Role of aquatic macrophytes in arsenic phytoremediation in wetlands

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B - Biological Sciences

Volumn 78, Issue SPEC. ISSUE, 2008, Pages 167-182

  Tripathi, Rudra D ^a   Mishra, Seema ^a   Srivastava, Sudhakar ^a  

^a CSIR NATIONAL BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Aquatic plants; Arsenic; Phytoremediation; Rice

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953076197     PISSN: 03698211     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (158)

1. Mandal BK, Suzuki KT. Arsenic round the world: a review. Talanta 2002; 58: 201-235. (Pubitemid 34857394)
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Arsenic in Drinking Water, http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact210.html (May 30, 2001).
3. Mondal P, Majumdar CB, Mohanty B. Laboratory based approaches for arsenic remediation from contaminated water: Recent developments. J Hazar Mater 2006; 137:464-479. (Pubitemid 44308301)
4. Roychowdhury T, Basu GK, Mandal BK, Biswas BK, Samanta G, Chowdhury UK, Chanda CR, Lodh D, Roy SL, Saha KC, Roy S, Kabir S, Quamruzzaman Q, Chakraborti D. Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta. Nature 1999; 401: 545-546.
5. Chowdhury UK, Biswas BK, Roychowdhury T, Samanta G, Mandal BK, Basu GK, Chanda CR, Lodh D, Saha KC, Mukherjee SK, Roy S, Quamruzzaman Q, Chakraborti D. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Environ Health Persp.ect 2000; 108: 393-397. (Pubitemid 30421015)
6. Chowdhury UK, Rahman MM, Mandal BK, Paul K, Lodh D, Biswas BK, Basu GK, Chanda CR, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC, Roy S, Das R, Kaies I, Barua AK, Palit SK, Quamruzzaman Q, Chakraborti D. Groundwater arsenic contamination and human suffering in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. Environ Sci 2001; 8: 393-415.
7. Smith AH, Arroyo AP, Mazumdar DNG, Konsnett MJ, Harnandez AL, Lingas EO, Beeris M, Smith MM, Moore LE. Arsenic induced skin lesions among Atacameno people in northern Chile desp.ite good nutrition and centuries of exposure. Environ Health Persp.ect 2000; 108: 617-620. (Pubitemid 30657867)
8. Rahman MM, Chowdhury UK, Mukherjee SC, Mondal BK, Paul K, Lodh D. Chronic arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, a review and commentary. Clin Toxicol 2001; 39: 683-700. (Pubitemid 34016563)
9. Van Geen A, Zheng Y, Versteeg R, Stule M, Horneman A, Dhar R, Steckler M, Gelman A, Small C, Ahsan H, Graziano JH, Hussain I, Ahmed KM. Spatial variability of arsenic in 6000 tube wells in a 25 km2 area of Bangladesh. Water Resour Res 2003; 39(5): 1140.
10. Guha Mazumder DN, Haque R, Ghosh N, De BK, Santra A, Chakraborti D, Smith AH. Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalance of skin leisons in West Bengal, India. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 871-877. (Pubitemid 28504977)
11. Mandal BK, Roychowdhury T, Samanta G, Mukherjee DP, Chanda CR, Saha KC, Chakraborti D. Impact of safe water for drinking and cooking on five arsenic-affected families for 2 years in West Bengal, India. Sci Total Environ 1998; 218: 185-201. (Pubitemid 28412707)
12. Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Paul K, Chowdhury UK, Sengupta MK, Lodh D, Chanda CR, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC. Arsenic calamity in the Indian sub-continent-what lessons have been learned? Talanta 2002; 58: 3-22. (Pubitemid 34857379)
13. Rahman MM, Mandal BK, Roychowdhury T, Sengupta MK, Chowdhury UK, Lodh D. Arsenic groundwater contamination and sufferings of people in North 24-Parganas, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal India: the seven years study report. J Environ Sci Health 2003; 38: 25-59. (Pubitemid 36267794)
14. Sun GF, Liu S, Li B, Sun XC, Guo X, Qian C. Current situation of endemic arsenicosis in China. Environ Sci 2001; 8: 425-34.
