Evidence on the neural crest origin of PEComas

Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 7-13

  Fernandez Flores, A ^a  

^a HOSPITAL EL BIERZO   (Spain)

Author keywords

"sugar"; Angiomyolipoma; Neural crest; PEComa; Perivascular epithelioid cell; Perivascular migration; Tumor

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NEURAL CREST; PATHOLOGY; PERIVASCULAR EPITHELIOID CELL TUMOR; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NEURAL CREST; PERIVASCULAR EPITHELIOID CELL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 79953044885     PISSN: 12200522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Bonetti F, Martignoni G, Colato C, Manfrin E, Gambacorta M, Faleri M, Bacchi C, Sin VC, Wong NL, Coady M, Chan JK, Abdominopelvic sarcoma of perivascular epithelioid cells. Report of four cases in young women, one with tuberous sclerosis, Mod Pathol, 2001, 14(6):563-568.
2. Folpe AL, McKenney JK, Li Z, Smith SJ, Weiss SW, Clear cell myomelanocytic tumor of the thigh: report of a unique case, Am J Surg Pathol, 2002, 26(6):809-812.
3. de Saint Aubain Somerhausen N, Gomez Galdon M, Bouffioux B, Courtin C, Theunis A, Vogeleer MN, Myant N, Clear cell 'sugar' tumor (PEComa) of the skin: a case report, J Cutan Pathol, 2005, 32(6):441-444.
4. Hornick JL, Fletcher CD, PEComa: what do we know so far? Histopathology, 2006, 48(1):75-82.
5. Stone CH, Lee MW, Amin MB, Yaziji H, Gown AM, Ro JY, Têtu B, Paraf F, Zarbo RJ, Renal angiomyolipoma: further immunophenotypic characterization of an expanding morphologic spectrum, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2001, 125(6):751-758.
6. Martignoni G, Pea M, Reghellin D, Zamboni G, Bonetti F, PEComas: the past, the present and the future, Virchows Arch, 2008, 452(2):119-132.
7. Pisharody U, Craver RD, Brown RF, Gardner R, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Metastatic perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the colon in a child, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2008, 46(5):598-601.
8. Kim WJ, Kim SR, Choe YH, Lee KY, Park SJ, Lee HB, Chung MJ, Jin GY, Lee YC, Clear cell sugar tumor of the lung: a well-enhanced mass with an early washout pattern on dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography, J Korean Med Sci, 2008, 23(6):1121-1124.
9. Nakanishi K, Kawai T, Suzuki M, Benign clear cell tumor of the lung. A histopathologic study, Acta Pathol Jpn, 1988, 38(4):515-522.
10. Panizo-Santos A, Sola I, de Alava E, Lozano MD, Idoate MA, Pardo FJ, Angiomyolipoma and PEComa are immunoreactive for MyoD1 in cell cytoplasmic staining pattern, Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol, 2003, 11(2):156-160.
11. Etchevers HC, Vincent C, Le Douarin NM, Couly GF, The cephalic neural crest provides pericytes and smooth muscle cells to all blood vessels of the face and forebrain, Development, 2001, 128(7):1059-1068.
12. Skelton HG, Smith KJ, Hitchcock CL, McCarthy WF, Lupton GP, Graham JH, Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of clinical, histologic, and immunohistologic features of 132 cases with relation to survival, J Am Acad Dermatol, 1997, 37(5 Pt 1):734-739.
13. Martins-Green M, Erickson CA, Basal lamina is not a barrier to neural crest cell emigration: documentation by TEM and by immunofluorescent and immunogold labelling, Development, 1987, 101(3):517-533.
14. Bronner-Fraser M, Neural crest cell formation and migration in the developing embryo, FASEB J, 1994, 8(10):699-706.
15. Le Douarin NM, The avian embryo as a model to study the development of the neural crest: a long and still ongoing story, Mech Dev, 2004, 121(9):1089-1102.
16. Dupin E, Le Douarin NM, Development of melanocyte precursors from the vertebrate neural crest, Oncogene, 2003, 22(20):3016-3023.
