Targeting NCA-95 and other granulocyte antigens and receptors with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)

Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 582-598

  Meller, J ^a   Liersch, T ^a   Oezerden, M M ^a   Sahlmann, C O ^a   Meller, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antibodies, monoclonal; Diagnostic imaging; Infection

Indexed keywords

BESILESOMAB; BW 250 183; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN RELATED CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 6; CD15 ANTIGEN; CD66B ANTIGEN; CELL RECEPTOR; CROSS REACTING ANTIGEN; DRUG ANTIBODY; FANOLESOMAB TC 99M; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; HUMAN ANTIMOUSE ANTIBODY; HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN TC 99M; LEU TECH; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; MEDRONATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NCA 90 ANTIGEN; NCA 95 ANTIGEN; SULESOMAB TC 99M; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE APPENDICITIS; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BINDING AFFINITY; BONE INFECTION; BONE SCINTISCANNING; CELL LABELING; CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIABETIC FOOT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DRUG BINDING SITE; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXTRAVASATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; ENTERITIS; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; GRANULOCYTE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHY; IN VIVO STUDY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DEGENERATION; ISOTOPE LABELING; LEUKOCYTE; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEITIS; OSTEOMYELITIS; PLASMA CONCENTRATION-TIME CURVE; PROSTHESIS INFECTION; PYREXIA IDIOPATHICA; RADIOACTIVITY; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEPSIS; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIGENS, CD; ANTIGENS, DIFFERENTIATION; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; CELL TRACKING; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GPI-LINKED PROTEINS; GRANULOCYTES; HUMANS; ISOTOPE LABELING; RADIOISOTOPES; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE;

EID: 79953074276     PISSN: 18244785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Joseph K, Höffken H, Damann V. In vitro-Markierung von Granulozyten mit 99-Tc-markierten monoklonalen Antikörpern: erste klinische Ergebnisse. Nuc Compact 1987;18: 223-229.
2. Locher JT, Seybold K, Andres RY, Schubiger PA, Mach JP, Buchegger F. Imaging of inflammatory and infectious lesions after injection of radioiodinated monoclonal antigranulocyte antibodies. Nucl Med Commun 1986;7:659-70.
3. Becker W, Goldenberg DM, Wolf F. The use of monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments in the imaging of infectious lesions. Semin Nucl Med 1994;24:142-53.
4. Becker W, Palestro CJ, Winship J, Feld T, Pinsky CM, Wolf F et al. Rapid imaging of infections with a monoclonal antibody fragment (LeukoScan). Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996;329:263-72. (Pubitemid 26274680)
5. Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Henneman P, Butler J, Sinow R, Diggles L et al. Imaging inflammatory diseases with neutrophilspecific technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody anti-SSEA-1. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1789-95.
6. Stürmer KM, Becker W. Intraindividual comparison of 99mTc-labelled anti-SSEA-1 antigranulocyte antibody and 99mTc-HM-PAO labelled white blood cells for the imaging of infection. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:386-93. (Pubitemid 28211602)
7. Mozley PD, Stubbs JB, Dresel SH, Barraclough ED, Smith T, Patel M et al. Radiation dosimetry of a 99mTclabeled IgM murine antibody to CD15 antigens on human granulocytes. J Nucl Med 1999;40:625-30. (Pubitemid 29171804)
8. Mozley PD, Thakur ML, Alavi A, Smith T, Barraclough ED, Wilding P et al. Effects of a 99mTc-labeled murine immunoglobulin M antibody to CD15 antigens on human granulocyte membranes in healthy volunteers. J Nucl Med 1999;40:2107-14. (Pubitemid 30022029)
9. Kuroki M, Matsuo Y, Kinugasa T, Matsuoka Y. Three different NCA species, CGM6/CD67, NCA-95, and NCA-90 are comprised in the major 90 to 100 kDa band of granulocyte NCA detectable upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;182:501-6.
10. Kuijpers TW, van der Schoot CE, Hoogerwerf M, Roos D. Cross-linking of the carcinoembryonic antigen-like glycoproteins CD66 and CD67 induces neutrophil aggregation. J Immunol 1993;151:4934-40. (Pubitemid 23318547)
11. Ducker TP and Skubitz KM Subcellular localization of CD66, CD67, and NCA in human neutrophils. J Leukocyte Biol 1993;52,1:11-6.
