Spouses, Adult Children, and Children-in-Law as Caregivers of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Comparison

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-14

  Pinquart, Martin ^a   Sörensen, Silvia ^b  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

Caregiver burden; Caregiving; Children; Children in law; Psychological health; Spouses

Indexed keywords

ADULT CHILD; ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; CAREGIVER BURDEN; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; SOCIAL ASPECT; SPOUSE;

AGED; CAREGIVERS; COST OF ILLNESS; DEPRESSION; FAMILY RELATIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PARENTS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SPOUSES; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 79953146476     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: 19391498     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0021863     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Alspaugh M.E., Stephens M.A., Townsend A.L., Zarit S.H., Greene R. Longitudinal patterns of risk for depression in dementia caregivers: Objective and subjective primary stress as predictors. Psychology and Aging 1999, 14:34-43. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.14.1.34.
2. Alwin J., Öberg B., Krevers B. Support/services among family caregivers of persons with dementia. Perceived importance and services received. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010, 25:240-248. doi: 10.1002/gps.2328.
3. Andrén S., Elmståhl S. Family caregivers' subjective experience of satisfaction in dementia care: Aspects of burden, subjective health and sense of coherence. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2005, 19:157-168. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2005.00328.x.
4. Andrén S., Elmståhl S. The relationship between caregiver burden, caregivers' perceived health and their sense of coherence in caring for elders with dementia. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2008, 17:790-799. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02066.x.
5. Aneshensel C.S., Pearlin L.I., Mullan J.T., Zarit S.H., Whitlach C.J. Profiles in caregiving: The unexpected career 1995, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
6. Ankri J., Andrieu S., Beaufils B., Grand A., Henrard J.C. Beyond the global score of the Zarit Burden Interview: Useful dimensions for clinicians. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005, 20:254-260. doi: 10.1002/gps.1275.
7. Annerstedt L., Elmståhl S., Ingvad B., Samuelsson S.M. An analysis of the caregiver's burden and the " breaking-point" when home care becomes inadequate. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2000, 28:23-31. doi: 10.1177/140349480002800106.
8. Arai Y., Kudo K., Hoshokawa T., Washo M., Miura H., Hisamichi S. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuropsychiatry 1997, 51:281-287.
9. Arai Y., Kumamoto K., Washio M., Ueda T., Miura H., Kei K. Factors related to feelings of burden among caregivers looking after impaired elderly in Japan under the Long-Term Care insurance system. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2004, 58:396-402. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01274.x.
10. Arai Y., Washio M. Burden felt by family caring for the elderly members needing care in southern Japan. Aging and Mental Health 1999, 3:158-164. doi: 10.1080/13607869956325.
11. Argimon J.M., Limon E., Vila J., Cabezas C. Health-related quality-of-life of care-givers as a predictor of nursing-home placement of patients with dementia. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 2005, 19:41-44. doi: 10.1097/01.wad.0000160343.96562.8e.
12. Bédard M., Kuzik R., Chambers L., Molloy D., Dubois S., Lever J.A. Understanding burden differences between men and women caregivers: The contribution of care-recipient problem behaviors. International Psychogeriatrics 2005, 17:99-118. doi: 10.1017/S1041610204000857.
13. Bakas T., Champion V. Development and psychometric testing of the Bakas Caregiving Outcomes Scale. Nursing Research 1999, 48:250-259. doi: 10.1097/00006199-199909000-00005.
14. Barber C.E., Pasley B.K. Family care of Alzheimer's patients: The role of gender and generational relationship on caregiver outcomes. Journal of Applied Gerontology 1994, 14:172-192. doi: 10.1177/073346489501400203.
15. Barnes C.L., Given B.A., Given C.W. Caregivers of elderly relatives: Spouses and adult children. Health and Social Work 1992, 17:282-289.
16. Bass D.M., Bowman K., Noelker L. The influence of caregiving and bereavement support on adjusting to an older relative's death. The Gerontologist 1991, 31:32-42.
17. Bass D.M., Tausig M.B., Noelker L.S. Elder impairment, social support and caregiver strain: A framework for understanding support's effects. Journal of Applied Social Sciences 1988-89, 13:80-117.
18. Baumgarten M., Battista R.N., Infante-Rivard C., Hanley J.A., Becker R., Gauthier S. The psychological and physical health of family members caring for an elderly person with dementia. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992, 45:61-70. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90189-T.
19. Beeson R., Horton-Deutsch S., Farran C. Loneliness and depression in caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2000, 21:779-806. doi: 10.1080/016128400750044279.
20. Bernard L.L., Guarnaccia C.A. Caregiver stress and noncaregiver stress: Exploring the pathways of psychiatric morbidity. Gerontologist 2003, 43:808-816.
