China in the conception of international society: The English School's engagements with China

Review of International Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 763-786

  Zhang, Xiaoming ^a  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953087849     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210510000422     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Roy Jones, 'The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure', Review of International Studies, 7:1 (1981), pp. 1-13;
2. Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998);
3. Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954-1985): The Rediscovery of History (Milan: Edizioni Unicopli, 2005);
4. Andrew Linklater and Hidemi Suganami, The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
5. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan, 1977).
6. Adam Roberts, 'The Evolution of International Relations', Notes for lecture at Royal College of Defence Studies, (21 January 2008), p. 15.
7. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 1-9, pp. 13-32, pp. 117-26;
8. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 135-309.
9. Charles Manning, The Nature of International Society, reissue with a new preface (London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1975);
10. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions (London: Leicester University Press, 1991), pp. 7-8, pp. 30-1, pp. 139-44;
11. Martin Wight, 'Why Is There No International Theory?', in Martin Wight and Herbert Butterfield (eds), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966), p. 18;
12. Hedley Bull, Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan, 1977);
13. Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986).
14. David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary State in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 14.
15. Geoffrey Stern, The Structure of International Society: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, 2nd edition (London: Continuum, 2000), p. 58.
16. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions (London: Leicester University Press, 1991), p. 21, pp. 66-9, pp. 95-6, pp. 146-7, pp. 148, 175, 186, 193.
17. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, pp. 66-9.
18. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1966).
19. H. Butterfield, 'Notes for a Discussion on the Theory of International Politics', 6British Committee on the Theory of International Politics, Meeting of 10-13 January 1964, Martin Wight Papers, File 253, LSE Archives.
20. British Committee on the Theory of International Politics, Meeting of 2-5 October 1964 at Peterhouse, Martin Wight Papers, File 253, LSE Archives.
21. Martin Wight, 'Balance of Power', in Martin Wight and Herbert Butterfield (eds), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics), p. 167.
22. Martin Wight, Systems of States (London and Leicester: Leicester University Press in association with London School of Economics and Political Science, 1977), pp. 21-45.
23. Martin Wight, Systems of States, p. 33.
24. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 6.
25. G. F. Hudson, 'Collective Security and Military Alliances', in Martin Wight and Herbert Butterfield (eds), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, pp. 176-80;
26. G. F. Hudson, 'The Threats of Force in International Relations', ibid., pp. 201-5.
27. G. F. Hudson, 'The Traditional Chinese Conception of International Relations' (2-5 October 1964), Martin Wight Papers, File 253, LSE Archives.
28. Martin Wight, Systems of States, p. 23.
29. Geoffrey Hudson, 'The Extension of Western International System to Asia and Africa' (9-12 July 1965)
30. Martin Wight Papers, File 253, LSE Archives; Geoffrey Hudson, 'The Period of the Warring States: A State System of Ancient China', Hedley Bull Papers, Box 8, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
31. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis, p. 2.
32. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis, pp. 85-93.
33. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis, p. 121.
34. Martin Wight, Systems of States, p. 23.
35. Martin Wight, Systems of States, p. 119.
36. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 2nd edition (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1995), pp. 10-11.
37. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis, p. 3.
38. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 132.
39. Yongjin Zhang, 'System, Empire and State in Chinese International Relations', Review of International Studies, 27 (2001), pp. 43-63. (Pubitemid 33816723)
40. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 20-1;
41. Richard Little, 'The English School's Contribution to the Study of International Relations', European Journal of International Relations, 6:3 (2000), pp. 414-5;
42. Yongjin Zhang, 'System, Empire and State in Chinese International Relations', Review of International Studies, 27 (2001), p. 44.
43. Hedley Bull, 'The European International Order', (1980), in Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell (eds), Hedley Bull on International Society (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, Ltd., 2000), pp. 179-80.
44. Hedley Bull, 'A Proposal for a Study', October 1978, reprinted in Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954-1985): The Rediscovery of History, pp. 425-8.
45. In his email message to this author on 25 February 2008, Gerrit Gong acknowledged his debt to Hedley Bull: 'As you would imagine, my work on the Standard of "Civilisation" in International Society owes a tremendous debt of gratitude to Professor Hedley Bull for his intellectual framing of the field.' This author much appreciates Prof. Gong's kind response to his queries.
46. Lass Francis Lawrence Oppenhaim's International Law (1905) discussed the emergence of the standard of civilisation, and Georg Schwarzenberger published an article on the standard of civilisation in international law in 1955. And Hedley Bull touched on that theme and used the term 'standard of "civilization"' in his proposal for the British Committee in 1978.
