Church, 21 December 1887, 16 January 1901, 10 February 1901.
104. Minutes, Flint River Baptist Association, 1852, 9-10.
105. Church Book, Bethesda Baptist Church, Greene County, Ga., 20 June 1818, MU.
106. Church Book, LaGrange First Baptist Church, LaGrange, Ga., 9 August 1834, 11 October 1834, MU.
107. Church Book, Penfield Baptist Church, Greene County, Ga., 8 November 1845, 7 February 1846, MU; Church Book, LaGrange First Baptist Church, 13 May 1865.
108. Joseph Baker, "Notices of Publications," The Christian Index, 3 May 1844, 3;
109. Church Book, Sharon Primitive Baptist Church, Monroe County, Ga., 13 September 1887, MU.
110. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 9 June 1835;
111. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 28 October 1834.
112. Hugh Wamble, "The Concept and Practice of Christian Fellowship: The Connectional and Interdenominational Aspects Thereof, among Seventeenth Century English Baptists" (Th.D. dissertation, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1955), 301-307;
113. Walter Shurden, "Associationalism among Baptists in America, 1707-1814" (Th.D. dissertation, New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1967), 1-13.
114. Georgia Baptist Association, "Abstract and Decorum," in Jesse Mercer, History of the Georgia Baptist Association, 33; manuscript minutes, Tugalo Baptist Association, 1818, 4, MU;
115. Minutes, Washington Baptist Association, 1836, 4. See also manuscript minutes, Echaconnee Primitive Baptist Association, 1829, 5, MU.
116. Minutes, Hightower Baptist Association, 1848, 4;
117. David Shaver, "Independency," The Christian Index, 9 May 1872, 74;
118. Chattahoochee [Baker], "Church Polity," The Christian Index, 5 August 1842, 492.
119. H. H. Tucker made the same point: "We believe in the doctrine of religious liberty; we hold that the so-called Second Baptist church of St. Louis is an independent body, subject to no ecclesiastical tribunal; and that if it should practice infant baptism, or the baptism of bells in the name of the Trinity, or if it should deny the Trinity altogether,...no one has the right to molest them or to interfere with them in any way whatever. But we claim the same liberty for ourselves that we accord to others. If we say we have no fellowship with that church, we have a right to do so" ("The St. Louis Church," The Christian Index, 9 October 1879, 4).
120. John T. McNeill, The History and Character of Calvinism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 263-265.
121. Frederick L. Wiley, Life and Influence of the Rev. Benjamin Randall: Founder of the Free Baptist Denomination (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1915), 63-77;
122. Robert Torbet, A History of the Baptists (Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1950), 273-278;
123. Frank Mead, Handbook of Denominations in the United States, seventh edition (Nashville: Abingdon, 1980), 49.
124. J. M. Stillwell, 'Social Circle, Stone Mountain, Indian Creek,' The Christian Index, 27 November 1873, 2.
125. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Convention, 1846, 27;
126. 'Statistical Table of the Denomination in Georgia,' in Minutes, Georgia Baptist Convention, 1870. In Virginia, where Arminian Baptists were the strongest, a large minority of the Separate Baptists there in the eighteenth century, Arminianism waned markedly at the end of the century, due to effective polemics by Calvinists and to the fall of two of the Arminian leaders.
127. Robert B. Semple, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (1810; reprint, Richmond, Va.: Pitt & Dickinson, 1894), 83-84, 99-101, 107-110. Around 1790, Jeremiah Walker, a popular Baptist preacher in Virginia, established an evanescent Arminian Baptist contingent in Georgia.
128. Joseph Baker, 'Brother Costello's Reply,' The Christian Index, 27 May 1847, 174.
129. Church Book, Hopeful Baptist Church, Burke County, Ga., March 1819 (recorded prior to 1815 minutes), MU.
130. Church Book, Greensboro First Baptist Church, Greensboro, Ga., 9 June 1821, GDAH.
131. William Lumpkin, Baptist Confessions of Faith (Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson, 1969), 144-149, 235-240, 348-349; letter to Rev. John Asplund, 30 November 1793, Polhill Family Papers, SBTS.
132. Minutes, Centennial Baptist Association, 1884, 3; manuscript minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, n.d., 8;