21. Brodarty H., Thompson C., Thompson C., Fine M. Why caregivers of people with dementia and memory loss don't use services. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005, 20:537-546. doi: 10.1002/gps.1322.
22. Brody E.M. Women in the middle and family help to older people. The Gerontologist 1981, 21:471-480.
23. Buckwalter K.C., Gerdner L., Kohout F., Hall G.R., Kelly A., Richards B., Sime M. A nursing intervention to decrease depression in family caregivers of persons with dementia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 1999, 13:80-88. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9417(99)80024-7.
24. Bullock K., Crawford S.L., Tennstedt S.L. Employment and caregiving: Exploration of African American Caregivers. Social Work 2003, 48:150-162.
25. Bushman B.J., Wang M.C. A procedure for combining sample standardized mean differences and vote counts to estimate the population standardized mean difference in fixed effect models. Psychological Methods 1996, 1:66-80. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.66.
26. Cahill S.M., Shapiro M.M. The only one you neglect is yourself: Health outcomes for carers of spouses or parents with dementia. Do wives and daughter carers differ?. Journal of Family Studies 1998, 4:87-100. doi: 10.5172/jfs.4.1.87.
27. Call K.T., Finch M.A., Huck A.M., Kane R.A. Caregiving burden from a social exchange perspective: Caring for older people after hospital discharge. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1999, 61:688-699. doi: 10.2307/353570.
28. Cantor M.H. Strain among caregivers: A study of experience in the United States. The Gerontologist 1983, 23:597-604.
29. Caserta M.S., Lund D.A., Wright S.D. Exploring the caregiver burden inventory (CBI): Further evidence for a multidimensional view of burden. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1996, 43:21-34.
30. Chan T.S., Lam L.C., Chiu H.F. Validation of a Chinese version of the Zarit Burden Interview. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 15:9-13.
31. Chang C.F., White-Means S.L. The men who care: An analysis of male caregivers who care for frail elderly at home. Journal of Applied Gerontology 1991, 10:343-358. doi: 10.1177/073346489101000308.
32. Chappell N., Litkenhaus R. Informal caregivers to adults in British Columbia [raw data file] 1995, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
33. Chappell N.L. Comparing caregivers to older adults in Shanghai. Asian Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2008, 3:57-65.
34. Cheung M.W., Chan W. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: A two-stage approach. Psychological Methods 2005, 10:40-64. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.10.1.40.
35. Cho S., Zarit S.H., Chiriboga D.A. Wives and daughters: The differential role of day care use in the nursing home placement of cognitively impaired family members. Gerontologist 2009, 49:57-67. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp010.
36. Choi-Kwon S., Kim H.S., Kwon S.U., Kim J.S. Factors affecting the burden on caregivers of stroke survivors in South Korea. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005, 86:1044-1048.
37. Chow W.H. An investigation of carers' burden: Before and after a total hip replacement. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001, 64:503-508.
38. Chow W.Y., Low W.-Y., Karina R., Poi P., Eberezer E., Prince M.J. Social support and burden among caregivers of patients with dementia in Malaysia. Asian and Pacific Journal of Public Health 2003, 15:23-29.
39. Chumbler N.R., Grimm J.W., Cody M., Beck C. Gender, kinship and caregiver burden: The case of community-dwelling memory impaired seniors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003, 18:722-732. doi: 10.1002/gps.912.
40. Coen R.F., Swanwick G.R., O'Boyle C.A., Coakley D. Behavior disturbance and other predictors of carer burden in Alzheimer disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997, 12:331-336. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199703)12:3<331::AID-GPS495>3.0.CO;2-J.
41. Cohen D., Eisdorfer C. Depression in family members caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1988, 36:885-889.
42. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:155-159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
43. Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1983, 24:385-396. doi: 10.2307/2136404.
44. Conde-Sala J., Garre-Olmo J., Turró-Garriga O., Vilalta-Franch J., López-Pousa S. Quality of life of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Differential perceptions between spouse and adult child caregivers. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2010, 29:97-108. doi: 10.1159/000272423.
45. Cooney R.S., Di J. Primary family caregivers of impaired elderly in Shanghai, China. Research on Aging 1999, 21:739-761. doi: 10.1177/0164027599216002.
46. Covinsky K.E., Newcomer R., Fox P., Wood J., Sands L., Dane K., Yaffe K. Patient and caregiver characteristics associated with depression in caregivers of patients with dementia. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2003, 18:1006-1014. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2003.30103.x.
47. Cox C.B., Albisu K. The impact of caregiving for a relative with Alzheimer's disease: A comparison of those caring for persons living alone, spousal caregivers, and co-resident adult children. Journal of Mental Health and Aging 2003, 9:23-33.
