Public Health Approaches to the Control of Pediatric and Adolescent Obesity

Handbook of Pediatric and Adolescent Obesity Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 251-271

  Katz, David L ^a,b,c   Faridi, Zubaid ^d  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b GRIFFIN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c Janus Biotherapeutics   (United States)

^d Yale Griffin Prevention Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953195399     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203935484-26     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Alliance for a Healthier Generation. (2006). Statement from the Centers for Disease Control and prevention concerning agreement by five U.S. Food companies to meet nutritional guidelines for food sold in schools. New York: Alliance for a Healthier Generation. Available at www.healthiergeneration.org/ uploadedFiles/For_Schools/CDC-Snack%20foods%20Statement.pdf.
2. American Beverage Association. (2007). School beverage guidelines. Washington, D.C.: American Beverage Association. Available at from www.ameribev.org/industry-issues/beverages-in-schools/school-beverage- guidelines/index.aspx.
3. American Dietetic Association. (2006). Individual-, family-, school-, and community-based interventions for pediatric overweight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106, 925-945.
4. Anderson, G. H. (2006). Sugars-containing beverages and post-prandial satiety and food intake. International Journal of Obesity (London), 30(suppl. 3), S52-S59.
5. Apedo, M. T., Sowers, J. R., & Banerji, M. A. (2002). Cardiovascular disease in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 15(suppl. 1), 519-523.
6. Aye, T., & Levitsky, L. L. (2003). Type 2 diabetes: an epidemic disease in childhood. Current Opinions in Pediatrics, 15, 411-415.
7. Birch, L. L., & Davison, K. K. (2001). Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48(4), 893-907.
8. Block, G. (2004). Foods contributing to energy intake in the U.S.: data from NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2000. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 439-447.
9. Borzekowski, D. L., & Robinson, T. N. (2001a). The 30-second effect: an experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschoolers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101, 42-46.
10. Borzekowski, D. L., & Robinson, T. N. (2001b). Pitching to preschoolers: the impact of televised food commercials on a sample of Head Start children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101, 42-46.
11. Buhs, E. S., & Ladd, G. W. (2001). Peer rejection as an antecedent of young children’s school adjustment: an examination of the mediating processes. Developmental Psychology, 37, 550-560.
12. Burghardt, J. A., Gordon, A. R., & Fraker, T. M. (1995). Meals offered in the national school lunch program and the school breakfast program. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(suppl.), 187S-198S.
13. Burton, B. T., Foster, W. R., Hirsch, J., & Van Itallie, T. B. (1985). Health implications of obesity: An NIH consensus development conference. International Journal of Obesity, 9(3), 155-170 [published erratum appears in International Journal of Obesity 1986;10(1):79].
14. Burton, W. N., Chen, C., Schultz, A. B., & Edington, D. W. (1998). The economic costs associated with body mass index in the workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40, 786-792.
15. Caballero, A. E., Saouaf, R., Lim, S. C., Hamdy, O., Abou-Elenin, K., O’Connor, C., Logerfo, F. W., Horton, E. S., & Veves, A. (2003). The effects of troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent, on the endothelial function in early and late type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Metabolism, 52, 173-180.
16. Callahan, P., Manier, J., & Alexander, D. (2006). Where there’s smoke, there might be food research, too. Chicago Tribune, January 29. Available at www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-060129054jan29,1,3082179. story.
17. Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thun, M. J. (2003). Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1625-1638.
18. Calle, E. E., Teras, L. R., & Thun, M. J. (2005a). Adiposity and physical activity as predictors of mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1381-1384; author reply 1381-1384.
19. Calle, E. E., Teras, L. R., & Thun, M. J. (2005b). Obesity and mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 2197-2199.
20. Calle, E. E., & Thun, M. J. (2004). Obesity and cancer. Oncogene, 23(38), 6365-6378.
21. Caterson, I. (2006). Keynote address. 10th International Congress of Obesity, Sydney, Australia, 3-8 September.
22. Center for Science in the Public Interest. (2005). Policy options: improve school food. Washington, D.C.:Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available at www.cspinet.org/schoolfood/.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997). Guidelines for school and community programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 46(RR-6), 1-36.