133. Minutes, Flint River Baptist Association, 1824, 4.
134. Jesse Mercer, History, 29-30;
135. Minutes, Ebenezer Baptist Association, 1828, 6;
136. Minutes, Bethel Baptist Association, 1838, 8.
137. W. H. Stokes, "Our Old Confession of Faith," The Christian Index, 7 November 1839, 710;
138. Jesse Mercer, "Unanimity of Sentiment among the Baptists," The Christian Index, 16 December 1834, 3.
139. Samuel Boykin and Sylvanus Landrum, "Salutatory," The Christian Index, 6 July 1859, 2;
140. T. P. Bell, "To the Baptists of Georgia," The Christian Index, 30 January 1896, 4.
141. Jesse Mercer, "Doctrines of Grace Stated and Proved," The Christian Index, 14 June 1838, 374;
142. "Predestination," The Christian Index, 4 November 1852, 177;
143. C., "We Believe in Eternal Election," The Christian Index, 27 January 1858, 1;
144. Edwin S. Atkinson, "The Nature of the Atonement," The Christian Index, 4 July 1895, 2;
145. S. G. Hillyer, "The Doctrines of Grace," The Christian Index, 20 July 1899, 1.
146. Minutes, Hightower Baptist Association, 1852, 6. Imputation and depravity were ideas central to Calvinism.
147. Minutes, Central Baptist Association, 1842, 3.
148. Minutes, Flint River Baptist Association, 1829, 2;
149. Minutes, Western Baptist Association, 1833, 5-6;
150. Jesse Mercer, "To Correspondents and Patrons," The Christian Index, 9 January 1840, 19;
151. Joseph Baker, "Rev. C. A. Parker's Reply," The Christian Index, 2 February 1844, 3.
152. Mercer, "Queries Answered," The Christian Index, 28 February 1839, 133;
153. Baker, The Christian Index, 10 March 1843, 151-152;
154. Joseph Baker, "Remarks on the Preceding," The Christian Index, 28 July 1843, 470.
155. Joseph Baker's articles in The Christian Index: "Associational Record," 9 June 1843, 363;
156. "Associational Record," 16 June 1843, 376;
157. "Associational Record," 1 December 1843, 762.
158. Cyrus White and Barnabas Strickland, leaders of Georgia's Arminian Baptists, argued against effectual calling (Robert Fleming, "Effectual Calling," The Christian Index, 20 May 1834, 79;
159. Barnabas Strickland, The Christian Index, 23 September 1834, 3).
160. Jesse Mercer, Ten Letters, Addressed to the Rev. Cyrus White, in Reference to his Scriptural View of the Atonement [Washington, Ga.: News Office, 1830], 1-2, 36-38.
161. See the confession of faith of the Sharon Baptist Church, a member of the United Baptist Association (Arminian): Sharon Baptist Church, "Confession of Faith," The Christian Index, 13 May 1834, 75.
162. Joseph Baker, "Discussions about Creeds, &c.," The Christian Index, 22 April 1847, 135.
163. John W. Wilson explained the two views of salvation from the Calvinist perspective: "Arminians maintain the doctrine of a conditional election, and that faith is the condition. Predestinarians hold forth the doctrine of unconditional election, and that faith is the evidence" ("Election-Arminian and Predestinarian Views of It," The Christian Index, 28 January 1847, 33).
164. J. S. Lawton, "Differences of Opinion," The Christian Index, 12 February 1874, 4.
165. An Old Man, "Mercer's Memoirs, &c.," The Christian Index, 11 November 1847, 362;
166. William H. Holcombe, The Christian Index, 21 January 1836, 21;
167. Watcher, "The Efficacy of Divine Grace, No. 1," The Christian Index, 26 May 1858, 1;
168. David Butler, "Preaching the Doctrines," The Christian Index, 22 November 1877, 4.
169. Jesse Mercer criticized one Baptist church for leaning toward Methodism: They upbraided their pastor's preaching for having "too much election in it, the doctrine was too strong" (Mercer, "From Correspondents," The Christian Index, 7 November 1839, 710).
170. David Shaver noted some slippage of Baptist commitment to Calvinism ("Calvinism," The Christian Index, 26 October 1871, 166).
171. Sharon Baptist Church, "Confession of Faith," The Christian Index, 13 May 1834, 75.
172. John M. Costello, The Christian Index, 27 May 1847, 169.
173. Mary Fitzgerald, quoted in P. H. Mell Jr., Life of Patrick Hues Mell (1895; reprint, Harrisonburg, Va.: Gano, 1991), 58-59;
174. R. W. F., "What I Saw and Heard on the Line of the Georgia Railroad," The Christian Index, 16 February 1871, 26.
175. J. H. Campbell, "Rev. Alford Buckner," The Christian Index, 13 September 1855, 147;
176. Mercer, History, 24-28;
177. Sylvanus Landrum, "New Sunbury Association," The Christian Index, 28 October 1880, 2;
178. Minutes, Middle Baptist Association, 1854;
179. Minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, 1847, 4. The Middle Association was an exception: By 1870 the articles of faith had been amended to the ambiguous "Election and Predestination as taught in the Bible."
180. H. H. Tucker, "Methodist Success," The Christian Index, 4 June 1885, 8;
181. Jesse Mercer, "Doctrines of Grace," The Christian Index, 29 March 1838, 132;
182. David Shaver, "Unsound Doctrine and Scepticism," The Christian Index, 9 January 1868, 6;
183. Silas, "Church Discipline," The Christian Index, 14 July 1853, 110.
184. David Shaver, "Calvinism," The Christian Index, 26 October 1871, 166;
185. Shaver, "'Calvinism' and Policy," The Christian Index, 10 September 1868, 142;
186. David E. Butler, "Preaching the Doctrines," The Christian Index, 22 November 1877, 4;
187. A. B. Vaughan Jr., "The Doctrine of Election," The Christian Index, 23 May 1895, 1.
188. G. T. Wilburn, "Texas Baptists," The Christian Index, 2 April 1874, 2;
189. "The Religious Press," The Christian Index, 27 March 1890, 1.