17. Pea M, Bonetti F, Zamboni G, Martignoni G, Riva M, Colombari R, Mombello A, Bonzanini M, Scarpa A, Ghimenton C et al., Melanocyte-marker-HMB-45 is regularly expressed in angiomyolipoma of the kidney, Pathology, 1991, 23(3):185-188.
18. Pea M, Bonetti F, Zamboni G, Martignoni G, Fiore-Donati L, Doglioni C, Clear cell tumor and angiomyolipoma, Am J Surg Pathol, 1991, 15(2):199-202.
19. Weeks DA, Malott RL, Arnesen M, Zuppan C, Aitken D, Mierau G, Hepatic angiomyolipoma with striated granules and positivity with melanoma-specific antibody (HMB-45): a report of two cases, Ultrastruct Pathol, 1991, 15(4-5):563-571.
20. Bonetti F, Pea M, Martignoni G, Zamboni G, Iuzzolino P, Cellular heterogeneity in lymphangiomyomatosis of the lung, Hum Pathol, 1991, 22(7):727-728.
21. Gaffey MJ, Mills SE, Zarbo RJ, Weiss LM, Gown AM, Clear cell tumor of the lung. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evidence of melanogenesis, Am J Surg Pathol, 1991, 15(7):644-653.
22. Gal AA, Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Chejfec G, An immunohistochemical study of benign clear cell ('sugar') tumor of the lung, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1991, 115(10):1034-1038.
23. Unger PD, Hoffman K, Thung SN, Pertsemlides D, Wolfe D, Kaneko M, HMB-45 reactivity in adrenal pheochromocytomas, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1992, 116(2):151-153.
24. Abe K, Therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors and neural stem cells against ischemic brain injury, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2000, 20(10):1393-1408.
25. Dundr P, Povýsil C, Tvrdík D, Actin expression in neural crest cell-derived tumors including schwannomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, neurofibromas and melanocytic tumors, Pathol Int, 2009, 59(2):86-90.
26. Banerjee SS, Bishop PW, Nicholson CM, Eyden BP, Malignant melanoma showing smooth muscle differentiation, J Clin Pathol, 1996, 49(11):950-951.
27. Shah NM, Groves AK, Anderson DJ, Alternative neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by TGFbeta superfamily members, Cell, 1996, 85(3):331-343.
28. Boot MJ, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Poelmann RE, Van Iperen L, Lindemans J, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Folic acid and homocysteine affect neural crest and neuroepithelial cell outgrowth and differentiation in vitro, Dev Dyn, 2003, 227(2):301-308.
29. Jain MK, Layne MD, Watanabe M, Chin MT, Feinberg MW, Sibinga NE, Hsieh CM, Yet SF, Stemple DL, Lee ME, In vitro system for differentiating pluripotent neural crest cells into smooth muscle cells, J Biol Chem, 1998, 273(11):5993-5996.
30. Wong CE, Paratore C, Dours-Zimmermann MT, Rochat A, Pietri T, Suter U, Zimmermann DR, Dufour S, Thiery JP, Meijer D, Beermann F, Barrandon Y, Sommer L, Neural crest-derived cells with stem cell features can be traced back to multiple lineages in the adult skin, J Cell Biol, 2006, 175(6):1005-1015.
31. Toma JG, McKenzie IA, Bagli D, Miller FD, Isolation and characterization of multipotent skin-derived precursors from human skin, Stem Cells, 2005, 23(6):727-737.
32. Billon N, Iannarelli P, Monteiro MC, Glavieux-Pardanaud C, Richardson WD, Kessaris N, Dani C, Dupin E, The generation of adipocytes by the neural crest, Development, 2007, 134(12):2283-2292.
33. Le Lièvre CS, Le Douarin NM, Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos, J Embryol Exp Morphol, 1975, 34(1):125-154.
34. Barnhill RL, Chastain MA, Jerdan MS, Lebbé C, Janin A, Lugassy C, Angiotropic neonatal congenital melanocytic nevus: how extravascular migration of melanocytes may explain the development of congenital nevi, Am J Dermatopathol, 2010, 32(5):495-499.
35. Fernandez-Flores A, Perivascular migration: a clue to the histogenesis of PEComas? Am J Dermatopathol, 2011, in press.