47. Hedley Bull, 'A Proposal for a Study' (October 1978), reprinted in Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954-1985): The Rediscovery of History, pp. 425-8.
48. 'Summary of discussion of Mr G. W. Gong's paper on "China's Entry into International Society"', British Committee on Theory of International Politics, All Souls Meeting (18-20 April 1980), Hedley Bull Papers, Box 8, File III, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
49. Gerrit W. Gong, 'China's Entry into International Society', Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 171-83.
50. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).
51. Hedley Bull, 'A Proposal for a Study' (October 1978), reprinted in Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954-1985): The Rediscovery of History, pp. 425-8;
52. Adam Watson, 'Some Comments on Our Theme' (January 1979)
53. reprinted in Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954-1985): The Rediscovery of History, pp. 428-431;
54. Hedley Bull, 'The Emergence of A Universal International Society', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, pp. 117-26.
55. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, 'Foreword' by Hedley Bull, pp. vii-x, 24.
56. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, pp. 24-35.
57. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, p. 98.
58. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis, p. 85.
59. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, pp. 130-6.
60. Adam Watson, 'European International Society and Its Expansion', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 30-1.
61. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, p. 57.
62. Yongjin Zhang, China in International Society since 1949: Alienation and Beyond (Basingstoke: Macmilian Press, Ltd., in association with St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1998), p. 10.
63. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, p. 146.
64. But Yongjin Zhang argued that China entered into the universal international society in 1918-1920. Yongjin Zhang, China in the International System, 1918-1920: The Middle Kingdom at the Periphery (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1991).
65. William A. Callahan, 'Nationalizing International Theory: Race, Class and the English School', Global Society, 18:4 (October 2004), p. 321.
66. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, p. 183.
67. David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary State in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
68. Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell (eds), Hedley Bull on International Society, p. 170, 'Introductory note'.
69. Hedley Bull, 'The Revolt against the West', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, pp. 217-28.
70. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, p. 227, 229, 257, 277.
71. Hedley Bull, Justice in International Relations, the Hager Lectures, reprinted in Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell (eds), Hedley Bull on International Society, p. 239.
72. Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Thirty Years On', International Journal, Xxiv: 4 (Autumn 1969), pp. 625-38
73. reprinted in Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell (eds), Hedley Bull on International Society, p. 133, pp. 135-6.
74. Coral Bell, 'China and the International Order', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, p. 255.
75. Martin Wight, Systems of States, pp. 174-200;
76. G. F. Hudson, 'The Defection of Lin Piao' (March 1972), Martin Wight Papers, File 253, LSE Archives;
77. Coral Bell, 'The Contest for Asia: A New Diplomacy', New Society (17 February 1972), Martin Wight Papers, File 253, LSE Archives.
78. When I interviewed Mary Bull in Oxford on 13 March 2008, Mrs Bull kindly showed me the photos Hedley Bull took during his trip in China.
79. Hedley Bull, 'Report by Professor Bull' (28 October 1973), Hedley Bull Papers, Box 4, File II, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
80. Hedley Bull to Stephen Fitzgerald (Australian Ambassador to China) (28 June 1974), and Stephen Fitzgerald to Hedley Bull (8 August 1974), Hedley Bull Papers, Box 4, File V, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
81. Hedley Bull, 'Introduction: Towards a New international Order in Asia and the Western Pacific?', in Hedley Bull (ed.), Asia and the Western Pacific: Towards a New International Order (Canberra: The Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1975), pp. xi-xii.
82. Hedley Bull, Anarchical Society, 2nd edition, pp. 98, 108-10, 197-9.
83. Coral Bell, 'China and the International Order', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, pp. 255-67;
84. Hedley Bull, 'Report by Professor Bull' (28 October 1973), Hedley Bull Papers, Box 4, File II, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
85. Geoffrey Goodwin, 'International Institutions and International Order', in Alan James (ed.), The Bases of International Order: Essays in Honor of C. A. W. Manning (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 184.
86. Hedley Bull, Anarchical Society, 2nd edition, p. 286.
87. Martin Wight, 'The Balance of Power and International Order,' in Alan James, ed., The Bases of International Order: Essays in Honor of C. A. W. Manning, p. 114.
88. Coral Bell, 'China and the International Order', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society, p. 265.