24. Centers for Disease Control. (1999a). SHPPS: School Health Policies and Programs Study. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control. Available at www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/shpps/index.htm.
25. Centers for Disease Control. (1999b). Diabetes threat on the rise among U.S. children, specialists say. Chronic Disease Notes & Reports, 12(2), 1, 10-12.
26. Centers for Disease Control. (2005). U.S. physical activity statistics: state legislative information. Atlanta:Centers for Disease Control. Available at apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DNPALeg/.
27. Centers for Disease Control. (2007). Overweight and obesity: contributing factors. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control. Available at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/contributing_factors.htm.
28. Child Health Alert. (2005). Obesity in children-What might be its impact on life expectancy? Child Health Alert, 23, 1-2.
29. Chinn, S., & Rona, R. J. (2002). International definitions of overweight and obesity for children: A lasting solution? Annals of Human Biology, 29, 306-313.
30. Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Rotnitzky, A., & Manson, J. E. (1995). Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women [see comments]. Annals of Internal Medicine, 122, 481-486.
31. Cole, K., Waldrop, J., D’Auria, J., & Garner, H. (2006). An integrative research review: effective school-based childhood overweight interventions. Journal of Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 11(3), 166-177.
32. Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ, 320(7244), 1240-1243.
33. Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth. (2006). Food marketing to children and youth: Threat or opportunity? Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
34. Contento, I. R., Manning, A. D., & Shannon, B. (1992). Research perspective on school-based nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24, 247-260.
35. Cramer, P., & Steinwert, T. (1998). Thin is good, fat is bad: How early does it begin? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19, 429-451.
36. Crespo, C. J., Smit, E., Troiano, R. P., Bartlett, S. J., Macera, C. A., & Andersen, R. E. (2001). Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in U.S. children: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 155, 360-365.
37. Cummins, S. K., & Jackson, R. J. (2001). The built environment and children’s health. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, 1241-1252, x.
38. Daley, A. J., & Ryan, J. (2000). Academic performance and participation in physical activity by secondary school adolescents. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 91, 531-534.
39. Das, M., Gabriely, I., & Barzilai, N. (2004). Caloric restriction, body fat and ageing in experimental models. Obesity Reviews, 5, 13-19.
40. Davison, K. K., Marshall, S. J., & Birch, L. L. (2006). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between TV viewing and girls’ body mass index, overweight status, and percentage of body fat. Journal of Pediatrics, 149, 32-37.
41. Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N., & Merchant, A. T. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutrition Journal, 4, 24.
42. Dencker, M., Thorsson, O., Karlsson, M. K., Linden, C., Eiberg, S., Wollmer, P., & Andersen, L. B. (2006). Daily physical activity related to body fat in children aged 8-11 years. Journal of Pediatrics, 149, 38-42.
43. Department of Agriculture. (2007). The healthy eating index. Washington, D.C.: Department of Agriculture. Available at www.cnpp.usda.gov/HealthyEatingIndex.htm.
44. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services. Available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
45. Department of Human Services. (2006). Assessing cost-effectiveness of obesity interventions in children:summary of results. Melbourne: Department of Human Services, Victoria.
46. Devaney, B., Gordon, A., & Burghardt, J. (1993). The school nutrition dietary assessment study: dietary intakes of program participants and nonparticipants. Hyattsville, MD: Department of Agriculture.
47. Dietz, W. H., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001). Preventing obesity in children and adolescents. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 337-353.
48. Dowda, M., Ainsworth, B. E., Addy, C. L., Saunders, R., & Riner, W. (2001). Environmental influences, physical activity, and weight status in 8- to 16-year-olds. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 155, 711-717.
49. Drewnowski, A. (2005). Concept of a nutritious food: Toward a nutrient density score. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82, 721-732.