36. Kruger GM, Mosher JT, Bixby S, Joseph N, Iwashita T, Morrison SJ, Neural crest stem cells persist in the adult gut but undergo changes in self-renewal, neuronal subtype potential, and factor responsiveness, Neuron, 2002, 35(4):657-669.
37. Fernandes KJ, Toma JG, Miller FD, Multipotent skin-derived precursors: adult neural crest-related precursors with therapeutic potential, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2008, 363(1489):185-198.
38. Hoogduijn MJ, Rakonczay Z, Genever PG, The effects of anticholinergic insecticides on human mesenchymal stem cells, Toxicol Sci, 2006, 94(2):342-350.
39. Menéndez CL, Gil Ugarteburu R, Capilla Ampudia JM, Corte Torres G, Fuente E, Argüelles M, A case of pararenal PEComa with extensive bone metaplasia, Virchows Arch, 2008, 452(3):349-350.
40. Zembowicz A, Mihm MC, Dermal dendritic melanocytic proliferations: an update, Histopathology, 2004, 45(5):433-451.
41. Philipone E, Chen S, Unique case: syringocystadenoma papilliferum associated with an eccrine nevus, Am J Dermatopathol, 2009, 31(8):806-807.
42. Nishiyama A, Lin XH, Giese N, Heldin CH, Stallcup WB, Co-localization of NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF alphareceptor on O2A progenitor cells in the developing rat brain, J Neurosci Res, 1996, 43(3):299-314.
43. Ozerdem U, Grako KA, Dahlin-Huppe K, Monosov E, Stallcup WB, NG2 proteoglycan is expressed exclusively by mural cells during vascular morphogenesis, Dev Dyn, 2001, 222(2):218-227.
44. Grako KA, Ochiya T, Barritt D, Nishiyama A, Stallcup WB, PDGF (alpha)-receptor is unresponsive to PDGF-AA in aortic smooth muscle cells from the NG2 knockout mouse, J Cell Sci, 1999, 112(Pt 6):905-915.
45. Chekenya M, Hjelstuen M, Enger PØ, Thorsen F, Jacob AL, Probst B, Haraldseth O, Pilkington G, Butt A, Levine JM, Bjerkvig R, NG2 proteoglycan promotes angiogenesisdependent tumor growth in CNS by sequestering angiostatin, FASEB J, 2002, 16(6):586-588.
46. Arbiser JL, Yeung R, Weiss SW, Arbiser ZK, Amin MB, Cohen C, Frank D, Mahajan S, Herron GS, Yang J, Onda H, Zhang HB, Bai X, Uhlmann E, Loehr A, Northrup H, Au P, Davis I, Fisher DE, Gutmann DH, The generation and characterization of a cell line derived from a sporadic renal angiomyolipoma: use of telomerase to obtain stable populations of cells from benign neoplasms, Am J Pathol, 2001, 159(2):483-491.
47. Lim SD, Stallcup W, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Au KS, Northrup H, Lang D, Fisher DE, Patel A, Amin MB, Arbiser JL, Expression of the neural stem cell markers NG2 and L1 in human angiomyolipoma: are angiomyolipomas neoplasms of stem cells? Mol Med, 2007, 13(3-4):160-165.
48. [] Karbowniczek M, Neural crest origin and notch-dependent cell-fate decision in tuberous sclerosis complex, http://www. thelamfoundation.org/assets/files/FridayAbstracts.pdf, accessed August 2nd, 2010.
49. Meulemans D, Bronner-Fraser M, Gene-regulatory interactions in neural crest evolution and development, Dev Cell, 2004, 7(3):291-299.
50. Makhlouf HR, Remotti HE, Ishak KG, Expression of KIT (CD117) in angiomyolipoma, Am J Surg Pathol, 2002, 26(4):493-497.
51. Zanelli M, Cortecchia S, Righi E, Caprara L, De Lillo M, Costa F, Galanti G, Bondi A, Epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the kidney: case report, Pathologica, 2008, 100(3):202-205.
52. Torii I, Kondo N, Takuwa T, Matsumoto S, Okumura Y, Sato A, Tanaka F, Nishigami T, Hasegawa S, Tsujimura T, Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the rib, Virchows Arch, 2008, 452(6):697-702.