190. Minutes, New Sunbury Baptist Association, 1900, 8.
191. For a different view, see Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 97-101.
192. Elias Hibbard, The Christian Index, 22 July 1834, 113;
193. Elias Hibbard, The Christian Index, 3 December 1833, 82;
194. Isaac C. Perkins, "State of Mississippi," The Christian Index, 13 May 1834, 74-75;
195. Joseph Baker, "Confessions or Declarations of Faith," The Christian Index, 7 June 1844, 2.
196. Joseph Baker, "Confessions of Faith, & c.," The Christian Index, 16 February 1844, 3.
197. M., who similarly wrote that although churches did not require candidates to subscribe to their creeds, "no candidate will apply for admission that has any special objection to them" (The Christian Index, 4 April 1850, 54).
198. Baker, "The Rights of the Churches," The Christian Index, 6 March 1861, 1.
199. Church Book, Newnan First Baptist Church, Newnan, Ga., 26 August 1837, 26 June 1847, MU.
200. Minutes, Tallapoosa Baptist Association, 1854, 1;
201. Minutes, Stone Mountain Baptist Association, 1908, 48;
202. Minutes, Ebenezer Baptist Association, 1831, 2;
203. Minutes, Western Baptist Association, 1833, 2.
204. Minutes, Western Baptist Association, 1843, 3;
205. Minutes, Hephzibah Baptist Association, 1842, 2;
206. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Association, 1794, 6;
207. Manuscript Minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, 1807, 31;
208. Minutes, Stone Mountain Baptist Association, 1900, 6.
209. H. H. Tucker, "New Association," The Christian Index, 26 February 1880, 4;
210. C. D. Campbell, "The Gillsville Association," The Christian Index, 25 March 1880, 4.
211. Peace, "Gillsville Association," The Christian Index, 18 March 1880, 2;
212. Lumpkin, Baptist Confessions, 360-367.
213. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Convention, 1846, 4;
214. James McDonald, "Of Creeds, Florida Correspondents, and the N.H. Confession," The Christian Index, 21 January 1847, 27.
215. James McDonald, The Christian Index, 11 March 1847, 81;
216. Baker, "Florida Association-New Hampshire Confession of Faith," The Christian Index, 25 September 1846, 3;
217. Minutes, Florida Baptist Association, 1847, 2;
218. John M. Costello, The Christian Index, 27 May 1847, 169. In 1847, the West Florida Association constituted and adopted a standard southern creed, that of the Georgia Association
219. D. P. Everett, "Association Constituted," The Christian Index, 9 December 1847, 394.
220. Joseph Baker, "Discussions about Creeds, &c," The Christian Index, 22 April 1847, 135.
221. Francis Wayland, Notes on the Principles and Practices of Baptist Churches (New York: Sheldon, Blakeman, & Co., 1857), 13;
222. Henry Keeling, "Editorial Note," The Baptist Preacher n.s. 9 (1850): 217;
223. A. S. Worrell, Review of Corrective Church Discipline (Nashville: Southwestern, 1860), 207, footnote.
224. Jesse Mercer, "Principle More Than Words," The Christian Index, 14July 1836, 117.
225. Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 97-101;
226. Robert G. Torbet, A History of the Baptists (Philadelphia: Judson, 1950), 24-25;
227. Leon McBeth, The Baptist Heritage (Nashville: Broadman, 1987), 686-687;
228. Walter Shurden, "John E. Steely...On Being Baptist," Perspective in Religious Studies 20 (1993): 434-435.
229. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Association, 1808, 2;
230. Jesse Mercer, "Unanimity of Sentiment among the Baptists," The Christian Index, 16 December 1834, 3.
231. Jesse Mercer, "Unanimity," 3;
232. William W. Gardner, "An Essay on Creeds as Used by the Baptists," in Church Fellowship (Charleston, S.C: Southern Baptist Publication Society, 1858), 46-55.
233. W. H. Stokes, "Implicit Faith," The Christian Index, 1 April 1842, 202;
234. Wm. J. H-d [Hard], "To the Georgia Baptists-Greeting," The Christian Index, 18 January 1838, 24.
235. E. R. Carswell, "Circular Letter-Shall Our Churches Live?" Minutes, Hephzibah Baptist Association, 1873, 8;
236. Asa Chandler, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, 1849, 15. Erastianism is the view that the state rightly exercises authority over church matters.