12. Becker W, Horst U, Fischbach W, Pasurka B, Schäfer R, Börner W. Kinetic data of in-vivo labeled granulocytes in humans with murine Tc-99m labeled monoclonal antibody. Eur J Nucl Med 1989;15:3616-6.
13. Becker W. The contribution of nuclear medicine to the patient with infection. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22:1195-211.
14. Seybold K, Trinkler M, Frey LD, Locher J. Th:antigenicity of antigranulocytes antibodies assessed by hama follow-up in patients undergoing immunoscintigraphy of infections. Eur J Nucl Med 1993;20:940(Abs.)
15. Schorlemmer HU. Inhibition of functions related to human granulocytes by specific murine monoclonal antibodies;in: Becker W, Wolf F:Immunszintigraphie von Blutzellen. Nucl Med 1989;28:148-59.
16. Thakur ML, Lee J, DeGulvio J, Richard MD, Park CH. Human neutrophils:evaluation of adherence, chemotaxis and phagocytosis, following interaction with radiolabeled antibodys. Nucl Med Commun 1990;11:37-43. (Pubitemid 20094939)
17. Skehan SJ, White JF, Evans JW, Parry-Jones DR, Solanki CK, Ballinger JR et al. Mechanism of accumulation of 99mTc-sulesomab in inflammation. J Nucl Med 2003;44:11-8. (Pubitemid 36077706)
18. Becker W, Bair J, Behr T, Repp R, Streckenbach H, Beck H et al. Detection of soft-tissue infections and osteomyelitis using a technetium-99m-labeled anti-granulocyte monoclonal antibody fragment. J Nucl Med 1994;35:1436-43. (Pubitemid 24280448)
19. RubelloD, Casara D, Maran A, Avogaro A, Tiengo A, Muzzio PC. Role of anti-granulocyte Fab′ fragment antibody scintigraphy (LeukoScan) in evaluating bone infection:acquisition protocol, interpretation criteria and clinical results. Nucl Med Commun 2004;25:39-47. (Pubitemid 38183949)
20. Rubello D, Rampin L, Banti E, Grassetto G, Massaro A, Cittadin S et al. Antigranulocyte scintigraphy in infected hip prosthesis:the diagnostic importance of delayed 20-24-h imaging and semiquantitative analysis. Nucl Med Commun 2008;29:994-8.
21. Kerr MA, Stocks SC (November). The role of CD15-(Le(X))-related carbohydrates in neutrophil adhesion. Histochem J 1992;24:811-26.
22. Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Kipper SL, Ahdoot R, Diggles L, Pham HL et al. Imaging infection with Leu- Tech®. Nucl Med Commun 2001;22:513-9.
23. Love C, Palestro CJ. 99mTc-Fanolesomab. IDrugs 2003;6:1079-85.
24. Weiner RE, Thakur ML. Imaging infection/inflammations. Q J Nucl Med 1999;43:2-8.
25. Gratz S, Behr T, Herrmann A, Dresing K, Tarditi L, Franceschini R et al. Intraindividual comparison of 99mTc-labelled anti-SSEA-1 antigranulocyte antibody and 99mTc-HMPAO labelled white blood cells for the imaging of infection. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:386-93. (Pubitemid 28211602)
26. Palestro CJ. In vivo leukocyte labeling: the quest continues. J Nucl Med 2007;48:333-4.
27. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. N Eng J Med 1997;14:999-1007.
28. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. Lancet 2004;24-30;364:369-79.
29. Waldvogel FA, Medoff G, Swartz MN. Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical Features, therapeutic Considerations and unusual Aspects. N Eng J Med 1970;282:316-22.
30. Waldvogel FA, Vasey H. Osteomyelitis: the past decade. N Eng J Med1980;303 (7):360-71.
31. Mader JT, Shirtliff M, Calhoun JH. Staging and staging application in osteomyelitis. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1303-9.