50. Edwards, B. (2005). Childhood obesity: a school-based approach to increase nutritional knowledge and activity levels. Nursing Clinics of North America, 40, 661-669, viii-ix.
51. Egger, G., & Swinburn, B. (1997). An “ecological” approach to the obesity pandemic. BMJ, 315(7106), 477-480.
52. Emslie, G. J., Mayes, T. L., Laptook, R. S., & Batt, M. (2003). Predictors of response to treatment in children and adolescents with mood disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26, 435-456.
53. Engbers, L. H., van Poppel, M. N., Chin, A. P. M. J., & van Mechelen, W. (2005). Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29, 61-70.
54. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (2001). Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 285, 2486-2497.
55. Fagot-Campagna, A., Pettitt, D. J., Engelgau, M. M., Burrows, N. R., Geiss, L. S., Valdez, R., Beckles, G. L., Saaddine, J., Gregg, E. W., Williamson, D. F., & Narayan, K. M. (2000). Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. Journal of Pediatrics, 136, 664-672.
56. Field, A. E., Cook, N. R., & Gillman, M. W. (2005). Weight status in childhood as a predictor of becoming overweight or hypertensive in early adulthood. Obesity Research, 13, 163-169.
57. Flegal, K. M., Tabak, C. J., & Ogden, C. L. (2006). Overweight in children: definitions and interpretation. Health Education Research, 21, 755-760.
58. Flynn, M. A., McNeil, D. A., Maloff, B., Mutasingwa, D., Wu, M., Ford, C., & Tough, F. C. (2006). Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with “best practice” recommendations. Obesity Reviews, 7(suppl. 1), 7-66.
59. Food and Drug Administration. (2004). Calories count: report of the Working Group on Obesity. Washington, D.C.: Food and Drug Administration. Available at www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/owg-toc.html.
60. Fontana, L. (2006). Excessive adiposity, calorie restriction, and aging. JAMA, 295, 1577-1578.
61. Frank, L. D., Andresen, M. A., & Schmid, T. L. (2004). Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 87-96.
62. French, S., Jeffery, R., Klesges, L., & Forster, J. (1995). Weight concerns and change in smoking behavior over two years in working population. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 720-722.
63. French, S. A., Story, M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2001). Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 309-335.
64. Giugliano, R., & Carneiro, E. C. (2004). Factors associated with obesity in school children. Jornal de Pediatria, 80, 17-22.
65. Gleason, P., & Suitor, C. (2001). Changes in children’s diets: 1989-1991 to 1994-1996. CN-01-CD2. Alexandria, VA: Food Nutrition Service.
66. Glenny, A. M., O’Meara, S., Melville, A., Sheldon, T. A., & Wilson, C. (1997). The treatment and prevention of obesity: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 21, 715-737.
67. Golan, M., & Crow, S. (2004). Parents are key players in the prevention and treatment of weight-related problems. Nutrition Review, 62, 39-50.
68. Gortmaker, S. L., Cheung, L. W. Y., Peterson, K. E., Chomitz, G., Cradle, J. H., Dart, H., Fox, M. K., Bullock, R. B., Sobol, A. M., Colditz, G., Field, A. E., & Laird, N. (1999a). Impact of a school-based interdisciplinary intervention on diet and physical activity among urban primary school children: eat well and keep moving. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 975-983.
69. Gortmaker, S. L., Peterson, K., Wiecha, J., Sobol, A. M., Dixit, S., Fox, M. K., & Laird, N. (1999b). Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 409-418.
70. Guo, S. S., & Chumlea, W. C. (1999). Tracking of body mass index in children in relation to overweight in adulthood. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70, 145S-148S.
71. Haby, M. M., Vos, T., Carter, R., Moodie, M., Markwick, A., Magnus, A., et al. (2006). A new approach to assessing the health benefit from obesity interventions in children and adolescents: The assessing costeffectiveness in obesity project. International Journal of Obesity, 30(10), 1463-1475.