48. Datta P., Poortinga Y.H., Marcoen A. Parent care by Indian and Belgian caregivers in their roles of daughter/daughter-in-law. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2003, 34:736-749. doi: 10.1177/0022022103258589.
49. Davis J.D., Tremont G. Impact of frontal systems behavioral functioning in dementia on caregiver burden. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 2007, 19:43-49. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19.1.43.
50. Deimling G.T., Bass D.M., Townsend A.L., Noelker L.S. Care related stress: A comparison of spouse and adult-child caregivers in shared and separate households. Journal of Aging and Health 1989, 1:67-82. doi: 10.1177/089826438900100105.
51. Dellasega C. The relationship between caregiving and employment. AAOHN Journal 1990, 38:154-159.
52. DeVries H., Hamilton D.W., Lovett S., Gallagher-Thompson D. Patterns of coping preferences for male and female caregivers of frail older adults. Psychology and Aging 1997, 12:263-267. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.263.
53. Duval S.J., Tweedie R.L. Trim and fill: A simple funnel plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000, 56:455-463. doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x.
54. Elmståhl S., Ingvad B., Annerstedt L. Caregiver's burden of patients 3 years after stroke assessed by a novel caregiver burden scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996, 77:177-182. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90164-1.
55. Elmståhl S., Ingvad B., Annerstedt L. Family caregiving in dementia: Prediction of caregiver burden 12 months after relocation to group-living care. International Psychogeriatrics 1998, 10:127-146. doi: 10.1017/S1041610298005249.
56. Enright R.B. Time spent caregiving and help received by spouses and adult children of brain-impaired adults. Gerontologist 1991, 31:375-383. doi: 10.1093/geront/31.3.375.
57. Farran E., Keane-Hagerty S., Salloway S., Kupferer S., Wilken C.S. Finding meaning: An alternative paradigm for Alzheimer's disease family caregivers. Gerontologist 1991, 31:483-489. doi: 10.1093/geront/31.4.483.
58. Ferrario S.R., Cardillo V., Vicario F., Balzarini E., Zotti A.M. Advanced cancer at home: Caregiving and bereavement. Palliative Medicine 2004, 18:129-136. doi: 10.1191/0269216304pm870oa.
59. Ferrario S.R., Vitaliano P., Zotti A.M. Alzheimer's disease: Usefulness of the Family Strain Questionnaire and the Screen for Caregiver Burden in the study of caregiving problems. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003, 18:1110-1114. doi: 10.1002/gps.1021.
60. Folkman S., Lazarus R.S., Pimley S., Novacek J. Age differences in stress and coping processes. Psychology and Aging 1987, 2:171-184. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.171.
61. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.H. Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975, 12:189-198. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
62. Ford G.R., Goode K.T., Barrett J.J., Harrell L.E., Haley W.E. Gender roles and caregiving stress: An examination of subjective appraisals of specific primary stressors in Alzheimer's caregivers. Aging & Mental Health 1997, 1:158-163. doi: 10.1080/13607869757254.
63. Foster M., Chaboyer W. Family carers of ICU survivors: A survey of the burden they experience. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2003, 17:205-214. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-6712.2003.00230.x.
64. Fredricksen K.I. Gender differences in employment and the informal care of adults. Journal of Women and Aging 1996, 8:35-53. doi: 10.1300/J074v08n02_04.
65. Friss L.R., Whitlach C.J. Who's taking care? A statewide study of family caregivers. American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders & Research 1991, 6:16-26.
66. Fuh J.-L., Wang S.-J., Liu H.-C., Wang H.-C. The Caregiving Burden Scale among Chinese caregivers of Alzheimer patients. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999, 10:186-191. doi: 10.1159/000017118.
67. Fulton, B. R., Edelman, P., & Kuhn, D. (2004). Powerful tools for caregivers: Results of a 12-month evaluation. Paper presented at the 57th Annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC.
68. Galliccho L., Siddiqui N., Langenberg P., Baumgarten M. Gender differences in burden and depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002, 17:154-163. doi: 10.1002/gps.538.
69. Gauggel S., Röszlig;ler D. Die Belastung älterer Menschen durch die Pflege eines Angehörigen. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie [Burden of older adults who provide care for a relative] 1999, 4:175-181.
70. Gaugler J.E., Zarit S.H., Pearlin L.I. Caregiving and institutionalization: Perceptions of family conflict and socioemotional support. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1999, 49:1-25. doi: 10.2190/91A8-XCE1-3NGX-X2M7.
71. George L.K., Gwyter L.P. Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. Gerontologist 1986, 26:253-259.
72. Golimbet V., Trubnikov V. Evaluation of the dementia carers situation in Russia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001, 16:94-99. doi: 10.1002/1099-1166(200101)16:1<94::AID-GPS285>3.0.CO;2-Y.