32. Becker W. Imaging osteomyelitis and the diabetic foot. Q J Nucl Med 1999;43:9-20. (Pubitemid 29183009)
33. Schauwecker DS. The scintigraphic diagnosis of osteomyelitis AJR 1992;158:9-18.
34. Pakos EE, Koumoulis HD, Fotopoulos AD, Ioannidis JP. Osteomyelitis: antigranulocyte scintigraphy with 99mTC radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis - meta-analysis. Radiology 2007;245:732-41. (Pubitemid 350127343)
35. Horger M, Eschmann SM, Pfannenberg C, Storek D, Dammann F, Vonthein R et al. The value of SPET/CT in chronic osteomyelitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:1665-73. (Pubitemid 38017435)
36. Palestro CJ, Kipper SL, Weiland FL, Love C, Tomas MB. Osteomyelitis:diagnosis with (99m)Tc-labeled antigranulocyte antibodies compared with diagnosis with (111)In-labeled leukocytes - initial experience. Radiology 2002;223:758-64.
37. Reuland P, Winker KH, Heuchert T, Ruck P, Müller-Schauenburg W, Weller S et al. Detection of Infection in Postoperative Orthopedic Patients with Technetium-99m-Labeled Monoclonal Antibodies against Granulocytes. J Nucl Med 1991;32:2209-14.
38. Gratz S, Braun HG, Behr TM, Meller J, Herrmann A, Conrad M et al. Photopenia in chronic vertebral osteomyelitis with technetium-99m- antigranulocyte antibody (BW 250/183). J Nucl Med 1997;38:211-6. (Pubitemid 27061596)
39. Meller J, Ivancevic V, Conrad M, Gratz S, Munz DL, Becker W. Clinical value of immunoscintigraphy in patients with fever of unknown origin. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1248-53. (Pubitemid 28326160)
40. Meller J, Sahlmann CO, Liersch T, Tang HP, Alavi A. Nonprostesis ortopedic applications of 18F fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET in the detection of osteomyelitis. PET Clin 2006;1:107-21.
41. Von RothenburgT, Schaffstein J, Ludwig J, Vehling D, Koster O, Schmid G. Imaging osteomyelitis with Tc-99m-labeled antigranulocyte antibody Fab′ fragments. Clin Nucl Med 2003;28:643-7. (Pubitemid 38281892)
42. Kaim A, Ledermann HP, Bongartz G, Messmer P, Muller-Brand J, Steinbrich W. Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower extremity:comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and combined bone scintigraphy/immunoscintigraphy with radiolabeled monoclonal antigranulocyte antibodies. Skeletal Radiol 2000;29:378-86.
43. EMEA/743339/2009:Procedure No. EMEA/H/C/001045. European Medicines Agency. Assessment report for Scintimun (International Nonproprietary Name:besilesomab). 2009; Doc. Ref.
44. Guhlmann A, Brecht-Krauss D, Suger G, Glatting G, Kotzerke J, Kinzl L et al. Fluorine-18-FDG PET and technetium-99m antigranulocyte antibody scintigraphy in chronic osteomyelitis. J Nucl Med 1998;39:2145-52.
45. DevillersA, Garin E, Polard JL, Poirier JY, Arvieux C, Girault S et al. Comparison of Tc-99m-labelled antileukocyte fragment Fab′ and Tc-99m-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone and joint infections:a prospective study. Nucl Med Commun 2000;21:747-53.
46. Dominguez-GadeaL, Martin-Curto LM, de la Calle H, Crespo A. Diabetic foot infections:scintigraphic evaluation with 99Tcm-labelled anti-granulocyte antibodies. Nucl Med Commun 1993;14:212-8.
47. HarwoodSJ, Valdivia S, Hung GL, Quenzer RW. Use of Sulesomab, a radiolabeled antibody fragment, to detect osteomyelitis in diabetic patients with foot ulcers by leukoscintigraphy. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1200-5.
48. Delcourt A, Huglo D, Prangere T, Benticha H, Devemy F, Tsirtsikoulou D et al. Comparison between Leukoscan (Sulesomab) and Gallium-67 for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab 2005;31:125-33.
49. Palestro CJ, Love C. Nuclear medicine and diabetic foot infections. Semin Nucl Med 2009;39:52-65.
50. Della Valle CJ, Bogner E, Desai P. Analysis of frozen sections of intraoperative specimens obtained at the time of reoperation after hip or knee resection arthroplasty for the treatment of infection. J Bone Joint Surg 1999;81:684-9.