237. W. H. Stokes, "Bond of Union," The Christian Index, 13 May 1842, 298;
238. Stokes, "Implicit Faith," The Christian Index, 1 April 1842, 202.
239. W. H. Stokes, The Christian Index, 29 July 1842, 473;
240. Stokes, "Our Old Confession of Faith," The Christian Index, 7 November 1839, 710.
241. James Armstrong, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Savannah River Baptist Association, 1811, 5 (Armstrong wrote the circular, but the association ordered it revised at points with the help of W. B. Johnson and C. O. Screven);
242. Joseph Baker, "Confessions or Declarations of Faith," The Christian Index, 3 May 1844, 2;
243. M., The Christian Index, 4 April 1850, 54.
244. "Abstract and Decorum" of the Georgia Baptist Association, in Mercer, History, 29;
245. Church Book, Little Ogeechee Baptist Church, Screven County, Ga. June 1823, MU.
246. W. H. Stokes, "Our Old Confession of Faith," The Christian Index, 7 November 1839, 710;
247. Minutes, Tallapoosa Baptist Association, 1868, 5;
248. Posey Maddox, "Marietta Baptist Church," The Christian Index, 4 January 1855, 2.
249. Conference minutes of Tirzah Baptist Church, in "Rev. Willis Jarrell," The Christian Index, 7 July 1853, 106;
250. Moderator, "Reply to W. H. C.," The Christian Index, 24 November 1853, 186.
251. Eli Ball, "The Substance of Two Addresses Delivered at the Flint River Association on Creeds," Minutes, Flint River Baptist Association, 1852, 10, 18-22.
252. J. C. McMichael, The Christian Index, 26 January 1893, 4;
253. James Willson, The Christian Index, 16 February 1837, 102;
254. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 16 February 1837, 103;
255. James Wilson, The Christian Index, 23 November 1837, 752.
256. Testis [Adiel Sherwood], "Reminiscences of Georgia, No. 6: Uniformity in Discipline," The Christian Index, 25 July 1860, 2;
257. David Shaver, "Glimpses of the Times," The Christian Index, 28 February 1867, 38;
258. Shaver, "Creeds," The Christian Index, 2 December 1869, 186;
259. Shaver, "Credophobia," The Christian Index, 9 June 1870, 90;
260. Shaver, "Enemies of Creeds Returning to Them," The Christian Index, 30 April 1868, 70;
261. Shaver, "No Longer Necessary (?)," The Christian Index, 27 January 1870, 14.
262. S. G. Hillyer rebutted the notion that "Christianity is not a creed, but a life," arguing that "Christianity is in the highest sense a creed" and that Christianity is a life "only because it is a creed,-something to be believed" ("Christianity Is Not a Creed; But a Life," The Christian Index, 5 May 1892, 1).
263. Asa Chandler, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, 1849, 15-16.
264. T. P. Bell and I. J. Van Ness, "Two Sorts of Creeds," The Christian Index, 3 February 1898, 6.
265. Asa Chandler, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, 1849, 15.
266. John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), 48.
267. Joseph Walker, "Dr. Manly of Charleston, on Pedobaptist Immersions," The Christian Index, 24 June 1857, 99.
268. G. E. Thomas, "Rev. Jesse Mercer and His Ecclesiastical Court," The Christian Index, 13 July 1863, 4;
269. Church Book, Powelton Baptist Church, Hancock County, Ga., 6 September, 4 October, and 1 November 1817, MU.
270. W. B. Johnson, quoted in Charles D. Mallary, Memoirs of Elder Jesse Mercer (New York: John Gray, 1844), 410;
271. Richard Wood, "A Request," The Christian Index, 24 March 1836,163;
272. Adiel Sherwood, "Life and Times of Jesse Mercer," The Christian Index, 4 September 1863, 4.
273. Learner, "Heads of a Discourse," The Christian Index, 10 March 1836, 133;
274. Deacon, The Christian Index, 2 June 1835, 3;
275. Inquirer, The Christian Index, 27 October 1835, 3;
276. Mallary, Memoirs, 256.
277. Mercer, "Hear What the Spirit Saith to the Churches, No. II," The Christian Index, 6 August 1841, 506.
278. Mercer, "The Importance of an Elevated Standard of Christian Morality,"
279. Mallary, Memoirs, 256.
280. J. M. P., "Constitution, Government and Discipline of the Primitive Churches," The Christian Index, 18 February 1836, 92;
281. Jesse Mercer, "Church Policy," The Christian Index, 15 September 1836, 562;
282. Jesse Mercer, in [William H. Stokes], "Brother Mercer's Late Sermon at Washington," The Christian Index, 23 July 1841, 473;
283. Wm. J. H-d [William J. Hard], "To the Georgia Baptists-Greeting," The Christian Index, 18 January 1838, 24.
284. Richard T. Hughes and C. Leonard Allen, Illusions of Innocence: Protestant Primitivism in America, 1630-1875 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 53-187;
285. Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 68-81.