15. XiaY, Liu J. An overview on chronic arsenism via drinking water in PR China. Toxicology 2004; 198: 25-29. (Pubitemid 38609014)
16. ESCAP-UNICEF-WHO Expert Group Meeting DV. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; geology and health: solving the arsenic crisis in the Asia Pacific Region. ESCAPUNICEF-WHO Expert Group Meeting, Bangkok; May 2-4, 2001.
17. Tendukar N, Bhattacharya P, Mukherjee AB. Managing arsenic for our future. Proceedings of the International Conference on Arsenic in the Asia-Pacific Region, November, 2001, Adelaide, Australia.
18. Berg M, Tran HC, Nguyen TC, Pham MV, Schertenleib R, Giger W. Arsenic contamination of ground water and drinking water in Vietnam: a human threat. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35: 2621-2626. (Pubitemid 32880712)
19. Shrestha RR, Surestha MP, Upadhyay NP, Pradhan R, Maskey A, Maharjan M. Groundwater arsenic contamination, its health impact and mitigation programme in Nepal. J Environ Sci Health 2003; 38: 185-200. (Pubitemid 36267802)
20. Mosaferi M, Yunesion M, Mesdaghinia A, Naidu A, Nasseri. S, Mahvi AH. Arsenic occurrence in drinking water of IR of Iran: the case of Kurdistan Province. In: Ahmed MF, Ali MA, Adeel Z, editors. Fate of arsenic in the environment-Tokyo, Japan: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh and the United Nations University, 2003.
21. Chakraborti D, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Sengupta MK, Rahman MM, Chowdhury UK, Lodh D, Chanda CR. Chakraborti AK, Basu GK. Arsenic groundwater contamination in middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger? Environ Health Persp. 2003; 111: 1194-1201. (Pubitemid 36939401)
22. Chakraborti D, Sengupta MK, Rahman MM, Ahamed S, Chowdhury UK, Hossain MA. Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in the Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra Plain. J Environ Monit 2004; 6: 75N-83N.
23. Ahamed S, Sengupta MK, Mukherjee A, Hossain MA, Das B, Nayak B, Pal A, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Dutta RN, Chatterjee G, Mukherjee A, Srivastava R, Chakraborti D. Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in the state of Uttar Pradesh in upper and middle Ganga plain, India: A severe danger. Sci Total Environ 2006; 370: 310-322. (Pubitemid 44515061)
24. Leist M, Casey RJ, Caridi D. The management of arsenic wastes: problems and prosp.ects. J Haz Mater 2000; 76: 125-138. (Pubitemid 30336338)
25. Korte NE, Fernando Q. A review of arsenic(III) in groundwater. Crit Rev Environ Control 1991; 21: 1-39.
26. Chen SL, Yeh Sj, Yang MH, Lin TH. Trace-element concentration and arsenic sp.eciation in the well water of a Taiwan area with endemic blackfoot disease. Biol Trans Etem Res 1995; 48: 263-274.
27. McNeill LS, Edwards M. Arsenic removal during precipitative softening. J Environ Eng 1997; 123: 453-460.
28. Nriagu JO. A global assessment of natural sources of atmosp.heric trace metals. Nature 1989; 338: 47-49. (Pubitemid 19302808)
29. Nriagu JO, Pacyna JM. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of water, air, and soils with trace elements. Nature 1988; 333: 134-139. (Pubitemid 19319038)
30. Hossain MF. Arsenic contamination in Bangladesh - An overview. Agric Ecosys Environ 2006; 113: 1-16. (Pubitemid 43210370)
31. Smedicy PL, Kinniburgh DO. A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl Oeochem 2002; 17: 517-568.
32. Cullen WR, Reimer KJ. Arsenic sp.eciation in the environment: Chem Rev 1989; 89: 713-764.
33. NRC (National Research Council). Arsenic in Drinking Water, Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1999.