51. Fitzgerald RH, Nolan DR, Ilstrup DM, Van Scoy RE, Washington JA 2nd, Coventry MB. Deep wound sepsis followingtotal hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59:847-55.
52. Morawietz L, Tiddens O, Mueller M, Tohtz S, Gansukh T, Schroeder JH et al. Twenty-three neutrophil granulocytes in 10 high-power fields is the best histopathological threshold to differentiate between aseptic and septic endoprosthesis loosening. Histopathology 2009;54:847-53.
53. Palestro CJ, Kim CK, Swyer AJ, Capozzi JD, Solomon RW, Goldsmith SJ. Total hip arthroplasty:periprosthetic indium-111-labeled leukocyte activity and complementary technetium-99m-sulfur colloid imaging in suspected infection. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1950-5.
54. Palestro CJ, Swyer AJ, Kim CK, Goldsmith SJ. Infected knee prostheses:diagnosis with In-111 leukocyte, Tc-99m sulfur colloid, and Tc-99m MDP imaging. Radiology 1991;179:645-8.
55. Pakos EE, Trikalinos TA, Fotopoulos AD, Ioannidis JP. Prosthesis infection:diagnosis after total joint arthroplasty with antigranulocyte scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibodies - a meta-analysis. Radiology 2007;242:101-8.
56. Sciuk J, Puskás C, Greitemann B, Schober O. White blood cell scintigraphy with monoclonal antibodies in the study of the infected endoprosthesis. Eur J Nucl Med 1992;19:497-502.
57. Boubaker A, Bischof Delaloye A, Blanc CH, Dutoit M, Leyvraz PF, Delaloye B. Immunoscintigraphy with antigranulocyte monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of septic loosening of hip prosthesis. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22:139-47.
58. Klett R, Steiner D, Puille M, Khalisi A, Matter HP, Stürz H et al. Antigranulocyte scintigraphy of septic loosening of hip endoprosthesis:effect of different methods of analysis] Nuklearmedizin 2001;40:75-90.
59. Klett R, Kordelle J, Stahl U, Khalisi A, Puille M, Steiner D et al. Immunoscintigraphy of septic loosening of knee endoprosthesis:a retrospective evaluation of the antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:1463-6.
60. Graute V, Feist M, Lehner S, Haug A, Müller PE, Bartenstein P et al. Detection of low-grade prosthetic joint infections using (99m)Tc- antigranulocyte SPECT/CT:initial clinical results. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010 [Epub ahead of print].
61. Hakki S, Harwood SJ, Morrissey MA, Camblin JG, Laven DL, Webster WB. Comparative study of monoclonal antibody scan in diagnosing orthopaedic infection. Clin Orthop Rel Research 1997;335:275-85.
62. Pakos EE, Fotopoulos AD, Stafilas KS, Gavriilidis I, Al Boukarali G, Tsiouris S et al. Use of (99m)Tc-sulesomab for the diagnosis of prosthesis infection after total joint arthroplasty. J Int Med Res 2007;35:474-81.
63. Gratz S, Behr TM, Reize P, Pfestroff A, Kampen WU, Hoffken H. (99m)Tc-Fab′ fragments (sulesomab) for imaging septically loosened total knee arthroplasty. J Int Med Res 2009;37:54-67.
64. Ivancevic V, Perka C, Hasart O, Sandrock D, Munz DL. Imaging of low-grade bone infection with a technetium-99m labelled monoclonal anti-NCA-90 Fab′fragment in patients with previous joint surgery. Eur J Nucl Med 2002;29:547-51.
65. Petersdorf RG, Beeson PB. Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases. Medicine 1961;40:1-30.
66. Durack DT, Street AC. Fever of unknown origin-reexamined and redefined. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1991;11:35-51.
67. Meller J, Sahlmann CO, Gürocak O, Liersch T, Meller B. FDG-PET in patients with fever of unknown origin: the importance of diagnosing large vessel vasculitis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;53:51-63.
68. De Kleijn EM, Vandenbroucke JP, van der Meer JW. Fever of unknown origin (FUO). I. A prospective multicenter study of 167 patients with FUO, using fixed epidemiologic entry criteria. The Netherlands FUO Study Group. Medicine [Baltimore] 1997;76:392-400.
69. Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Adriaenssens T, Demey W, Durnez A, Blockmans D et al. From prolonged febrile illness to fever of unknown origin:the challenge continues. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1033-41.
70. Meller J, Sahlmann CO, Scheel AK. 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT in fever of unknown origin. J Nucl Med 2007;48:35-45.
71. Becker W, Dölkemeyer U, Gramatzki et al. Use of immunoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Eur J Nucl Med 1993;20:1078-83.
72. Maugeri D, Santangelo A, Abbate S, Rizza I, Calanna A, Lentini A et al. A new method for diagnosing fever of unknown origin (FUO) due to infection of muscular-skeletal system in elderly people:leukoscan Tc-99m labelled scintigraphy.. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2001;5:123-6.
73. Gratz S, Behr TM, Herrmann A, Meller J, Conrad M, Zappel H et al. Immunoscintigraphy (BW 250/183) in neonates and infants with fever of unknown origin. Nucl Med Commun 1998;19:1037-45.
74. Becker W, Meller J. The role of nuclear medicine in infection and inflammation. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2001;1:326-33.
75. Meller J, Becker W. Nuclear medicine in fever of unknown origin. Nuklearmedizin 2001;40:59-70.
76. Beynon RP, Bahl VK, Prendergast BD. Infective endocarditis. BMJ 2006;333:334-9.
77. Vongpatanasin W, Hillis LD, Lange RA. Prosthetic heart valves. N Engl J Med 1996;335:407-16.
78. Haldar SM, O'Gara PT. Infective endocarditis:diagnosis and management. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006;3:310-7.
79. Smyllie JH, Sutherland GR, Roelandt J. The changing role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol 1989;23:291-301.
80. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1318-30.
81. Munz DL, Morguet AJ, Sandrock D, Heim A, Sold G, Figulla HR et al. Radioimmunoimaging of subacute infective endocarditis using a Technetium-99m monoclonal granulocyte-specific antibody. Eur J Nucl Med 1991;18:977-80.
82. Morguet AJ, Munz DL, Ivancevic V, Werner GS, Sandrock D, Bökemeier M et al. Immunoscintigraphy using Technetium-99m-labelled anti-NCA-95 antigranulocyte antibodies as an adjunct to echocardiography in subacute infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1171-8.
83. Morguet AJ, Munz DL, Ivancevic V, Werner GS, Kreuzer H. Clinical value of radioimaging using the murine monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183 in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1995;120:861-6.
84. Gratz S, Raddatz D, Hagenah G, Behr T, Béhé M, Becker W. 99mTC-labelled antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody FAB' fragments versus echocardiography in the diagnosis of subacute infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2000;75:75-84.
85. Tesche S, Meller B, Siefker U, Hamann A, Sahlmann CO, Meller J Nuklearmedizinische Entzündungsdiagnostik: Seltene und spezielle Indikationen. Nuklearmediziner 2007;30:140-54.
86. Lorentzen JE, Nielsen OM, Arendrup H, Kimose HH, Bille S, Andersen J et al. Vascular graft infection:an analysis of 62 graft infections in 2411 consecutively implanted synthetic vascular grafts. Surgery 1985;98:81-6.
87. Calligaro KD, Veith FJ. Diagnosis and management of infected prosthetic aortic grafts. Surgery 1991;110:805-13.
88. Seeger JM. Management of patients with prosthetic vascular graft infection. Am Surg 2000;66:166-77.
89. Spartera C, Morettini G, Petrassi C, Marino G, Minuti U, Pavone P et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of aortic graft healing, perigraft fluid collection, and graft infection. Eur J Vasc Surg 1990;4:69-73.
90. Hansen ME, Yucel EK, Waltman AC. STIR imaging of synthetic vascular graft infection. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993;16:30-36.
91. Low RN, Wall SD, Jeffrey RB Jr, Sollitto RA, Reilly LM, Tierney LM Jr. Aortoenteric fistula and perigraft infection:evaluation with CT. Radiology 1990;175:157-62.