286. Joseph S. Baker, "The Christian Church-No. 3," The Christian Index, 30 June 1843, 411;
287. Joseph S. Baker, "The Christian Church," The Christian Index, 16 June 1843, 379.
288. Isaac Backus, A History of New England with Particular Reference to the Baptists (1777-1784; reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1969), 2:405-406.
289. J. L. Dagg, "Brief Discussions of Important Doctrines: Church Action," The Christian Index, 21 August 1863, 1;
290. William H. Stokes, "Legislating for the Church," The Christian Index, 18 June 1840, 400.
291. Church Book, LaGrange First Baptist Church, LaGrange, Ga., 8 May 1857, MU.
292. Adiel Sherwood, "Extracts from Sherwood's History of Georgia Baptists, No. 2: Religious Liberty," The Christian Index, 2 June 1843, 341;
293. Mercer, "Reply to H.-No. 1," The Christian Index, 11 February 1836, 67-68;
294. Sherwood, "Life and Times," 4.
295. Clio, "Masonry," The Christian Index, 28 October 1834, 3.
296. Clio, "Masonry," 3;
297. Minutes, Bethel Baptist Association, 1840, 4.
298. On public and private offenses, see P. H. Mell, Corrective Church Discipline (1860; reprint, Athens, Ga.: E. D. Stone Press, 1912), 10-24;
299. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806
300. Mercer, History, 169-171;
301. Melancthon [Adiel Sherwood], "Offences," The Christian Index, 28 October 1834, 3;
302. Micajah Fulgham, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Ebenezer Baptist Association, 1816, 7-8;
303. Church Book, Kiokee Baptist Church, Columbia County, Ga., July 1806, MU;
304. Church Book, Newnan First Baptist Church, Newnan, Ga., 26 December 1829, MU.
305. Baptist Confession of Faith and a Summary of Church Discipline (Charleston, S.C.: W. Riley, 1831), 148-156;
306. Joseph S. Baker, "Church Discipline," The Christian Index, 1 March 1844, 1;
307. Church Book, Savannah First Baptist Church, Savannah, Ga., 2 May 1806, MU;
308. James M. Pendleton, Church Manual, Designed for the Use of Baptist Churches (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1867), 142-144.
309. Melancthon [Adiel Sherwood], "Is Discipline an Internal Right of the Church?" The Christian Index, 14 September 1833, 2;
310. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 12 October 1833, 54;
311. Adiel Sherwood, "To 'A Young Member,'" The Christian Index, 29 October 1833, 63.
312. Roberts, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Washington Baptist Association, 1829, 5;
313. Church Book, Newnan First Baptist Church, 26 February 1831;
314. Church Book, Antioch Baptist Church, Oglethorpe County, Ga., 13 November 1831, GDAH.
315. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1816, in Mercer, History, 224.
316. Sylvanus Landrum, "Church-Discipline," The Christian Index, 23 June 1858, 2;
317. J. L. Dagg, "Brief Discussions of Important Doctrines: Church Action," The Christian Index, 21 August 1863, 1.
318. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806, in Mercer, History, 171;
319. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1821, in Mercer, History, 244.
320. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1801, in Mercer, History, 153, 154;
321. Jesse Mercer, "A Dissertation on the Resemblances and Differences between Church Authority and That of an Association," The Christian Index, 10 December 1833, 86.
322. W. O. Wyer, Letter to Jesse Mercer, 15 February 1830, MU.
323. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806, in Mercer, History, 172.
324. Backus, History, 2:74;
325. Silas Mercer, Tyranny Exposed and True Liberty Discovered: Wherein Is Contained the Scripture Doctrine concerning Kings (Halifax [North Carolina?]: Thomas Davis, 1783), 57.
326. Leonard W. Levy, The Establishment Clause: Religion and the First Amendment (New York: Macmillan, 1986), 46-49.
327. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, "The Antimission Movement in the Jacksonian South: A Study in Regional Folk Culture," Journal of Southern History 36 (1970): 501-529.
328. Luke Robinson, The Christian Index, 19 October 1837, 672;
329. Mercer, The Christian Index, 9 June 1835, 2;
330. Jesse Mercer, "Unanimity of Sentiment among the Baptists," The Christian Index, 16 December 1834, 5.
331. Nathan Hatch, "The Christian Movement and the Demand for a Theology of the People," Journal of American History 67 (1980): 564;
332. Minutes, Shaftesbury Baptist Association, 1817, 7.
333. John Leland, The Writings of the Elder John Leland, ed. L. F. Greene (New York: n.p. 1845), 59-60;
334. Hatch, Democratization, 97, 101, 163.
335. John Cooper, The Christian Index, 8 February 1838, 69;
336. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 8 February 1838, 69-70.
337. J. L. Dagg, A Treatise of Church Order (Charleston, S.C.: Southern Baptist Publication Society, 1858), 274.
338. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806, in Mercer, History, 167.