72. Haney, P., & Durlak, J. A. (1998). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 423-433.
73. Hansen, R. G., Wyse, B. W., & Sorenson, A. W. (1979). Nutrition quality index of food. Westport, CT:AVI Publishing.
74. Harkin, T. (2004a). Harkin announces 28 new Iowa schools to participate in the fruit and vegetable program. Available at http://harkin.senate.gov/press/print-release.cfm?id=227983.
75. Harkin, T. (2004b). Health care, not sick care. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(1), 1-11.
76. Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Madans, J., & Feldman, J. J. (1997). Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age. BMJ, 314(7097), 1791-1794.
77. Hassed, C. (2004). Taking personal responsibility for our health. Nectar or a poisoned chalice? Australian Family Physician, 33(1-2), 74-75.
78. Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C. L., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., & Flegal, K. M. (2004). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA, 291, 2847-2850.
79. Hill, A. J., Draper, E., & Stack, J. (1994). A weight on children’s minds: body shape dissatisfactions at 9 years old. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 18, 383-389.
80. Hood, E. (2005). Sharing solutions for childhood obesity. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(8), A520-A522.
81. Ikeda, J. P., & Crawford, P. (2000). Guidelines for collecting heights and weights on children and adolescents in school settings. Berkeley: University of California. Available at www.cnr.berkeley.edu/cwh/PDFs/ bw_weighing.pdf.
82. Jago, R., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J. C., Thompson, D., & Greaves, K. A. (2005). BMI from 3-6 y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. International Journal of Obesity (London), 29, 557-564.
83. Jebb, S. A., & Prentice, A. M. (2001). Single definition of overweight and obesity should be used. BMJ, 323(7319), 999.
84. Jeffery, R. W., & Utter, J. (2003). The changing environment and population obesity in the United States. Obesity Research, 11, 12S-22S.
85. Kant, A. K. (1996). Indexes of overall diet quality: a review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 785-791.
86. Katz, D. (2004). The way to eat. Available at www.thewaytoeat.net.
87. Katz, D. (2006a). The NECON initiative as a case study in collaborative obesity control. Available at www. davidkatzmd.com/media/NOAF.Katz.6-5-06.ppt.
88. Katz, D. (2006b). School nutrition programs: ABC for Fitness. Available at www.davidkatzmd.com/abcforfitness. aspx.
89. Katz, D. (2006c). School nutrition programs: Nutrition Detectives. Available at www.davidkatzmd.com/nutritiondetectives. aspx.
90. Katz, D., O’Connell, M., Njike, V. N., Yeh, M., & Nawaz, H. (in press). Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity.
91. Katz, D. L., & Faridi, Z. (2007). Health care system approaches to obesity prevention and control. In Obesity, epidemiology, and prevention (chap. 15). New York: Springer.
92. Katz, D. L., O’Connell, M., Yeh, M. C., Nawaz, H., Njike, V., Anderson, L. M., Cory, S., & Dietz, W. (2005). Public health strategies for preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in school and worksite settings: a report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54(RR-10), 1-12.
93. Kaur, H., Hyder, M. L., & Poston, W. S. (2003). Childhood overweight: an expanding problem. Treatments in Endocrinology, 2, 375-388.
94. Kelly, B. (2005). To quell obesity, who should regulate food marketing to children? Global Health, 1, 9.
95. King, A. C., Toobert, D., Ahn, D., Resnicow, K., Coday, M., Riebe, D., Garber, C. E., Hurtz, S., Morton, J., & Sallis, J. F. (2006). Perceived environments as physical activity correlates and moderators of intervention in five studies. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21, 24-35.
96. Koplan, J. P., Liverman, C. T., and Kraak, V. A. (Eds.). (2005). Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
97. Kraig, K. A., & Keel, P. K. (2001). Weight-based stigmatization in children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 1661-1666.
98. Kral, T. V. E., Meengs, J. S., Wall, D. E., Roe, L. S., & Rolls, B. J. (2003). Effect on food intake of increasing the portion size of all foods over two consecutive days. FASEB Journal, 17, A809.