34. da Silva ALO, Barrocas PRG, Jacob SDC, Moreira JC Dietary intake and health effects of selected toxic elements. Brat J Plant Physiol 2005; 17: 79-93. (Pubitemid 40641124)
35. Dukcr AA, Carranaza EJM, Hale M Arsenic geochemistry and health. Environ Int 2005; 31: 631-641. (Pubitemid 40731519)
36. Patra Mf Bhowmik N, Bandopadhyay B, Sharma A. Comparison of mercury, lead and arsenic with resp.ect to genotoxic effects on plant systems and the development of genetic tolerance, Environ Exp Bot 2004; 52; 199-223. (Pubitemid 39474420)
37. Meharg AA, Hartley-Whitaker J. Arsenic uptake and metabolism in arsenic resistant and non-resistant plant sp.ecies. New Phytol 2002; 154: 29-43. (Pubitemid 34294329)
38. Tang T, Miller DM. Growth and tissue composition of rice grown in soil treated with inorganic copper, nickel, and arsenic. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 1991; 22; 2037-2045. (Pubitemid 23397009)
39. Carboneli-Barrachina AA, Aarabi MA, DeLaune RD, Gambreli RP, Patrick WH, The influence of arsenic chemical form and concentration on Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora growth and tissue arsenic concentration. Plant Soil 1998; 198: 33-43. (Pubitemid 28139987)
40. Odanaka Y, Tsuchiya N, Matano O, Goto S. Absorption, translocation and metabolism of the arsenical fungicides, iron methanearsonate and ammonium iron methanearsonate, in rice plants. J Pestic Sci 1987; 12: 199-208.
41. Frans R, Horton D, Burdette L. Influence of MSMA on straighthead, arsenic uptake and growth resp.onse in rice (Oryza sativa). Arkabsas AES Rep Ser 1988; 302: 1-12.
42. Machlis L. Accumulation of arsenic in the shoots of sudan grass and bush beans. Plant Physiol 1941; 16: 521-544.
43. Tsutsumi M. Intensification of arsenic toxicity to paddy rice by hydrogen sulphide and ferrous iron 1. Induction of bronzing and accumulation in rice by arsenic. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 1980; 26: 561-569. (Pubitemid 11116694)
44. Carboneli-Barrachina A, Burlo Carbonell F, Mataix Beneyto J. Arsenic uptake, distribution, and accumulation in tomato plants: effect of arsenic on plant growth and yield. J Plant Nutr 1995; 18: 1237-1250.
45. Miteva E, Arsenic accumulation and effect on green bean plants development. Bulg J Agric Sci 1998; 4: 583-590.
46. Miteva E. Accumulation and effect of arsenic on tomatoes. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 2002; 33 :1917-1922.
47. Paivöke A. The long-term effects of lead and arsenate on the growth and development, chlorophyll content and nitrogen fixation of the garden pea. Ann Bot Fennici 1983; 20: 297-306.
48. Das HK, Roy SC. Metabolism of L-glutamic acid in plant mitochondria: II. Some characteristics of L-glutamic acid oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1962; 96: 445-454.
49. Lieberman M, Bialc JB. Cefaclor Requirements for Oxidation of Alpha-Keto Acids by Sweet Potato Mitochondria. Plant Physiol 1956; 31: 425-429.
50. Jha AB, Dubey RS. Arsenic exposure alters activity behaviour by key nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in growing rice. Plant Growth Regut 2004; 43: 259-268.
51. Jain M, Gadre R. Effect of As on chlorophyll and protein contents and enzyme activities in greening maize tissues. Water Air Soil Poltut 1997; 93: 109-115. (Pubitemid 27105096)
52. Srivastava S, Mishra S, Tripathi RD, Dwivedi S, Trivedi PK, Tandon PK. Phytochelatins and antioxidant systems resp.ond differentially during arsenite and arsenate stress in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41: 2930-2936. (Pubitemid 46626423)
53. Hartley-Whitaker J, Ainsworth G, Meharg AA. Copper-and arsenate-induced oxidative stress in Holcus lanatus L. clones with differential sensitivity. Plant Cell Environ 2001; 24: 713-722. (Pubitemid 32620793)
54. Abedin MJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. Uptake kinetics of arsenic sp.ecies in rice plants. Plant Physiol 2002; 128: 1120-1128. (Pubitemid 34243846)
55. Abedin MJ, Cresser MS, Meharg AA, Feldmann J, Cotter-Howells J. Arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36: 962-968. (Pubitemid 34245527)
56. Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Do phosp.horus nutrition and iron plaque alter arsenate (As) uptake by rice seedlings in hydroponic culture? New Phytol 2004; 162: 481-488. (Pubitemid 38503715)
57. Jha AB, Dubey RS. Carbohydrate metabolism in growing rice seedlings under arsenic toxicity. J Plant Physiol 2004; 161: 867-872. (Pubitemid 38947094)
58. Mishra S, Dubey RS. Inhibition of ribonuclease and protease activities in arsenic exposed rice seedlings: role of proline as enzyme protectant. J Plant Physiol 2006; 163: 927-936. (Pubitemid 44292938)
59. Williams PN, Price AH, Raab A, Hossain SA, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. Variation in arsenic sp.eciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39: 5531-5540. (Pubitemid 41098383)
60. Wang S, Mulligan CN, Natural attenuation processes for remediation of arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater. J Hazar Mat 2006; 138: 459-470. (Pubitemid 44679802)
61. Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I. Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mot Biol 1998; 49: 643-668.