89. R. J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 41-2.
90. Adam Roberts, 'A New Era of International Relations', in Yuan Ming (ed.), Kuashiji de tiaozhan: Zhongguo guoji guanxi xueke de fazhan (The Trans-Centurial Challenge: The Development of International Relations as an Academic Discipline in China) (Chongqing: Chongqing People's Press, 1992), pp. 22-56;
91. Yongjin Zhang, 'English School in China: A Travelogue of Ideas and Its Diffusion', European Journal of International Relations, 9:1 (2003), pp. 87-114. I happened to be at the 1991 conference as a junior faculty member of Institute of International Relations, Peking University, and heard the name 'English School' for the first time although I first came cross an English School book (The Expansion of International Society) in 1987. (Pubitemid 36420575)
92. David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary state in international society, pp. 183-4.
93. Yongjin Zhang, China in the International System, 1918-20: The Middle Kingdom at the Periphery;
94. Yongjin Zhang, China in International Society since 1949: Alienation and Beyond.
95. Yongjin Zhang, China in International Society since 1949: Alienation and Beyond. pp. 99-251.
96. Gerald Segal, 'Does China Matter?', Foreign Affairs, 78:5 (1999), pp. 24-36.
97. Samuel S. Kim, 'China in World Politics', in Barry Buzan and Rosemary Foot (eds), Does China Matters? A Reassessment: Essays in Memory of Gerald Segal (London: Routeledge, 2004), p. 40.
98. John Ikenberry, 'The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberalism Survive?', Foreign Affairs, 87:1 (January/February 2008), pp. 23-37.
99. Bonnie S. Glaser and Evan S. Medeiros, 'The Changing Ecology of Foreign Policy Making in China: Then Ascension and Demise of the Theory of "Peaceful Rise"', China Quarterly, 190 (June 2007), pp. 291-310. (Pubitemid 47241400)
100. Jean-Perre Cabestan, 'China Is Reaching Out to the New World', Asian Perspective, 30:4 (2007), p. 5.
101. Samuel S. Kim, 'China in World Politics', in Barry Buzan and Rosemary Foot (eds), Does China Matter? A Reassessment: Essays in Memory of Gerald Segal, p. 40.
102. Those related works directly devoted to China include the following: Yongjin Zhang, 'System, Empire and State in Chinese International Relations', Review of International Studies, 27 (2001), pp. 43-63; (Pubitemid 33816723)
103. Barry Buzan and Rosemary Foot (eds), Does China Matter? A Reassessment: Essays in Memory of Gerald Segal (London: Routeledge, 2004);
104. William A. Callahan, 'How to Understand China: the dangers and opportunities of being a rising power', Review of International Studies, 31 (2005), pp. 701-74;
105. Rosemary Foot, 'Chinese Strategies in a US-hegemonic Global Order: Accommodating and Hedging', International Affairs, 82:1 (2006), pp. 77-94. (Pubitemid 43437500)
106. Robert Jackson and Adam Roberts could probably be put into this category. Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
107. Adam Roberts, 'International Relations after the Cold War', International Affairs, 84:2 (2008), pp. 1-16.
108. Nicholas Wheeler and Tim Dunne could probably be put into this category. Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
109. Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
110. Nicholas Wheeler and Tim Dunne, 'East Timor and the New Humanitarian Interventionism', International Affairs, 77:4 (2001), pp. 805-27; (Pubitemid 33595692)
111. Nicholas Wheeler and Tim Dunne, Moral Britannia?: Evaluating the Ethical Dimension in Labour's Foreign Policy (London: The Foreign Policy Centre, 2005).
112. James Mayall, Andrew Hurrell and Barry Buzan could probably be put into this category. James Mayall (ed.), The New Interventionism 1991-1994: UN Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia and Somalia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
113. James Mayall, World Politics: Progress and Its Limits (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000);
114. Andrew Hurrell, On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University, 2007);
115. Barry Buzan, From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
116. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, p. 66.
117. Hedley Bull, 'Foreword', Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, pp. vii-viii.
118. Gerrit Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society, pp. 90-3.
119. Interviews with Barry Buzan (4 March 2008), LSE; Jack Donnely, 'Human Rights: A new standard of civilization?', International Affairs, 74:1 (1998), pp. 1-24.
120. John Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, p. 129.
121. Yongjin Zhang, 'System, Empire and State in Chinese International Relations', Review of International Studies, 27 (2001), p. 63.
122. Yongjin Zhang, 'China's Entry into International Society: Beyond the Standard of "Civilization"', Review of International Studies, 17:1 (1991), pp. 3-16.
123. John Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 130, 132.
124. Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 1.
125. Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 1.
126. Tim Dunne, 'Fundamental Human Rights Crisis after 9/11', International Politics, 44 (2007), p. 283.
127. Tim Dunne, 'Fundamental Human Rights Crisis after 9/11', International Politics, 44 (2007), pp. 69-286.
128. Andrew Hurrell, 'Power, Principles and Prudence: Protecting Human Rights in a Deeply Divided World', in Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics, pp. 277-302.