99. Kumanyika, S. K. (2001). Minisymposium on obesity: overview and some strategic considerations. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 293-308.
100. Latner, J. D., & Stunkard, A. J. (2003). Getting worse: the stigmatization of obese children. Obesity Research, 11, 452-456.
101. Lee, J. M., Okumura, M. J., Davis, M. M., Herman, W. H., & Gurney, J. G. (2006). Prevalence and determinants of insulin resistance among U.S. adolescents: a population-based study. Diabetes Care, 29, 2427-2432.
102. Liese, A. D., D’Agostino, R. B., Jr., Hamman, R. F., Kilgo, P. D., Lawrence, J. M., Liu, L. L., Loots, B., Linder, B., Marcovina, S., Rodriguez, B., Standiford, D., & Williams, D. E. (2006). The burden of diabetes mellitus among us youth: Prevalence estimates from the search for diabetes in youth study. Pediatrics, 118, 1510-1518.
103. Lindsay, A. C., Sussner, K. M., Kim, J., & Gortmaker, S. (2006). The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity. Future of Children, 16(1), 169-186.
104. Lobstein, T. (2006). Comment: preventing child obesity-an art and a science. Obesity Reviews, 7(suppl. 1), 1-5.
105. Lobstein, T., & Dibb, S. (2005). Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight. Obesity Reviews, 6, 203-208.
106. Luciano, A., Bressan, F., Bolognani, M., Castellarin, A., & Zoppi, G. (2001). Childhood obesity: different definition criteria, different prevalence rate. Minerva Pediatrica, 53, 537-541.
107. Ludwig, D. S., Peterson, K. E., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001). Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet, 357, 505-508.
108. Lytle, L., & Achterberg, C. (1995). Changing the diet of America’s children: What works and why? Journal of Nutrition Education, 27, 250-260.
109. Mann, C. C. (2005). Public health. Provocative study says obesity may reduce U.S. life expectancy. Science, 307(5716), 1716-1717.
110. Manson, J. E., Nathan, D. M., Krolewski, A. S., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Hennekens, C. H. (1992). A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among us male physicians. JAMA, 268, 63-67.
111. Mascie-Taylor, C. G., & Karim, E. (2003). The burden of chronic disease. Science, 302, 1921-1922.
112. Masoro, E. J. (2005). Overview of caloric restriction and ageing. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 126, 913-922.
113. McLellan, F. (2002). Marketing and advertising: harmful to children’s health. Lancet, 360(9338), 1001.
114. Minkler, M. (1999). Personal responsibility for health? A review of the arguments and the evidence at century’s end. Health Education and Behavior, 26, 121-140.
115. Mittelmark, M. B. (2001). Promoting social responsibility for health: health impact assessment and healthy public policy at the community level. Health Promotion International, 16, 269-274.
116. Mizuno, T., Shu, I. W., Makimura, H., & Mobbs, C. (2004). Obesity over the life course. Science of Aging Knowledge Environment, 2004(24), re4.
117. Mojduszka, E. M., & Caswell, J. A. (2000). A test of nutritional quality signaling in food markets prior to implementation of mandatory labeling. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82, 298-309.
118. Mokdad, A. H., Bowman, B. A., Ford, E. S., Vinicor, F., Marks, J. S., & Koplan, J. P. (2001). The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA, 286, 1195-1200.
119. Moorman, C. (1998). Market-level effects of information: competitive responses and consumer dynamics. Journal of Marketing Research, 2, 82-98.
120. Moran, R. (1999). Evaluation and treatment of childhood obesity. American Family Physician, 59, 758, 761-762.
121. Muller, M. J., Koetringer, I., Mast, M., Languix, K., & Frunch, A. (1999). Physical activity and diet in 5 to 7 year old children. Public Health Nutrition, 2, 443-444.
122. National Association of School Psychologists. (1998). Obesity in children: helping children at home and at school. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. Available at www.nasponline. org/families/index.aspx.
123. Nelson, M. C., Gordon-Larsen, P., Song, Y., & Popkin, B. M. (2006). Built and social environments associations with adolescent overweight and activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31, 109-117.