53. Nikai H, Ijuhin N, Yamasaki A, Nutani K, Imai K, Ultrastructural evidence for neural crest origin of the melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, J Oral Pathol Med, 1977, 6(4):221-232.
54. Ashfaq R, Weinberg AG, Albores-Saavedra J, Renal angiomyolipomas and HMB-45 reactivity, Cancer, 1993, 71(10):3091-3097.
55. Tazelaar HD, Batts KP, Srigley JR, Primary extrapulmonary sugar tumor (PEST): a report of four cases, Mod Pathol, 2001, 14(6):615-622.
56. Becker NH, Soifer I, Benign clear cell tumor (sugar tumor) of the lung, Cancer, 1971, 27(3):712-719.
57. Gaffey MJ, Mills SE, Frierson HF Jr, Askin FB, Maygarden SJ, Pulmonary clear cell carcinoid tumor: another entity in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary clear cell neoplasia, Am J Surg Pathol, 1998, 22(8):1020-1025.
58. Harbin WP, Mark GJ, Greene RE, Benign clear-cell tumor ("sugar" tumor) of the lung: a case report and review of the literature, Radiology, 1978, 129(3):595-596.
59. Hoch WS, Patchefsky AS, Takeda M, Gordon G, Benign clear cell tumor of the lung. An ultrastructural study, Cancer, 1974, 33(5):1328-1336.
60. Eble JN, Angiomyolipoma of kidney, Semin Diagn Pathol, 1998, 15(1):21-40.
61. Pan CC, Yu IT, Yang AH, Chiang H, Clear cell myomelanocytic tumor of the urinary bladder, Am J Surg Pathol, 2003, 27(5):689-692.
62. Pan CC, Liang WY, Huang CW, Chiang H, Diagnosing minimal adenocarcinoma on prostate needle biopsy by realtime dynamic telepathology through the internet: evaluation of an economic technology for remote consultation, Hum Pathol, 2002, 33(2):242-246.
63. Pea M, Martignoni G, Zamboni G, Bonetti F, Perivascular epithelioid cell, Am J Surg Pathol, 1996, 20(9):1149-1153.
64. Anderson AE, Yang X, Young RH, Epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the ovary: a case report and literature review, Int J Gynecol Pathol, 2002, 21(1):69-73.
65. Folpe AL, Mentzel T, Lehr HA, Fisher C, Balzer BL, Weiss SW, Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms of soft tissue and gynecologic origin: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases and review of the literature, Am J Surg Pathol, 2005, 29(12):1558-1575.
66. Liebow AA, Castleman B, Benign clear cell ("sugar") tumors of the lung, Yale J Biol Med, 1971, 43(4-5):213-222.
67. Zamboni G, Pea M, Martignoni G, Zancanaro C, Faccioli G, Gilioli E, Pederzoli P, Bonetti F, Clear cell "sugar" tumor of the pancreas. A novel member of the family of lesions characterized by the presence of perivascular epithelioid cells, Am J Surg Pathol, 1996, 20(6):722-730.
68. Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Angiomyolipomas of the liver, Am J Surg Pathol, 1984, 8(10):745-750.
69. Govender D, Sabaratnam RM, Essa AS, Clear cell 'sugar' tumor of the breast: another extrapulmonary site and review of the literature, Am J Surg Pathol, 2002, 26(5):670-675.
70. Fukunaga M, Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) of soft tissue: case report with ultrastructural study, APMIS, 2004, 112(2):98-104.
71. Lehman NL, Malignant PEComa of the skull base, Am J Surg Pathol, 2004, 28(9):1230-1232.
72. Birkhaeuser F, Ackermann C, Flueckiger T, Guenin MO, Kern B, Tondelli P, Peterli R, First description of a PEComa (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) of the colon: report of a case and review of the literature, Dis Colon Rectum, 2004, 47(10):1734-1737.
73. Koutlas IG, Pambuccian SE, Jessurun J, Manivel JC, Gopalakrishnan R, Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the oral mucosa, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2005, 129(5):690-693.