62. Lasat MM. Phytoextraction of Toxic Metals: A Review of Biological Mechanisms. J Environ Quat 2002; 31:109-120. (Pubitemid 34106484)
63. Cunningham SD, Berti WR. Phytoextraction and phytostabilization: technical, economic, and regulatory considerations of the soil-lead issue. In: Terry N, Bafiuclos G, editors. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils and Waters. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. pp. 359-375.
64. Alkorta I, Hemandez-Allica J, Garibsu C. Plants against the global epidemic of arsenic poisoning. Environ Intl 2004; 30: 949-951. (Pubitemid 38771992)
65. Kramer U. Phytoremediation: novel approaches to cleaning up polluted soils. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 16: 133-141.
66. LeDuc DL, Terry N. Phytoremediation of toxic trace elements in soil and water. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 32: 514-520. (Pubitemid 41752133)
67. Meagher RB, Heaton AC. Strategies for the engineered phytoremediation of toxic element pollution: mercury and arsenic. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 32: 502-13. (Pubitemid 41752132)
68. Baker AJM, Brooks RR. Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements-a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery 1989; 1: 81-126.
69. Mkandawire M, Dudel EG. Accumulation of arsenic in Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) in tailing waters of two abandoned uranium mining sites in Saxony, Germany. Sci Total Environ 2005; 336: 81-89. (Pubitemid 39626819)
70. Robinson B, Kim N, Marchetti M, Moni C, Schroeter L, van den Dijssel C, Milne G, Clothier B. Arsenic hyperaccumulation by aquatic macrophytes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Environ Exp Bot 2006; 58: 206-215. (Pubitemid 44279864)
71. Gonzaga MIS, Santos JAG, MA LQ. Arsenic phytoextractlon and hyperaccumulation by fern sp.ecies. Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz 2006; 63: 90-101.
72. Ma LQ, Komar KM, Tu C, Zhang WH, Cai Y, Kennelley ED. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic - A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils. Nature 2001; 409: p. 579.
73. Zhao FJ, Dunham SJ, McGrath SP. Arsenic hyperaccumulation by different fern sp.ecies. New Phytol 2002;15:27-31.
74. Elless MP, Poynton CY, Willms CA, Doyle MP, Lopez AC, Sokkary DA, Ferguson BW, Blayiock MJ. Pilot-scale demonstration of phytofiltration for treatment of arsenic in New Mexico drinking water. Water Res 2005; 39:3863-3872. (Pubitemid 41323965)
75. Madeira PT, Jacono CC, Van TK. Monitoring Hydrilla using two RAPD procedures and the nonindigenous aquatic sp.ecies database. Aquat Plant Manage 2000; 38: 33-40.
76. Lee CK, Low KS, Hew NS. Accumulation of arsenic by aquatic plants. Sci Total Environ 1991; 103: 215-227.
77. Dwivedi S, Srivastava S, Mishra S, Dixit B, Kumar A, Tripathi RD. Screening of native plants and algae growing on fly-ash affected areas near National Thermal Power Corporation, Tanda, Uttar Pradesh, India for accumulation of toxic heavy metals J. Hazard Mater 2008; 158(2-3): 359-365.
78. Dushenkov WT, Bright DA, Reimer KJ. Arsenic bioaccumulation and toxicity in aquatic macrophytes exposed to gold-mine effluent: relationships with environmental partitioning, metal uptake and nutrients. Aqua Bot 1995; 50: 141-158.
79. Lancaster RJ, Coup MR, Hughes JW. Toxicity of arsenic present in lakeweed. New Zealand Vet J 1971; 19: 141-145.
80. Aggett J, Aspeil AC. Arsenic from geothermal sources. New Zealand Research and Development Committee Report 35, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 1978.