73. Gräßel E. Belastungen und gesundheitliche Situation der Pflegenden [Stress and health of caregivers] 1997, Hänsel, Hohenhausen, Germany.
74. Grau L., Teresi J., Chandler B. Demoralization among sons, daughters, spouses, and other relatives of nursing home residents. Research on Aging 1993, 15:324-345. doi: 10.1177/0164027593153004.
75. Gupta R. The Perceived Caregiver Burden Scale for caregivers of elderly people in India. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2007, 26:120-138. doi: 10.1177/0733464806297685.
76. Gupta R., Pillai V.K. Elder caregiving in South Asian families: Implications for social services. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 2002, 33:565-576.
77. Harper S., Lund D.A. Wives, husbands, and daughters caring for institutionalized and noninstitutionalized dementia patients: Toward a model of caregiver burden. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1990, 30:241-262.
78. Harwood D.G., Barker W.W., Owney R.L., Bravo M., Agero H., Duara R. Depressive symptomatology in first-degree family caregivers of Alzheimer disease patients: Across-ethnic comparison. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 2000, 12:340-346. doi: 10.1097/00002093-199812000-00015.
79. Hazan C., Shaver P.R. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987, 52:511-524. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511.
80. Hinrichsen G.A. Adjustment of caregivers to depressed older adults. Psychology and Aging 1991, 6:631-639. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.631.
81. Hirakawa Y., Kuzuya M., Masuda Y., Enoki H., Iwata M., Hasegawa J., Iguchi A. Evaluation of gender differences in caregiver burden in home care: Nagoya Longitudinal Study of the Frail Elderly (NLS-FE). Psychogeriatrics 2006, 6:91-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00158.x.
82. Holley C.K., Mast B.T. Predictors of anticipatory grief in dementia caregivers. Clinical Gerontologist 2010, 33:223-236. doi: 10.1080/07317111003793443.
83. Hong G., Kim H. Family caregiver burden by relationship to care recipient with dementia in Korea. Geriatric Nursing 2008, 29:267-274. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2007.09.004.
84. Hoskins S., Coleman M., McNeely D. Stress in carers of individuals with dementia and Community Mental Health Teams: An uncontrolled evaluation study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2005, 50:325-333. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03396.x.
85. Hoyert D.L., Seltzer M.M. Factors related to the well-being and life activities of family caregivers. Family Relations 1992, 41:74-81. doi: 10.2307/585397.
86. Ingersoll-Dayton B., Starrels M.E., Dowler D. Caregiving for parents and parents-in-law: Is gender important?. Gerontologist 1996, 36:483-491.
87. Jeng-Ru L., Hills G.A., Kaplan S., Johnson P.M. Burden among caregivers of stroke patients in Taiwan. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 1998, 14:74-83.
88. Jones D.A., Peters T.J. Caring for elderly dependents: Effects on the carer's quality of life. Age and Ageing 1992, 21:421-428. doi: 10.1093/ageing/21.6.421.
89. Kang S.Y. Predictors of emotional strain among spouse and adult child caregivers. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 2006, 47(1-2):107-131. doi: 10.1300/J083v47n01_08.
90. Kao H.-F., McHugh M.L. The role of caregiver gender and caregiver burden in nursing home placement for elderly Taiwanese survivors of stroke. Research in Nursing & Health 2004, 27:121-134. doi: 10.1002/nur.20007.
91. Kim J.S. Daughters-in-law in Korean caregiving families. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2001, 36:399-408. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01987.x.
92. Kim J.S., Lee E.H. Cultural and noncultural predictors of health outcomes in Korean daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers. Public Health Nursing 2003, 20:111-119. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20205.x.
93. King A.C., Baumann K., O'Sullivan P., Wilcox S., Castro C. Effects of moderate intensity exercise on physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses to family caregiving: A randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 2002, 57A:M26-M36.
94. Knauf, A. F. (2004). Demenz und pflegende Angehörige [Dementia and caregiving relatives]. Unpublished dissertation. University of Cologne, Germany.
95. Kosloski K., Schaefer J.P., Allwardt D., Montgomery R.J., Karner T.X. The role of cultural factors on clients' attitudes toward caregiving, perceptions of service delivery, and service utilization. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 2002, 21(3-4):65-88. doi: 10.1300/J027v21n03_04.
96. Kuzuya M., Masuda Y., Hirakawa Y., Iwata M., Enoki H., Hasegawa J., Izawa S., Iguchi A. Falls of the elderly are associated with burden of caregivers in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006, 21:740-745. doi: 10.1002/gps.1554.
97. Lai D.W., Luk P.K., Andruske C.L. Gender differences in caregiving: A case in Chinese Canadian caregivers. Journal of Women & Aging 2007, 19:161-178. doi: 10.1300/J074v19n03_11.