92. Krznaric E, Nevelsteen A, van Hoe L, de Roo M, Schiepers C, Verbruggen A, Mortelmans L. Diagnostic value of 99Tcm-d,l-HMPAO-labelled leukocyte scintigraphy in the detection of vascular graft infections. Nucl Med Commun 1994;15:953-60.
93. Fiorani P, Speziale F, Rizzo L, De Santis F, Massimi GJ, Taurino M et al. Detection of aortic graft infection with leukocytes labeled with technetium 99m-hexametazime. J Vasc Surg 1993;17:87-95.
94. Liberatore M, Iurilli AP, Ponzo F, Prosperi D, Santini C, Baiocchi P et al. Clinical usefulness of technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scan in prosthetic vascular graft infection. J Nucl Med 1998;39:875-9.
95. Annovazzi A, Bagni B, Burroni L, D'Alessandria C, Signore A. Nuclear medicine imaging of inflammatory/infective disorders of the abdomen. Nucl Med Commun 2005;26:657-64.
96. Keidar Z, Nitecki S. FDG-PET for the detection of infected vascular grafts. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;53:35-40.
97. Cordes M, Hepp W, Langer R, Pannhorst J, Hierholzer J, Felix R. Vascular graft infection, detection by 1231-labeled antigranulocyte antibody (anti-NCA95) scintigraphy. Nuklearmedizin 1991;30:173-7.
98. Cordes M, Hepp W, Barzen G, Langer R. Diagnostic evaluation of radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) with use of iodine 123-labeled antibodies against human granulocytes (1231-anti-NCA95) for the detection of prosthetic vascular graft infection. J Vasc Surg 1991;14:703-4.
99. Becker W, Fischbach W, Reiners C, Börner W Three phase white blood cell scan:diagnostic validity in abdominal inflammatory diseases. J Nucl Med 1986;27:1109-115.
100. Ivancevic V, Wolter A, Munz DL. Nonspecific bowel activity in imaging inflammation with Tc-99m labelled monoclonal anti-NCA-90 Fab' fragment MN3.Nuklearmedizin 2001;40:71-4.
101. Györke T, Duffek L, Bártfai K, Makó E, Karlinger K, Mester A et al. The role of nuclear medicine in inflammatory bowel disease. A review with experiences of aspecific bowel activity using immunoscintigraphy with 99mTc anti granulocyte antibodies. Eur J Radiol 2000;35:183-92.
102. Segarra I, Roca M, Baliellas C, Vilar L, Ricart Y, Mora J et al. Granulocyte-specific monoclonal antibody technetium-99m-BW 250/183 and indium-111 oxine-labeled leucocyte scintigraphy in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Nucl Med 1991;18:715-9.
103. Papos M, Nagy F, Narai G, Rajtar M, Szantai G, Lang J et al. Anti-granulocyte immunoscintigraphy and [99mTc]hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxime- labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:412-20.
104. Stokkel MP, Reigman HE, Pauwels EK. Scintigraphic head-to-head comparison between 99mTc-WBCs and 99mTc-LeukoScan in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel diseases pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:251-4.
105. Kapsoritakis AN, Koutroubakis IE, Kouroumalis EA, Koukouraki SI, Karkavitsas N. (99m)Tc-Leucoscan in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1098.
106. Kerry JE, Marshall C, Griffiths PA, James MW, Scott BB. Comparison between Tc-HMPAO labelled white cells and Tc LeukoScan in the investigation of inflammatory bowel disease. Nucl Med Commun 2005;26:245-51.
107. Bruno I, Martelossi S, Geatti O, Maggiore G, Guastalla P, Povolato M et al. Antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody immunoscintigraphy in inflammatory bowel disease in children and young adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2002;91:1050-5.
108. Charron M, Di Lorenzo C, Kocoshis SA, Hickeson MP, Orenstein SR, Goyal A et al. (99m)Tc antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody imaging for the detection and assessment of inflammatory bowel disease newly diagnosed by colonoscopy in children. Pediatr Radiol 2001;31:796-800.
109. McBride WJ, Zanzonico P, Sharkey RM, Norén C, Karacay H, Rossi EA et al. Bispecific antibody pretargeting PET (immunoPET) with an 124I-labeled hapten-peptide. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1678-1688.