129. Andrew Hurrell, 'Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers?', International Affairs, 82:1 (2006), pp. 1-4.
130. Andrew Hurrell, 'Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers?', International Affairs, 82:1 (2006), p. 4.
131. Andrew Hurrell, 'Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers?', International Affairs, 82:1 (2006), p. 10.
132. Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 364.
133. Adam Roberts, 'International Relations after the Cold War', International Affairs, 84:2 (2008), p. 3.
134. Adam Roberts, 'International Relations after the Cold War', International Affairs, 84:2 (2008), p. 11.
135. Adam Roberts, 'The Evolution of International Relations', Notes for lecture at Royal College of Defence Studies (21 January 2008), pp. 19-21.
136. David Scott, China Stands Up: The PRC and the International System (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 15-19, 83-85.
137. Rosemary Foot, Rights beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
138. Rosemary Foot, 'Chinese Strategies in a US-hegemonic Global Order: Accommodating and Hedging', International Affairs, 82:1 (2006), pp. 777-94;
139. Adam Roberts, 'The Evolution of International Relations', Notes for lecture at Royal College of Defence Studies (21 January 2008), p. 21.
140. Adam Roberts, 'The Evolution of International Relations', Notes for lecture at Royal College of Defence Studies (21 January 2008), p. 21.
141. Adam Roberts, 'The Evolution of International Relations', Notes for lecture at Royal College of Defence Studies (21 January 2008), p. 21.
142. Andrew Hurrell, 'Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers?';
143. Rosemary Foot, 'Chinese Strategies in a US-hegemonic Global Order: Accommodating and hedging'.
144. Nicholas J. Wheeler, 'Introduction: The Political and Moral Limits of Western Military Intervention to Protect Civilians in Danger', in Colin McInnes and Nicholas J. Wheeler (eds), Dimensions of Western Military Intervention (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002), p. 4.
145. Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School.
146. See Yongjin Zhang, 'English School in China: A Travelogue of Ideas and Its Diffusion', European Journal of International Relations, 9:1 (2003), pp. 87-114;
147. Barry Buzan, English School Bibliography for China: writings principally on China, or by Chinese authors about the English School (version of May 2007), {http://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/research/international-relations-security/ english-school/};
148. Miao Hongni, 'The English School in China', in Wang Yizhou (ed.), Zhongguo Guoji Guanxi Yanjiu, 1995-2005 (IR Studies in China, 1995-2005) (Beijing: Peking University Press, 2006), pp. 196-224;
149. Chen Zhirui, Zhou Guiyin and Shi Bin (eds), Kaifang de Guoji Shehui: Guoji Guanxi Yanjiu Zhong de Yingguo Xuepai (Open International Society: The English School in IR Studies) (Beijing: Peking University Press, 2006);
150. Xu Jia, Yingguo Xuepai Guoji Guanxi Lilun Yanjiu (A Study of 'English School' Theories) (Beijing: Contemporary Affairs Press, 2008).
151. Yongjin Zhang, 'English School in China: A Travelogue of Ideas and Its Diffusion', European Journal of International Relations, 9:1 (2003), p. 98.
152. Wang Yizhou, Xifang Guoji Guanxi Xue: Lilun Yu Lishi (Western International Politics: History and Theory) (Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 1998), pp. 378-9;
153. Chen Zhirui, Zhou Guiyin and Shi Bin (eds), Kaifang de Guoji Shehui: Guoji Guanxi Yanjiu Zhong de Yingguo Xuepai (Open International Society: The English School in IR Studies), p. 21, pp. 69-70;
154. Wang Cungang, 'Learn From and Be Critical of the English School: Some Thoughts on Working on and Learning from the English School', Europe Studies, 4 (2005), pp. 48-52.
155. Some of the Chinese IR scholars have been taking great efforts in this regards. Zhao Tingyang, Tianxia Tixi: Shijie Zhidu Zhexue Daolun (The Tianxia System: An Introduction to the Philosophy for the World Institutions) (Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press, 2005);
156. Zhao Tingyang, 'Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept "All-under Heaven" (Tian-xia) ', Social Identities 12:1 (2006), pp. 29-41;
157. Qin Yaqing, 'Core Problematic of International Relations Theory and the Construction of a Chinese School', Social Sciences in China, 3 (2005), pp. 165-76;
158. William A. Callahan, 'Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-hegemonic or a New Hegemony', International Studies Review, 10 (2008), pp. 749-61.