124. Nestle, M. (2006). Food marketing and childhood obesity-a matter of policy. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 2527-2529.
125. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 295, 1549-1555.
126. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2003). Epidemiologic trends in overweight and obesity. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 32, 741-760.
127. Ogden, C. L., Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). Prevalence and trends in overweight among U.S. children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA, 288, 1728-1732.
128. Orleans, C. T. (2000). Promoting the maintenance of health behavior change: recommendations for the next generation of research and practice. Health Psychology, 19(1 suppl.), 76-83.
129. Padberg, D. I., Kubena, K. S., Ozuna, T., Kim, H., & Osborn, L. (1993). The nutritional quality index: an instrument for communicating nutrition information to consumers. College Station: Agricultural and Food Policy Center, Texas A&M University.
130. Patrick, K., Norman, G. J., Calfas, K. J., Sallis, J. F., Zabinski, M. F., Rupp, J., & Cella, J. (2004). Diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for overweight in adolescence. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 385-390.
131. Peeters, A., Barendregt, J. J., Willekens, F., Mackenbach, J. P., Al Mamun, A., & Bonneux, L. (2003). Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138, 24-32.
132. Pelletier, K. R. (2001). A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: 1998-2000 update. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16, 107-116.
133. Perdue, W. C., Stone, L. A., & Gostin, L. O. (2003). The built environment and its relationship to the public’s health: the legal framework. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1390-1394.
134. Pereira, M. A. (2006). The possible role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity etiology: a review of the evidence. International Journal of Obesity (London), 30(suppl. 3), S28-S36.
135. Philippas, N. G., & Lo, C. W. (2005). Childhood obesity: etiology, prevention, and treatment. Nutrition in Clinical Care, 8(2), 77-88.
136. Pontiroli, A. E. (2004). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming the most common type of diabetes in school children. Acta Diabetologica, 41(3), 85-90.
137. Preston, S. H. (2005). Deadweight?-the influence of obesity on longevity. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1135-1137.
138. Proctor, M. H., Moore, L. L., Gao, D., Cupples, L A., Bradlee, M L., Hood, M Y., & Ellison, R C. (2003). Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: the Framingham Children’s Study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27, 827-833.
139. Puhl, R., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research, 9, 788-805.
140. Raynor, H., & Maier, D. (2006). The childhood obesity epidemic: key eating and activity behaviors to address in treatment. Medicine and Health Rhode Island, 89(7), 241-243, 246.
141. Raynor, H. A., & Wing, R. R. (2006). Effect of limiting snack food variety across days on hedonics and consumption. Appetite, 46, 168-176.
142. Robertson, A. (Ed.). (2004). Food and health in Europe: a new basis for action. Geneva: World Health Organization.
143. Robinson, T., Haydel, F., & Killen, J. (2000). Are overweight children unhappy? Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 931-935.
144. Robinson, T. N., & Sirard, J. R. (2005). Preventing childhood obesity: a solution-oriented research paradigm. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2 suppl. 2), 194-201.
145. Rolls, B. J., Morris, E. L., & Roe, L. S. (2002). Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 1207-1213.
146. Rolls, B. J., Roe, L. S., Kral, T. V., Meengs, J. S., & Wall, D. E. (2004a). Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women. Appetite, 42, 63-69.
147. Rolls, B. J., Roe, L. S., Meengs, J. S., & Wall, D. E. (2004b). Increasing the portion size of a sandwich increases energy intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104, 367-372.
148. Rolls, E. T. (2006). Brain mechanisms underlying flavour and appetite. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 361(1471), 1123-1136.
149. Ryan, K. W., Card-Higginson, P., McCarthy, S. G., Justus, M. B., & Thompson, J. W. (2006). Arkansas fights fat: translating research into policy to combat childhood and adolescent obesity. Health Affairs (Millwood), 25, 992-1004.