81. Reeves RD, Liddle JR. Disp.ersal of arsenic from geothermal sources of the central North Island. In: Baker MJ, editor, Trace Elements in the Eighties, Palmerston North: NZ Trace Element Group, 1986.
82. Robinson BI I, Brooks RR, Outred HA, Kirkman JH. The distribution and fate of arsenic in the Waikato river system, North island, New Zealand. Chem Spec Bioavailab 1995; 7: 89-96.
83. Robinson BH, Duwig C, Bolan NS, Kannathasan M, Saravanan A. Uptake of arsenic by NewZealand watercress (Lepidium sativum). Sci Total Environ 2003; 301: 67-73. (Pubitemid 35463216)
84. Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Trivedi PK. Thiol metabolism and antioxidant systems complement each other during arsenate detoxification in Ceratophyllum demersum L. Aqua Toxicol 2008; 86: 205-215.
85. Mkandawire M, Lyubun YV, Kosterin PV, Dudei EG. Toxicity of arsenic sp.ecies to Lemna gibba L. and the influence of phosp.hate on arsenic bioavailability Environ Toxicol 2004; 19: 26-34. (Pubitemid 38219827)
86. Hoifmann T, Kutter C, Santamaria JM. Capacity of Salvinia minima Baker to tolerate and accumulate As and Pb. Eng Life Set 2004; 4: 61-65. (Pubitemid 38444351)
87. Almela C, Laparra JM, Velcz D, Montoro R, Barbera' R, Farre' R. Arscnosugars in raw and cooked edible seaweeds: characterization and bioaccessibiiity, J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 7344-7351. (Pubitemid 41375356)
88. Nischwitz V, Pergantis SA. First report on the detection and quantification of arsenobetaine in extracts of marine algae using HPLC-ES-MS/MS. Analyst 2005; 130:1348-1350. (Pubitemid 41494241)
89. Morita M, Shibata Y. Chemical form of arsenic in marine macroalgae-rcview. Appl Organomet Chem 1990; 4:181-190.
90. Francesconi KA, Edmonds JS. Arsenic and marine organisms. Adv Inorg Chem 1997; 44: 147-189.
91. Ashcr CJ, Reay PF. Arsenic uptake by barley seedlings. Anst J Plant Physiol 1979; 6: 459-466.
92. Meharg AA, Macnair MR. Suppression of the high affinity ' phosp.hate uptake system: a mechanism of arsenate tolerance in Hoicus lanatus. J Exp Bot 1992; 43: 519-524.
93. Rosen BR Biochemistry of arsenic detoxification. FEES Lett 2002; 529: 86-92.
94. Meharg AA, Jardine L. Arsenite transp.ort into paddy rice (Oryza sativa) roots. New Phytol 2003; 157: 39-44. (Pubitemid 36128449)
95. Meharg AA. Arsenic in rice-understanding a new disaster for Southeast Asia. Trends Plant Sci 2004; 9: 415-417. (Pubitemid 39160936)
96. Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Fuhrmann M, Ma LQ, McGrath SR Arsenic distribution and sp.eciation in the fronds of the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytol 2002; 156: 195-203. (Pubitemid 35255157)
97. Wang J, Zhao FJ, Meharg AA, Raab A, Feldmann J, McGrath SR Mechanisms of arsenic hyper accumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake kinetics, interactions with phosp.hate, and arsenic sp.eciation. Plant Physiol 2002; 130: 1552-1561. (Pubitemid 35352978)
98. Ze-Chun H, Tong-Bin C, Lei M, Tian-Dou 11 Direct determination of arsenic sp.ecies in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata by EXAFS, Acta Bot Sin 2004; 46: 46-50. (Pubitemid 39174518)
99. Hokura A, Omuma R, Terada Y, Kitajima N, Abe T, Saito H, Yoshida S, Nakai I. Arsenic distribution and sp.eciation in an arsenic hyperaccumulator fern by X-ray sp.ectroscopy utilizing a synchrotron radiation source. J Anal At Spectrom 2006; 21: 321-328. (Pubitemid 43320670)