98. Lawton M.P., Kleban M.H., Moss M., Rovine M., Glicksman A. Measuring caregiver appraisal. Journal of Gerontology 1989, 44:61-67.
99. Lawton M.P., Rajagopal D., Brody E., Kleban M.H. The dynamics of caregiving for a demented elder among black and white families. Journal of Gerontology 1992, 47:S156-64.
100. Lee E.E., Farran C.J. Depression among Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American family caregivers. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2004, 15:18-25. doi: 10.1177/1043659603260010.
101. Lee J., Yoo M.S., Jung G.D. Caregiving appraisal of family caregivers for older stroke patients in Korea. International Nursing Review 2010, 57:107-112. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009.00751.x.
102. Lee M., Yoon E., Kropf N.P. Factors affecting burden of South Koreans providing care to disabled older family members. International Journal of Aging & Human Development 2007, 64:245-262. doi: 10.2190/C4U5-078N-R83L-P1MN.
103. Lee Y., Bronstein L.R. When do Korean-American dementia caregivers find meaning in caregiving? The role of culture and differences between spouse and child caregivers. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work 2010, 19:73-86. doi: 10.1080/15313200903547756.
104. Li L.L., Seltzer M., Greenberg J.S. Social support and depressive symptoms: Differential patterns in wife and daughter caregivers. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 1997, 52B:S200-S211.
105. Li L.W. From caregiving to bereavement: Trajectories of depressive symptoms among wife and daughter caregivers. Journal of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences 2005, 60B:P190-P198.
106. Lieberman M.A., Fisher L. The impact of chronic illness on the health and well-being of family members. The Gerontologist 1995, 35:94-102.
107. Liew T.M., Luo N., Ng W.Y., Chionh H.L., Goh J., Yap P. Predicting gains in dementia caregiving. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2010, 29:115-122. doi: 10.1159/000275569.
108. Lindgren C.L., Connelly C.T., Gaspar H.L. Grief in spouse and children caregivers of dementia patients. Western Journal of Nursing Research 1999, 21:521-537. doi: 10.1177/01939459922044018.
109. Lipsey M.W., Wilson D.B. Practical meta-analysis 2001, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
110. Lowenstein A., Gilbar O. The perception of caregiving burden on the part of elderly cancer patients, spouses, and adult children. Families, Systems, & Health 2000, 18:337-346. doi: 10.1037/h0091862.
111. Markowitz J.S., Gutterman E.M., Sadik K., Papadoplus G. Health-related quality of life for caregivers of patients with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 2003, 17:209-214. doi: 10.1097/00002093-200310000-00003.
112. Marks N.F., Lambert J.D. Transitions to caregiving, gender, and psychological well-being 1999, National Survey for Families and Health working paper, #82.
113. Marks R. The family dimension in long-term care: An assessment of stress and intervention. Journal of Long-Term Home Health Care 1987, 3:18-26.
114. Matsuu K., Washio M., Arai Y., Ide S. Depression among caregivers of the frail elderly in urban Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2000, 54:553-557. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00752.x.
115. Merrill D.M. Daughters-in-law as caregivers in the elderly. Research on Aging 1993, 15:70-91. doi: 10.1177/0164027593151004.
116. Meshefedjian G., McCusker J., Bellavance F. Factors associated with symptoms of depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community. Gerontologist 1998, 38:247-253.
117. Miller B., McFall S., Montgomery A. The impact of elder health, caregiver involvement, and global stress on two dimensions of caregiver burden. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 1991, 46:S9-S19.
118. Mittelman M.S., Roth D.L., Clay O.J., Haley W.E. Preserving health of Alzheimer's caregivers: Impact of a spouse caregiver intervention. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2007, 15:780-789. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31805d858a.
119. Miura H., Arai Y., Yamasaki K. Feelings of burden and health-related quality of life among family caregivers looking after the impaired elderly. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 2005, 59:551-555. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01413.x.
120. Miyamoto Y., Ito H., Otsuka T., Kurita H. Caregiver burden in mobile and non-mobile demented patients: A comparative study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002, 17:765-773. doi: 10.1002/gps.694.
121. Moen P., Robinson J., Dempster-McClain D. Caregiving and women's well-being: A life course approach. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1995, 36:259-273.
122. Molyneux G.J., McCarthy G.M., McEniff S., Cryan M., Conroy R.M. Prevalence and predictors of carer burden and depression in carers of patients referred to an old age psychiatric service. International Psychogeriatrics 2008, 20:1193-1202. doi: 10.1017/S1041610208007515.
123. Montgomery R.J. Researching respite: Beliefs, facts, and questions. Developing respite services for the elderly 1986, 18-32. University of Washington Press, Seattle. R.J. Montgomery, J. Prothero (Eds.).