339. C, The Christian Index, 12 November 1833, 71.
340. Adiel Sherwood, "Sharon Camp Meeting," The Christian Index, 12 November 1833, 71.
341. Elias Hibbard, The Christian Index, 3 December 1833, 82;
342. Jesse Mercer, "From Correspondents," The Christian Index, 18 August 1836,497;
343. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806, in Mercer, History, 167.
344. Joseph S. Baker, "Eastern Louisiana Baptist Association," The Christian Index, 16 February 1844, 3;
345. J. C. Solomon, "Friendship," The Christian Index, 6 March 1890, 5;
346. W. D. Atkinson, "Elements of Church Prosperity," The Christian Index, 31 January 1878, 3.
347. Landrum, "Church-Discipline," 2;
348. Church Book, Washington First Baptist Church, Washington, Ga., 2 January 1869, MU.
349. James J. Davis, "How Can We Best Promote the Spirituality of the Churches?" The Christian Index, 9 June 1887, 2;
350. J. H. Kilpatrick, quoted in W. L. T. P., "Seminary Commencement," 11 June 1885, 4;
351. Minutes, Stone Mountain Baptist Association, 1874,11.
352. Minutes, Central Baptist Association, 1892, 12;
353. J. M. Hurst, "Georgia Baptists," The Christian Index, 13 March 1890, 2-3.
354. Jesse Mercer, "From Correspondents," The Christian Index, 22 December 1836, 785;
355. Mercer, "Reply to H.-No. 1," The Christian Index, 11 February 1836, 67.
356. A. T. N. Vandivere, "Circular Letter," Manuscript Minutes, Sarepta Baptist Association, ca. 1845, 286, MU;
357. S. Rowe, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Bethel Baptist Association, 1843, 7;
358. Samuel Henderson, "Undisciplinable Offenses," The Christian Index, 15 January 1880, 1;
359. "Hindrances to the Advancement of Religion," The Christian Index, 22 July 1847, 237;
360. Joseph S. Baker, "Trimming Lights," The Christian Index, 27 January 1848, 29;
361. Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806, in Mercer, History, 167.
362. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1806, in Mercer, History, 167;
363. A Layman, "Backsliding Church-Members," The Christian Index, 11 September 1851, 146.
364. Minutes, Western Baptist Association, 1901, 13.
365. Jesse Mercer, "From Correspondents," The Christian Index, 22 December 1836, 785;
366. Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1821, in Mercer, History, 244.
367. T. H. Stout, "Bethel, Randolph County, Ga.," The Christian Index, 21 September 1871, 146.
368. Robert Gardner, Baptists of Early America: A Statistical Study (Atlanta: Georgia Baptist Historical Society, 1983), 35;
369. Robert Gardner, et al., A History of the Georgia Baptist Association, 1784-1984 (Washington, Ga.: Wilkes, 1988), 12.
370. Minutes, Dover Baptist Association (Virginia), 1802, 10;
371. A. S. Worrell, Review of Corrective Church Discipline (Nashville: Southwestern, 1860), 208-216, 219;
372. Sylvanus Landrum, "Should Females Vote in Our Churches?" The Christian Index, 8 February 1860, 1.
373. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 9 September 1834, 2
374. Charles D. Mallary, Memoirs of Elder Jesse Mercer (New York: John Gray, 1844), 447-448.
375. Eliza C. Allen's article supporting Mercer's position ("Right of Females to Vote in the Churches," The Christian Index, 2 March 1837, 140).
376. Henry Holcombe, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Savannah River Baptist Association (South Carolina and Georgia), 1809, 7;
377. Martha, The Christian Index, 20 October 1836, 642-643;
378. Watchman, "It Is a Contest for Principle," The Christian Index, 17 December 1833, 90;
379. I. R. Branham, The Christian Index, 26 April 1894, 2. Holcombe did not extend these privileges to include the ministry, for a woman "is not to teach, under any circumstance, as would render her teaching an usurpation over the man" (p. 8).
380. Minutes, Hephzibah Baptist Association, 1812, 3.
381. J. Lansing Burrows, ed., American Baptist Register, for 1852 (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1853), 421-449;
382. Lewis Joseph Sherrill, Presbyterian Parochial Schools, 1846-1870 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1932), esp. 73-82;
383. Joseph M. Wilson, The Presbyterian Historical Almanac, and Annual Remembrancer of the Church, for 1861 (Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson, 1861), 346, 353.
384. Charles D. Johnson, Higher Education of Southern Baptists: An Institutional History, 1826-1954 (Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 1955), 25-40;
385. J. A. Wynne, "Woman's Place and Work in the Church," The Christian Index, 26 April 1894, 2;
386. J. B. Hawthorne, "Paul and the Women," in Paul and the Women and Other Discourses (Louisville, Ky.: Baptist Book Concern, 1891), 3.
387. Minutes, Georgia Baptist Association, 1829.
388. Luther Rice, "Origin of the Triennial Convention," in I. M. Allen, The Triennial Baptist Register, No. 2, 1836 (Philadelphia: Baptist General Tract Society, 1836), 46-48.