100. Pickering I J, Gumaelius L, I Iarris HH, Prince RC, Hirsch G, Banks JA, Salt DE, George GN. Localizing the biochemical transformations of arsenate in a hyper accumulating fern. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40: 5010-5014. (Pubitemid 44257466)
101. Wu JH, Zhang R, Liiley RM. Methylation of arsenic in vitro by cell extracts from bentgrass (Agrostistenuis): effect of acute exposure of plants to arsenate. Func Plant Biol 2002; 29: 73-80. (Pubitemid 34850270)
102. Zhao R, Zhao M, Wang H, Taneike Y, Zhang X. Arsenic sp.eciation in moso bomboo shoot - A terrestrial plant that contains organoarsenic sp.ecies. Sci Total Environ 2006; 371: 293-303. (Pubitemid 44666113)
103. Zhang WH, Cai Y, Tu C, Ma LQ. Arsenic sp.eciation and distribution in an arsenic hyper accumulating plant. Sci Total Environ 2002; 300: 167-177. (Pubitemid 35430177)
104. Zhao FJ, Wang JR, Barker JHA, Schat H, Bleeker PM, McGrath SR The role of phytochelatins in arsenic tolerance in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytol 2003; 159: 403-410. (Pubitemid 36900930)
105. Francesconi K, Visoottiviseth P, Sridokchan W, Goessier W. Arsenic sp.ecies in an arsenic hyper accumulating fern, Pityrogramma calomelanos: a potential phytorcmediator of arseaic-contaminated soils. Sci Total Environ 2002; 284: 27-35. (Pubitemid 34059268)
106. Shibata Y, Morita M. Characterization of organic arsenic compounds in bivalves. Appl Organomet Chem 1992; 6: 343-349.
107. Edmonds JS, Francesconi KA. Arseno-sugars from brown kelp (Eckonia radiata) as intermediates in cycling of arsenic in a marine ecosystem. Nature 1981; 289: 602-604.
108. Shibata Y, Morita M, Edmonds JS. Purification and identification of arsenic-containing ribofuranosides from the edible brown seaweed, Laminaria japonica Makonbu. Agric Biol Chem 1987; 51: 391-398.
109. Francesconi KA, Edmonds JS, StickRV, Skelton BW, White AH. Arsenic-containing ribosides from the brown alga Sargassum lacerifolium-X-my molecular-structure of 2-amino-3-[50-deoxy-50-(dimethylarsinoyl)-ribosyloxy] propane-l-sulfonic acid. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1991; 1: 707-2716.
110. Francesconi KA, Edmonds JS. Arsenic sp.ecies in marine samples. Croat Chem Acta 1998; 71: 343-359. (Pubitemid 128442513)
111. Larsen EH, Pritzl G, Hansen SH. Arsenic sp.eciation in seafood samples with emphasis on minor constituents: an investigation by high performance liquid chromatography with detection by inductively coupled plasma' mass sp.ectrometry J Anal Spectrom 1993; 8: 1075-1084.
112. Maeda S, Kusadome K, Arima H, Ohki A, Naka K. Biomethylation of arsenic and its excretion by the alga Chlorella vulgaris. Appl Organometal Chem 1992; 6:407-413.
113. Zheng J, Hintelmann H, Dimock B, Dzurko MS. Speciation of arsenic in water, sediment, and plants of the Moira watershed, Canada, using HPLC coupled to high resolution ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 377: 14-24. (Pubitemid 40877882)
114. Bowen HJM. Environmental chemistry of the elements. London: Academic Press, 1979.
115. Kuehnelt D, Lintschinger J, Goessler W. Arsenic compounds in terristrial organisms, iv Green plants and lichens from an old arsenic smaller site in Austria Appl Organomet Chem 2000; 14(8): p. 411-420.
116. Koch I, Wang L, Ollson CA, Culien WR, Reimer KJ. The predominance of inorganic arsenic sp.ecies in plants from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Environ Sci Technol 2000; 34: 22-26. (Pubitemid 30030725)
117. Onken BM, Hossner LR. Plant uptake and determination of arsenic sp.ecies in soil solution under flooded conditions. J Environ Qual 1995; 24: 373-381.