124. Montgomery R.J., Kosloski K., Borgatta E. The influence of cognitive impairment on service use and caregiver response. Journal of Applied Social Sciences 1988-1989, 13:142-169.
125. Moon, A., & Chan, C. (2003, November). A comparison of the levels and correlates of depression among Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese American caregivers caring for their elderly relatives with Alzheimer's disease. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Diego, CA.
126. Muraki I., Yamagishi K., Ito Y., Fujieda T., Ishikawa Y., Miyagawa Y., Iso H. Caregiver burden for impaired elderly Japanese with prevalent stroke and dementia under long-term care insurance system. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008, 25:234-240. doi: 10.1159/000113861.
127. Nagatomo I., Akasaki Y., Uchida M., Tominaga M., Hashiguchi W., Takigawa M. Gender of demented patients and specific family relationship of caregiver to patients influence mental fatigue and burdens on relatives as caregivers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999, 14:618-625. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<618::AID-GPS989>3.0.CO;2-B.
128. Narayan, S., Hepburn, K., & Bremer, K. L. (2004, November). Spouses and adult daughters: A comparison of perceptions of dementia caregiving. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC.
129. Neal M.B., Ingersoll-Dayton B., Starrels M.E. Gender and relationship differences in caregiving patterns and consequences among employed caregivers. Gerontologist 1997, 37:804-816.
130. Neggett A.N., Zarit S., Taylor A., Galvin J.R. Stress and burden among caregivers of patients with lewy body dementia. Gerontologist 2011, 51:76-85.
131. Norton M.C., Piercy K.W., Rabins P.V., Green R.C., Breitner J.C., Østbye T., Tschanz J.T. Caregiver-recipient closeness and symptom progression in Alzheimer disease. The Cache County Dementia Progression Study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 2009, 64:560-568. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp052.
132. Ott C.H., Sanders S., Kelber S.T. Grief and personal growth experience of spouses and adult-child caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Gerontologist 2007, 47:798-809.
133. Peters-Davies N.D., Moss M., Pruchno R. Children-in-law as caregivers. Gerontologist 1999, 39:66-75.
134. Philipps L.R., de Ardon E.T., Komnenich P., Killeen M., Rusniak R. The Mexican American caregiving experience. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2000, 22:296-305. doi: 10.1177/0739986300223002.
135. Pierce T., Lydon J., Yang S. Enthusiasm and moral commitment: What sustains family caregivers of those with dementia. Basic & Applied Social Psychology 2001, 23:29-41.
136. Pinquart M., Sörensen S. Influences of socioeconomic status, social network and competence on psychological well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging 2000, 15:187-224. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.187.
137. Pinquart M., Sörensen S. Predictors of caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences 2003, 58B:P112-128.
138. Pinquart M., Sörensen S. Ethnic differences in stressors, resources, and psychological outcomes of family caregiving for older adults: A meta-analysis. The Gerontologist 2005, 45:90-106.
139. Pinquart M., Sörensen S. Gender differences in caregiver stressors, social resources, and health: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences 2006, 61B:P33-P45.
140. Pinquart M., Sörensen S. Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: A meta-analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological and Social Sciences 2007, 62B:P126-P137.
141. Quayhagen M.P., Quayhagen M. Alzheimer's stress: Coping with the caregiving role. Gerontologist 1988, 28:391-396.
142. Quine S., Helby L., Cameron I., Lyle D. Carer burden after proximal femoral fracture. Disability and Rehabilitation 1994, 16:191-197. doi: 10.3109/09638289409166612.
143. Radloff L.S. The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977, 1:385-401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306.
144. Raschik M., Ingersoll-Dayton B. The costs and rewards of caregiving among aging spouses and adult children. Family Relations 2004, 53:317-325. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.0008.x.
145. Riemsma R.P., Taal E., Rasker J.J., Klein G., Bruyn G.A., Wouters J.M., Wiegman O. The burden of care for informal caregivers of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Psychology and Health 1999, 14:773-794. doi: 10.1080/08870449908407347.
146. Rinaldi P., Spazzafumo L., Mastriforti R., Mattioli P., Marvardi M., Polidori M., Mecocci P. Predictors of high level of burden and distress in caregivers of demented patients: Results of an Italian multicenter study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005, 20:168-174. doi: 10.1002/gps.1267.
147. Rivera P.A., Rose J.M., Futterman A., Lovett S.B., Gallagher-Thompson D. Dimensions of perceived social support in clinically depressed and nondepressed female caregivers. Psychology and Aging 1991, 6:232-237. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.232.