74. Banerjee SS, Eyden B, Trenholm PW, Sheikh MY, Wakamatsu K, Ancans J, Rosai J, Monotypic angiomyolipoma of the nasal cavity: a heretofore undescribed occurrence, Int J Surg Pathol, 2001, 9(4):309-315.
75. Lau SK, Marchevsky AM, McKenna RJ Jr, Luthringer DJ, Malignant monotypic epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the retroperitoneum, Int J Surg Pathol, 2003, 11(3):223-228.
76. van Baal JG, Smits NJ, Keeman JN, Lindhout D, Verhoef S, The evolution of renal angiomyolipomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis, J Urol, 1994, 152(1):35-38.
77. Debloom JR, Friedrichs A, Swick BL, Whitaker DC, Management of cutaneous angiomyolipoma and its association with tuberous sclerosis, J Dermatol, 2006, 33(11):783-786.
78. Chorianopoulos D, Stratakos G, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis complex, Lung, 2008, 186(4):197-207.
79. Janssen LAJ, Sandkuyl LA, Merkens EC, Maat-Kievit JA, Sampson JR, Fleury P, Hennekam RCM, Grosveld GC, Lindhout D, Halley DJJ, Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis, Genomics, 1990, 8(2):237-242.
80. Nellist M, Brook-Carter PT, Connor JM, Kwiatkowski DJ, Johnson P, Sampson JR, Identification of markers flanking the tuberous sclerosis locus on chromosome 9 (TSC1), J Med Genet, 1993, 30(3):224-227.
81. Vrtel R, Verhoef S, Bouman K, Maheshwar MM, Nellist M, van Essen AJ, Bakker PL, Hermans CJ, Bink-Boelkens MT, van Elburg RM, Hoff M, Lindhout D, Sampson J, Halley DJ, van den Ouweland AM, Identification of a nonsense mutation at the 5' end of the TSC2 gene in a family with a presumptive diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex, J Med Genet, 1996, 33(1):47-51.
82. van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C, Nellist M, Janssen B, Verhoef S, Lindhout D, van den Ouweland A, Halley D, Young J, Burley M, Jeremiah S, Woodward K, Nahmias J, Fox M, Ekong R, Osborne J, Wolfe J, Povey S, Snell RG, Cheadle JP, Jones AC, Tachataki M, Ravine D, Sampson JR, Reeve MP, Richardson P, Wilmer F, Munro C, Hawkins TL, Sepp T, Ali JB, Ward S, Green AJ, Yates JR, Kwiatkowska J, Henske EP, Short MP, Haines JH, Jozwiak S, Kwiatkowski DJ, Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34, Science, 1997, 277(5327):805-808.
83. Johnson MW, Emelin JK, Park SH, Vinters HV, Co-localization of TSC1 and TSC2 gene products in tubers of patients with tuberous sclerosis, Brain Pathol, 1999, 9(1):45-54.
84. Nellist M, van Slegtenhorst MA, Goedbloed M, van den Ouweland AM, Halley DJ, van der Sluijs P, Characterization of the cytosolic tuberin-hamartin complex. Tuberin is a cytosolic chaperone for hamartin, J Biol Chem, 1999, 274(50):35647-35652.
85. Carbonara C, Longa L, Grosso E, Mazzucco G, Borrone C, Garrè ML, Brisigotti M, Filippi G, Scabar A, Giannotti A, Falzoni P, Monga G, Garini G, Gabrielli M, Riegler P, Danesino C, Ruggieri M, Magro G, Migone N, Apparent preferential loss of heterozygosity at TSC2 over TSC1 chromosomal region in tuberous sclerosis hamartomas, Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 1996, 15(1):18-25.
86. Pan CC, Jong YJ, Chai CY, Huang SH, Chen YJ, Comparative genomic hybridization study of perivascular epithelioid cell tumor: molecular genetic evidence of perivascular epithelioid cell tumor as a distinctive neoplasm, Hum Pathol, 2006, 37(5):606-612.
87. Pan CC, Chung MY, Ng KF, Liu CY, Wang JS, Chai CY, Huang SH, Chen PC, Ho DM, Constant allelic alteration on chromosome 16p (TSC2 gene) in perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa): genetic evidence for the relationship of PEComa with angiomyolipoma, J Pathol, 2008, 214(3):387-393.