389. E. Vining, "A Decorum for Baptist Churches," The Christian Index, 26 February 1852, 34
390. Martha, The Christian Index, 20 October 1836, 642-643.
391. Minutes, Sunbury Baptist Association, 1830, 7.
392. Robert Gardner, et al., A History of the Georgia Baptist Association, 1784-1984 (Washington, Ga.: Wilkes, 1988), 188-189;
393. Raboteau, Slave Religion, 155;
394. Minutes, Sunbury Baptist Association, 1841, 6;
395. Minutes, Southern Baptist Convention, 1845, 15;
396. E. Brooks Holifield, "Toward a History of American Congregations," in James W. Lewis and James P. Wind, eds., American Congregations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 1:23-53.
397. Joseph S. Baker, "Colored Sunday Schools," The Christian Index, 29 August 1845, 2;
398. S. G. Hillyer, "A Converted Church Membership," The Christian Index, 18 February 1892, 2.
399. Jesse Mercer, "Circular Letter," Georgia Baptist Association, 1816, in Mercer, History, 227-228.
400. Champlin Burrage, The Church Covenant Idea: Its Origin and Development (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1904), 26-33, 85-94, 125, 156, 173-209;
401. Charles W. Deweese, Baptist Church Covenants (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1990), 24-59;
402. David Lowes Watson, The Early Methodist Class Meeting (Nashville: Discipleship Resources, 1985), 36-37, 83-84, 107-108.
403. J. A. Bell, "State of Religion," Minutes, Western Baptist Association, 1910, 27;
404. J. F. Jackson, "State of Religion," Minutes, Ebenezer Baptist Association, 1915, n.p.
405. W. W. Barnes, The Southern Baptist Convention, 1845-1953 (Nashville: Broadman, 1954), 306-307;
406. Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 146-147.
407. David Butler, "The Method of Receiving Candidates for Baptism," The Christian Index, 6 June 1878, 4;
408. Benjamin Roberts, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Washington Baptist Association, 1829, 17;
409. F. M. Law, "Church Discipline," The Christian Index, 19 January 1893, 2;
410. J. B. Gambrell, "Southern and Northern Baptists," The Christian Index, 11 May 1893, 1.
411. S. G. H. [S. G. Hillyer], "The Responsibility of City Churches," The Christian Index, 1 April 1869, 49.
412. H. H. Tucker, "An Interesting Service," The Christian Index, 15 January 1885, 8;
413. William Henry Strickland, "Circular Letter," The Christian Index, 3 November 1870, 169.
414. X., "Church Work-The Right Theory," The Christian Index, 26 July 1877, 8.
415. Minutes, Hightower Baptist Association, 1915, 8;
416. Minutes, Flint River Baptist Association, 1901, 15.
417. J. B. Gambrell, "Our Supreme Problem," The Christian Index, 22 February 1894, 2.
418. J. H. Fortson, "State of Religion," in Minutes, Georgia Baptist Association, 1896, 11;
419. [Basil Manly Sr.], "Circular Letter," The Christian Index, 24 March 1843, 179