148. Robinson B.C. Validation of a caregiver strain index. Journal of Gerontology 1983, 38:344-348.
149. Robinson K.M., Buckwalter K.C., Reed D. Predictors of use of services among dementia caregivers. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2005, 27:126-140. doi: 10.1177/0193945904272453.
150. Roth D.L., Mittelman M.S., Clay O.J., Madan A., Haley W.E. Changes in social support as mediators of the impact of a psychosocial intervention for spouse caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease. Psychology and Aging 2005, 20:634-644. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.634.
151. Rozario P.A., Chadiha L.A., Proctor E.K., Morrow-Howell N. Predicting the influence of social resources on African American wife and daughter caregivers' depressive symptoms. Journal of Family Issues 2008, 29:317-333. doi: 10.1177/0192513X07306983.
152. Rubert, M. P., & Eisdorfer, C. (2000, November). Aggressive and abusive behaviors in persons with dementia. Paper presented at annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America at Washington, DC.
153. Salin S., Kaunonen M., Astedt-Kurki P. Informal carers of older family members: How they manage and what support they receive from respite care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2009, 18:492-501. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02550.x.
154. Sanders, S., & Adams, K. B. (2003, November). Same or different? Relationship between grief and depression in caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Diego, CA.
155. Scazufca M., Menezes P.R., Almeida O.P. Caregiver burden in an elderly population with depression in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2002, 37:416-422. doi: 10.1007/s00127-002-0571-6.
156. Scharlach A.E. Caregiving and employment: Competing or complementary roles?. Gerontologist 1994, 34:378-385.
157. Scharlach A.E., Gustavson K., Dal Santo T.S. Assistance received by employed caregivers and their care recipients: Who helps care recipients when caregivers work full time?. Gerontologist 2007, 47:752-762.
158. Schulz R. Resources for enhancing Alzheimer's caregiver health 1996-2001 [Computer file]. ICPSR version 2003, Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
159. Seltzer M.M., Li W.L. The dynamics of caregiving: Transitions during a three-year prospective study. The Gerontologist 2000, 40:165-178.
160. Serrano-Aguilar P.G., Lopez-Bastida J., Yanes-Lopez V. Impact on health-related quality of life and perceived burden of informal caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 2006, 27:136-142. doi: 10.1159/000095760.
161. Shua-Haim J.R., Haim T., Shi Y., Kuo Y.H., Smith S.J.M. Depression among Alzheimer's caregivers: Identifying risk factors. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 1999, 16:353-359. doi: 10.1177/153331750101600611.
162. Sink K.M., Covinsky K.E., Barnes D.E., Newcomer R.J., Yaffe C. Caregiver characteristics are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006, 54:796-803. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00697.x.
163. Skarupski K.A., McCann J.J., Bienias J.L., Evans D.A. Race differences in emotional adaptation of family caregivers. Aging & Mental Health 2009, 13:715-724. doi: 10.1080/13607860902845582.
164. Smerglia V.L., Deimling G.T. Care-related decision making satisfaction and caregiver well-being in families caring for older members. Gerontologist 1997, 37:658-665.
165. Soskolne V., Halevy-Levy S., Cohen A., Friedman G. Caregiving stressors and psychological distress among veteran resident and immigrant family caregivers in Israel. Social Work in Health Care 2006, 43(2-3):73-93. doi: 10.1300/J010v43n02_06.
166. Sparks M.B., Farran C.J., Donner E., Keane-Hagerty E. Wives, husbands, and daughters of dementia patients: Predictors of caregivers' mental health and physical health. Scholary Inquiry for Nursing Practice 1998, 12:221-234.
167. Spruytte N., Van Audenhove C., Lammertyn F., Storms G. The quality of the caregiving relationship in informal care for older adults with dementia and chronic psychiatric patients. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 2002, 75:295-311.
168. Steadman P.L., Tremont G.D., Davis J.D. Premorbid relationship satisfaction and caregiver burden in dementia caregivers. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2007, 20:115-119. doi: 10.1177/0891988706298624.
169. Stephens S.A., Christianson J.B. Informal care of the elderly 1986, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD.
170. Stone R., Cafferata G.L., Sangl J. Caregivers of the frail elderly: A national profile. Gerontologist 1987, 27:616-626.
171. Strawbridge W.I., Wallhagen M.I., Shema S.J., Kaplan G.A. New burdens or more of the same? Comparing grandparents, spouse, and adult-child caregivers. Gerontologist 1997, 37:505-510.
172. Sugihara Y., Sugisawa H., Nakatani Y., Hougham G.W. Longitudinal changes in well-being of Japanese caregivers: Variations across kin relationships. Journal of Gerontology 2004, 59B:P177-P184.
173. Tennstedt S.L., Crawford S., McKinlay J.B. Determining the pattern of community care: Is coresidence more important than caregiver relationship?. Journal of Gerontology 1993, 48:S74-S83.