88. Smolarek TA, Wessner LL, McCormack FX, Mylet JC, Menon AG, Henske EP, Evidence that lymphangiomyomatosis is caused by TSC2 mutations: chromosome 16p13 loss of heterozygosity in angiomyolipomas and lymph nodes from women with lymphangiomyomatosis, Am J Hum Genet, 1998, 62(4):810-815.
89. ] Steagall WK, Taveira-DaSilva AM, Moss J, Clinical and molecular insights into lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis, 2005, 22 Suppl 1:S49-S66.
90. Carsillo T, Astrinidis A, Henske EP, Mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex gene TSC2 are a cause of sporadic pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000, 97(11):6085-6090.
91. Strizheva GD, Carsillo T, Kruger WD, Sullivan EJ, Ryu JH, Henske EP, The spectrum of mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 in women with tuberous sclerosis and lymphangiomyomatosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 163(1):253-258.
92. Crooks DM, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, DeCastro RM, McCoy JP Jr, Wang JA, Kumaki F, Darling T, Moss J, Molecular and genetic analysis of disseminated neoplastic cells in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101(50):17462-17467.
93. Grajkowska W, Kotulska K, Matyja E, Larysz-Brysz M, Mandera M, Roszkowski M, Domańska-Pakieła D, Lewik-Kowalik J, Jóźwiak S, Expression of tuberin and hamartin in tuberous sclerosis complex-associated and sporadic cortical dysplasia of Taylor's balloon cell type, Folia Neuropathol, 2008, 46(1):43-48.
94. Spalice A, Parisi P, Nicita F, Pizzardi G, Del Balzo F, Iannetti P, Neuronal migration disorders: clinical, neuroradiologic and genetics aspects, Acta Paediatr, 2009, 98(3):421-433.
95. Le Douarin NM, Creuzet S, Couly G, Dupin E, Neural crest cell plasticity and its limits, Development, 2004, 131(19):4637-4650.
96. Medic S, Ziman M, PAX3 expression in normal skin melanocytes and melanocytic lesions (naevi and melanomas), PLoS One, 2010, 5(4):e9977.
97. Harris ML, Baxter LL, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ, Sox proteins in melanocyte development and melanoma, Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2010, 23(4):496-513.
98. Röcken C, Schneider-Stock R, Buhtz P, Manger T, Roessner A, Hepatic angiomyolipoma in a 26-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of tibial osteosarcoma, Pathol Res Pract, 1999, 195(11):765-772.
99. Yu J, Astrinidis A, Howard S, Henske EP, Estradiol and tamoxifen stimulate LAM-associated angiomyolipoma cell growth and activate both genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2004, 286(4):L694-L700.
100. Goding CR, Mitf from neural crest to melanoma: signal transduction and transcription in the melanocyte lineage, Genes Dev, 2000, 14(14):1712-1728.
101. Chaplin A, Conrad DM, Tatlidil C, Jollimore J, Walsh N, Covert A, Pasternak S, Primary cutaneous PEComa, Am J Dermatopathol, 2010, 32(3):310-312.
102. Mansky KC, Sulzbacher S, Purdom G, Nelsen L, Hume DA, Rehli M, Ostrowski MC, The microphthalmia transcription factor and the related helix-loop-helix zipper factors TFE-3 and TFE-C collaborate to activate the tartrateresistant acid phosphatase promoter, J Leukoc Biol, 2002, 71(2):304-310.
103. Mansky KC, Marfatia K, Purdom GH, Luchin A, Hume DA, Ostrowski MC, The microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) contains two N-terminal domains required for transactivation of osteoclast target promoters and rescue of mi mutant osteoclasts, J Leukoc Biol, 2002, 71(2):295-303.
104. Steingrimsson E, Tessarollo L, Pathak B, Hou L, Arnheiter H, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Mitf and Tfe3, two members of the Mitf-Tfe family of bHLH-Zip transcription factors, have important but functionally redundant roles in osteoclast development, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2002, 99(7):4477-4482.