420. J. B. Parrott, "Have Baptist Churches Too Many Organizations?" The Christian Index, 13 December 1894, 1;
421. W. J. Dotson, "The Importance of Exercising Church Discipline," The Christian Index, 14 July 1887, 2.
422. M. J. Webb, "Discipline," The Christian Index, 11 April 1889, 5;
423. David Shaver, "The Right and Duty of Excommunication," The Christian Index, 27 January 1870, 14;
424. B., "Lax Discipline-Some of Its Causes," The Christian Index, 28 August 1873, 3.
425. J. L. D. Hillyer, "Distinctive Principles of Baptists," The Christian Index, 26 January 1893, 2;
426. B., "Lax Discipline-Some of Its Causes," The Christian Index, 28 August 1873, 3.
427. Church Book, Washington First Baptist Church, 3 October 1897.
428. Church Book, Athens First Baptist Church, Athens, Ga., 15 August 1840, MU.
429. H. H. Tucker, "Mistaken, Yet Accepted," The Christian Index, 28 January 1885, 8.
430. Samuel Henderson, "Doctrinal Preaching," The Christian Index, 14 November 1878, 1;
431. F. M. Hawkins, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Hightower Baptist Association, 1881, 7;
432. Samuel S. Law, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Sunbury Baptist Association, 1825, 13;
433. Jesse Mercer, "Address to the Baptists of Georgia," The Christian Index, 8 December 1836, 754.
434. David E. Butler, "Doctrinal Sermons," The Christian Index, 8 November 1877, 4;
435. J. H. Harris, "Orthodoxy," The Christian Index, 27 March 1884, 2.
436. Jesse Mercer, The Christian Index, 14 September 1833, 1;
437. Andrew Gunton Fuller, "Memoir," in The Complete Works of the Rev. Andrew Fuller, ed. Joseph Belcher (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1848), 1:9;
438. J. H. Spencer, A History of Kentucky Baptists from 1769-1885 (Cincinnati: J. H. Spencer, 1885), 1:355-356;
439. Robert B. Semple, History of the Baptists in Virginia (1810; reprint, Lafayette, Tenn.: Church History Research and Archives, 1976), 83-84;
440. Samuel Law, "Circular Letter," Minutes, Sunbury Baptist Association, 1825, 11-12.
441. Jesse Mercer, "Anabaptism," The Christian Index, 25 August 1836, 513.
442. H. H. Tucker, "Methodist Success," The Christian Index, 4 June 1885, 8;
443. Minutes, Hightower Baptist Association, 1848, 4;
444. Jeremiah Clark and Mark Cooper, "Strictures on Some Parts of the Ocmulgee Circular," The Christian Index, 4 February 1834, 17;
445. H. H. Tucker, "Bitter Fruit of the Rebaptism Excitement," The Christian Index, 4 July 1889, 9.
446. Jesse Mercer, "Address to the Baptists of Georgia," The Christian Index, 8 December 1836, 754, 755.
447. I. R. Branham, "More Samples," The Christian Index, 1 October 1891, 8.
448. J. C. McMichael, "Close Communion," The Christian Index, 2 March 1893, 4;
449. F. G. Ferguson, "The Baptists, Anti-American," South-Western Baptist, 31 May 1855, 6;
450. David Butler, "Tendencies," The Christian Index, 13 June 1878, 4.
451. J. C. McMichael, "The Exclusiveness of Christianity," The Christian Index, 14 June 1894, 4;
452. Jesse Mercer, "Address to the Baptists of Georgia," The Christian Index, 15 December 1836, 775;
453. H. H. Tucker, "Has the Time Come?" The Christian Index, 9 July 1885, 8.
454. Samuel Boykin, "Queries in Reference to Discipline," The Christian Index, 12 September 1860, 2.
455. J. J. O'Connell, Catholicity in the Carolinas and Georgia: Leaves of Its History (New York: D. & J. Sadlier, 1879), 494-495, 499;
456. James Jenkins, Experience, Labours, and Sufferings of Rev. James Jenkins, of the South Carolina Conference (n.p., 1842), 84, 99-100, 108, 135, 154-155, 166-167;
457. William Carey Crane, "Universalism," The Christian Index, 5 April 1838, 199;
458. James Holmes, "Dr. Bullie's" Notes: Reminiscences of Early Georgia and of Philadelphia and New Haven in the 1800s, ed. Eugene Presley (Atlanta: Cherokee, 1976), 164-166.
459. J. M. Pendleton, Church Manual, Designed for the Use of Baptist Churches (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society [1867]), 21.
460. Bradley J. Longfield, The Presbyterian Controversy: Fundamentalists, Modernists, and Moderates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 132. This was Longfield's description of Presbyterian moderate Charles R. Erdman.
461. Cecil E. Sherman, "An Overview of the Moderate Movement," in The Struggle for the Soul of the SBC: Moderate Responses to the Fundamentalist Movement, ed. Walter B. Shurden (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1993), 40, 42.
462. Robert G. Torbet, A History of the Baptists (Philadelphia: Judson, 1950), 15.
463. H. Leon McBeth, The Baptist Heritage (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1987), 32-48;
464. Torbet, History, 59-62.
465. McBeth, Baptist Heritage, 123-152;
466. Torbet, History, 220-238.
467. McBeth, Baptist Heritage, 206, 203.
468. Robert B. Semple, History of the Baptists in Virginia (1810; reprint, Lafayette, Tenn.: Church History Research and Archives, 1976), 98-101, 449-452;
469. Torbet, History, 222-226, 239-252.
470. Jesse Mercer, History of the Georgia Baptist Association (Washington, Ga: n.p., 1838; reprint, Washington, Ga.: Ga. Baptist Association, 1980), 16,140;
471. Robert G. Gardner, et al., A History of the Georgia Baptist Association, 1784-1984 (Washington, Ga.: Wilkes Publishing Company, 1988), 537.
472. Robert Gardner, Baptists of Early America: A Statistical Study (Atlanta: Georgia Baptist Historical Society, 1983), 35;
473. Adiel Sherwood, A Gazetteer of the State of Georgia (Charleston, S.C.: W. Riley, 1827; reprint, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1939), 132, 130-131, 117-120, 129-131;
474. J. R. Graves, The Southern Baptist Almanac and Annual Register, for the Year of Our Lord, 1852 (Nashville: Tennessee Publication Society, [1851?]), 15;
475. "Statistical Table of the Denomination in Georgia, for I860," Minutes, Georgia Baptist Convention, 1860,46-47;
476. Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for the Year 1860 (Nashville: Southern Methodist Publishing House, 1861), 259;
477. James Stacy, A History of the Presbyterian Church in Georgia (Elberton, Ga.: n.p. [1912?]), 285.
478. William W. Sweet, "The Churches as Moral Courts of the Frontier," Church History 2 (1933): 3-21.