174. Teri L., Truax P., Logsdon R., Uomoto J. Assessment of behavioral problems in dementia: The Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist. Psychology & Aging 1992, 7:622-631.
175. Thompson E., Futterman A.M., Gallagher-Thompson D. Social support and caregiver burden in family carers of frail elderly. Journals of Gerontology 1993, 48:S245-S254.
176. Turró-Garriga O., Soler-Cors O., Garre-Olmo J., López-Pousa S., Vilalta-Franch J., Monserrat-Vila S. Distribución factorial de la carga en cuidadores de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Revista de Neurologia [Factorial distribution on the burden on caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease] 2008, 46:582-588.
177. Ungar, L., Heilman, H., Zimmer, N., Kellar, S., Lichtenberg, P., Espiritu, D., & Ficker, L. (2004, November). Family relationships and caregiving stress during the transition to long-term care. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC.
178. Wang G., Cheng Q., Wang Y., Deng Y.L., Ren R.J., Xu W., Chen S.D. The metric properties of Zarit caregiver burden scale: Validation study of a Chinese version. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 2008, 22:321-326. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181902334.
179. Washio M., Arai Y. Depression among caregivers of the disabled elderly in southern Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1999, 53:407-412. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00564.x.
180. White-Means S.I. Informal home care for frail Black elderly. Journal of Applied Gerontology 1993, 12:18-33. doi: 10.1177/073346489301200103.
181. Wilcox S., O' Sullivan P., King A.C. Caregiver coping strategies: Wives versus daughters. Clinical Gerontologist 2001, 23:81-97. doi: 10.1300/J018v23n01_08.
182. Williamson G.M., Schulz R. Relationship orientation, quality of prior relationship, and distress among caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Psychology and Aging 1990, 5:502-509. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.5.4.502.
183. Winslow B. Effects of formal supports on stress outcomes in family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Research in Nursing & Health 1997, 20:27-37. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199702)20:1<27::AID-NUR4>3.0.CO;2-W.
184. Wolff J.L., Kasper J.D. Caregiving of frail elders: Updating a national profile. Gerontologist 2006, 46:344-356.
185. Wong O.M. Children and children-in-law as primary caregivers: Issues and perspectives. Who should care for the elderly: An East-West value divide 2000, 297-321. Singapore University Press, Singapore, doi: 10.1142/9789812793591_0015. W.T. Liu, H. Kendig (Eds.).
186. Wright D.L., Aquilino W.S. Influence of emotional support exchange in marriage on caregiving wives' burden and marital satisfaction. Family Relations 1998, 47:195-204.
187. Yajima Y., Tsutsui T., Nakajima K., Li H.Y., Takigawa T., Wang D.H., Ogino K. The effects of caregiving resources on the incidence of depression over one year in family caregivers of disabled elderly. Acta Medica Okayam 2007, 61:71-80.
188. Yamada H. The effects of social support on the well-being of spouse caregivers of demented elders 1994, UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, MI.
189. Yamamoto-Mitani N., Sugishita C., Ishigaki K., Hasegawa K., Maekawa N., Kuniyoshi M., Hayashi K. Development of instruments to measure appraisal of care among Japanese family caregivers of the elderly. Scholary Inquiry for Nursing Practice 2001, 15:113-135.
190. Yesavage J.A., Brink T.L., Rose T.L., Lum O., Huang V., Adey M.B., Leirer V.O. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1983, 17:37-49.
191. Young F.R., Kahana E. Specifying caregiving outcomes: Gender and relationship aspects of caregiver strain. Gerontologist 1989, 29:660-666.
192. Yu E.S., Shilong L., Zehuai W. Caregiving survey in Guangzhou: A preliminary report. Who should care for the elderly: An East-West value divide 2000, 322-338. Singapore University Press, Singapore, doi: 10.1142/9789812793591_0016. W.T. Liu, H. Kendig (Eds.).
193. Zank S., Schacke C. Entwicklung eines standardisierten Messinstrumentes zur Erstellung von Belastungsprofilen und zur Evaluation von Entlastungsangeboten für pflegende Angehörige demenzkranker Patienten [Development of standardized measures for building stress profiles and for evaluating services for informal caregivers of dementia patients] Final report 2004, University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
194. Zarit S.H., Reever K.E., Bach-Petersen J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist 1980, 20:649-655.
195. Zhan H.J., Montgomery R.J. Gender and eldercare in China: The influence of filial piety and structural constraints. Gender & Society 2003, 17:209-229.
196. Zunzunegui M.V., Beland F., Llacer A., Keller I. Family, religion, and depressive symptoms in caregivers of disabled elderly. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1999, 53:364-369.