118. Schoof RA, Yost LJ, Eickhoff J, Crecelius EA, Cragin DW, Meacher DM, Menzel DB. A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 839-846 (Pubitemid 29472435)
119. Heitkemper DT, Vela NP, Stewart KR, Westphal CS. Determination of total and sp.eciated arsenic in rice by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass sp.ectrometry. J Anal Atomic Sped 2001; 16: 299-306. (Pubitemid 32366316)
120. Meharg AA, Rahman M. Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh paddy field soils: implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption. Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37: 229-234. (Pubitemid 36109766)
121. Islam MR, Jahiruddin M, Islam S. Assessment of arsenic. in the water-soil-plant systems in Gangetic flood plains of Bangladesh. Asian J Plant Sci 2004; 3: 489-493.
122. Juhasz AL, Smith E, Weber J, Rees M, Rofe A, Kuchel T, Sansom L, Naidu R. In vivo assessment of arsenic bioavailability in rice and its significance for human health risk assessment. Environ Health Persp.ec 2006; 114:1826-1831. (Pubitemid 44873680)
123. Armstrong W. Oxygen diffusion from the roots of some British bog plants. Nature 1964; 204: 801-802.
124. Armstrong W. The oxidising activity of roots in waterlogged soils. Physiol Plant 1967; 20: 920-926.
125. Chen CC, Dixon JB, Turner FT. Iron coatings on rice roots: morphology and models of development. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1980; 44: 1113-1119.
126. Taylor GJ, Crowder AA. Use of DCB technique for extraction of hydrous iron oxides from roots of wetland plants. Am J Bot 1983; 70: 1254-1257.
127. Taylor GJ, Crowder AA, Rodden R. Formation and morphology of an iron plaque on the roots of Typha latifolia L. grown in solution culture. Am J Bot 1984; 71 :666-675.
128. Hansel CM, La Force MJ, Fendorf S, Sutton S. Spatial and temporal association of As and Fe sp.ecies on aquatic plant roots. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36: 1988-1994. (Pubitemid 34454086)
129. Bacha RE, Hossner LR. Characteristics of coating formed on rice roots as affected by Fe and Mn additions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1977; 41: 931-935.
130. Hansel CM, Fendorf S, Sutton S, Newville M. Characterization of Fe plaque and associated metals on the roots of mine-waste impacted aquatic plants. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35: 3863-3868. (Pubitemid 32946046)
131. Belzile N, Tessier A. Interactions between arsenic and iron oxyhydroxides in lacustrine sediments. Geochimca et Cosmochimca Acta 1990; 54: 103-109.
132. Meng XG, Korfiatis GP, Bang S, Bang KW. Combined effects of anions on arsenic removal by iron hydroxides. Toxicol Lett 2002; 133: 103-111. (Pubitemid 34655548)
133. Otte ML, Dekkers MJ, Rozema J, Broekman RA, Uptake of arsenic by Aster tripolium in relation to rhizosp.here oxidation. Can J Bot 1991; 69: 2670-2677.
134. Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Do iron plaque and genotypes affect arsenate uptake and translocation by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture? J Exp Bot 2004; 55: 1707-1713. (Pubitemid 39059312)
135. Chen Z, Zhu YG, Liu WJ, Meharg AA. Direct evidence showing the effect of root surface iron plaque on arsenite and arsenate uptake into rice (Oryza sativa) roots. Sew Phytol 2005; 165: 91-97. (Pubitemid 40033169)
136. Bleeker FM, Hakvoort HWJ, Bliek M, Soucr K, Schat H. Enhanced arsenate reduction by a CDC25-iike tyrosine phosp.hatase explains increased phytochclatin accumulation in arsenate-tolerant Nolens lanatus. Plant J 2006; 45: 917-929. (Pubitemid 43344754)
137. Mittier R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 2002; 7: 405-410.
138. Dhankhcr OR Rosen BP, McKinney EC, Meagher RB. Hyper accumulation of arsenic in the shoots of Arabidopsis silenced for arsenate reductase (ACR2). Proc Sail Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 5413-5418.