150. Salinsky, E. (2006). Effects of food marketing to kids: I’m lovin’ it? Issue Brief (George Washington University National Health Policy Forum), Aug 15(814), 1-16.
151. Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Kolody, B., Lewis, M., Marshall, S., & Rosengard, P. (1999). Effects of healthrelated physical education on academic achievement: Project spark. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 127-134.
152. Salmon, J., Hume, C., Ball, K., Booth, M., & Crawford, D. (2006). Individual, social and home environment determinants of change in children’s television viewing: the switch-play intervention. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 378-387.
153. Schwartz, M., & Puhl, R. (2003). Childhood obesity: a societal problem to solve. Obesity Reviews, 4, 57-71.
154. Schwimmer, J. B., Burwinkle, T. M., & Varni, J. W. (2003). Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA, 289, 1851-1853.
155. Seligson, F. H. (2003). Serving size standards: Can they be harmonized? Nutrition Today, 38, 247-253.
156. Sharma, M. (2006). School-based interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. Obesity Reviews, 7, 261-269.
157. Sherry, B. (2005). Food behaviors and other strategies to prevent and treat pediatric overweight. International Journal of Obesity (London), 29(suppl 2), S116-S126.
158. Shin, A. (2006). Snack makers strike deal to alter school offerings. Washington Post, October 7, p. D01.
159. Snethen, J. A., Broome, M. E., & Cashin, S. E. (2006). Effective weight loss for overweight children: a metaanalysis of intervention studies. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 21, 45-56.
160. Steinberger, J., & Daniels, S. R. (2003). Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children:an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation, 107, 1448-1453.
161. Strauss, R. S., & Pollack, H. A. (2003). Social marginalization of overweight children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 746-752.
162. Sturm, R. (2005). Childhood obesity-what we can learn from existing data on societal trends, part 2. Preventing Chronic Diseases, 2(2), A20.
163. Sturm, R., & Cohen, D. A. (2004). Suburban sprawl and physical and mental health. Public Health, 118, 488-496.
164. Summerbell, C. D., Waters, E., Edmunds, L. D., Kelly, S., Brown, T., & Campbell, K. J. (2005). Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, July 20(3), CD001871.
165. Swinburn, B., Gill, T., & Kumanyika, S. (2005). Obesity prevention: a proposed framework for translating evidence into action. Obesity Reviews, 6, 23-33.
166. Swinburn, B. A., Caterson, I., Seidell, J. C., & James, W. P. (2004). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity. Public Health Nutrition, 7(1A), 123-146.
167. Taras, H. (2005). Physical activity and student performance at school. Journal of School Health, 75(6), 214-218.
168. Taras, H., & Gage, M. (1995). Advertised foods on children’s television. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 149, 649-652.
169. Tillotson, J. E. (2004). Pandemic obesity: What is the solution? Nutrition Today, 39, 6-9.
170. Trost, S., Pate, R., Sallis, J., Freedson, P., Taylor, W., Dowda, M., Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 350-355.
171. Veugelers, P. J., & Fitzgerald, A. L. (2005). Effectiveness of school programs in preventing childhood obesity:a multilevel comparison. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 432-435.
172. Viner, R. M., & Cole, T. J. (2005). Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. Journal of Pediatrics, 147, 429-435.
173. Wansink B. (2006). Mindless eating: why we eat more than we think. New York: Bantam Books.
174. Waters, A. (2006). Eating for credit. New York Times, February 24. www.healthyschoolscampaign.org/news/ media/food/2006-2007_eating-for-credit.php.
175. Whitlock, E. P., Orleans, C. T., Pender, N., & Allan, J. (2002). Evaluating primary care behavioral counseling interventions: an evidence-based approach. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 267-284.
176. Wiegand, S., Maikowski, U., Blankenstein, O., Biebermann, H., Tarnow, P., & Gruters, A. (2004). Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in European children and adolescents with obesity-a problem that is no longer restricted to minority groups. European Journal of Endocrinology, 151, 199-206.
177. Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1995). Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the “normal” weight range [see comments]. JAMA, 273, 461-465.