139. Ellis DR, Gumaeiius L, Indriolo E, Pickering U, Banks J A, Salt DE. A novel arsenate reductase from the arsenic hyper accumulating fern Pteris vittata. Plant Physiol 2006; 141: 1544-1554. (Pubitemid 44223303)
140. Duan GL, Zhou Y, Tong YP, Mukhopadhyay R, Rosen BP, Zhu YG. A CDC25 homologue from rice functions as an arsenate reductase. New Phytol 2007; 174: 311-321. (Pubitemid 46457387)
141. Schat H, Llugany M, Vooijs R, Hartley-Whitoker J, Bleeker PM. The role of phytochelatins in constitutive and adaptive heavy metal tolerances in hyper accumulator and non-hyper accumulator mctallophytes. J Exp Bot 2002; 53: 2381-2392. (Pubitemid 35409485)
142. Hartley-Whitakcr J, Ainsworth G, Vooijs R, Ten Bookum WM, Schat H, Meharg AA. Phytochelatins are involved in differential arsenate tolerance in Holcus lanaius L. Plant Physiol 2001; 126: 299-306. (Pubitemid 32532883)
143. Bleeker PM, Schat H, Vooijs R, Verkieij JAC, Ernst WHO, Mechanisms of arsenate tolerance in Cytisus striatus. New Phytol 2003; 157: 33-38. (Pubitemid 36128448)
144. Cai Y, Su J, Ma LQ. Low molecular weight thiols in arsenic hyper accumulator Pteris vittata upon exposure to arsenic and other trace elements. Environ Pollut 2004; 129:69-78. (Pubitemid 38117365)
145. Cao X, Ma LQ, Tu, C. Antioxidative resp.onses to arsenic in the arsenic-hyper accumulator Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.). Environ Pollut 2004; 128: 317-325. (Pubitemid 38064180)
146. Pickering U, Prince RC, George MJ, Smith RD, George GN, Salt DE. Reduction and coordination of arsenic in Indian Mustard. Plant Physiol 2000; 122: 1171-1177. (Pubitemid 30221396)
147. Schmöger MEV, Oven M, Grill E. Detoxification of arsenic by phytochelatins in plants. Plant Physiol 2000; 122: 793-801.
148. Montcs-Bayón M, Meija J. LeDuc DL, Terry N, Caruso JA, Sanz-Medel A. HPLC-ICP-MS and ESI-QlTOF analysts of biomolcculcs induced in Brassicajuncea during arsenic accumulation. J Anal At Spectrom 2004; 19; 153-158.
149. Raab A, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. The nature of arsenicphytochelatin complexes in Holcus lanatus and Pteris cretica. Plant Physiol 2004; 134: 1113-1122. (Pubitemid 38398259)
150. Raab A, Schat H, Meharg AA, Feldmann J. Uptake, translocation and transformation of arsenate and arsenite in. sunflower (Helianthus annuus) formation of arsenicphytochclatin complexes during to high arsenic concentrations. Sew Phytol 2005; 168: 553-558.
151. Elstner EF. Mechanisms of oxygen activation in different compartments of plant cells. In: Pell EJ, Steffen KL, editors. Active oxygen/oxidutivc stress and plant metabolism, Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1991. pp. 13-25.
152. Elstner EF, Wagner OA, Schütz W. Activated oxygen in green plants in relation to stress situation. Curr Top Plant Biochem Physiol 1988; 7: 159-187.
153. Mylona PV, Poiidoros AN, Scandalios JG. Modulation of antioxidant resp.onses by arsenic in maize. Free Had Biol Med 1998; 25: 576-585. (Pubitemid 28390314)
154. Li Y, Dhankhcr OP, Carreira L, Lee D, Chen A, Schroeder JI, Balish RS, Meagher RB. Overex pression of phytochelatin synthase in Arahidopsis leads to enhanced arsenic tolerance and cadmium hypersensitivity, Plant Cell Physiol 2004; 45: 1787-1797.
155. Pieauit N, Cazalc AC, Beyly A, Cuinc S, Carrier R Luu DT, Foresticr C, Peltier G. Chloroplast targeting of phytochelatin synthase in Arabidopsis: effects on heavy metal tolerance and accumulation. Biochimie 2006; 88: 1743-1750. (Pubitemid 44781268)
156. Duan GL, Zhu YG, Tong YP, Cai C, Kneer R. Characterization of arsenate reductase in the extract of roots and fronds of Chinese brake fern, an arsenic hyper accumulator. Plant Physiol 2005; 138: 461-469. (Pubitemid 43138144)
157. Ghosh M, Shen J Rosen BR Pathway of As(III) detoxification in Sachharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 5001-5006. (Pubitemid 29214525)
158. NBRI (National Botanical Resaerch Institute, Lucknow) Annual Report, 2006-2007.