Altered microstructure integrity of the amygdala in schizophrenia: A bimodal MRI and DWI study

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 301-311

  Tomasino, B ^a   Bellani, M ^b   Perlini, C ^b   Rambaldelli, G ^b   Cerini, R ^b   Isola, M ^c   Balestrieri, M ^c   Cali S ^b   Versace, A ^b   Pozzi Mucelli, R ^b   Gasparini, A ^b   Tansella, M ^b   Brambilla, P ^a,c,d  

^a SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UDINE   (Italy)

^d Clinica e Sperimentale   (Italy)

Author keywords

Apparent diffusion coefficient; brain; diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging; magnetic resonance imaging; morphometry; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; FEMALE; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORGAN SIZE; PATHOLOGY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL MODEL; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ADULT; AMYGDALA; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; DIFFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FEMALE; HUMANS; ITALY; LINEAR MODELS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MATCHED-PAIR ANALYSIS; ORGAN SIZE; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 79952815416     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291710000875     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Addington J, Addington D (2000). Neurocognitive and social functioning in schizophrenia: a 2.5 year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research 44, 47-56. (Pubitemid 30365206)
2. Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Schyns P, Damasio AR (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 433, 68-72. (Pubitemid 40101144)
3. Aggleton JP (2000). The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
4. Aggleton JP, Young AW (2000). The enigma of the amygdala: on its contribution to human emotion. In Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion (ed. R. D. Lane, L. Nadel, G. L. Ahern, J. J. B. Allen, A. W. Kaszniak, S. Z. Rapcsak and G. E. Schwartz), pp. 106-128.
5. Oxford University Press: New York. Aleman A, Kahn RS (2005). Strange feelings: do amygdala abnormalities dysregulate the emotional brain in schizophrenia? Progress in Neurobiology 77, 283-298. (Pubitemid 41815591)
6. Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G, Grieder T, Curran J, Jimenez T, Leight K, Wilkins J, Gerner R, Mintz J (2000). An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 48, 147-162. (Pubitemid 30618804)
7. Amaddeo F, Burti L, Ruggeri M, Tansella M (2009). Long-term monitoring and evaluation of a new system of community-based psychiatric care. Integrating research, teaching and practice at the University of Verona. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 45, 43-53.
8. Amaddeo F, Tansella M (2009). Information systems for mental health. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18, 1-4.
9. Anderson JE, Wible CG, McCarley RW, Jakab M, Kasai K, Shenton ME (2002). An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 58, 123-134. (Pubitemid 35284504)
10. Ardekani BA, Bappal A, D'Angelo D, Ashtari M, Lencz T, Szeszko PR, Butler PD, Javitt DC, Lim KO, Hrabe J, Nierenberg J, Branch CA, Hoptman MJ (2005). Brain morphometry using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: application to schizophrenia. Neuroreport 16, 1455-1459. (Pubitemid 41805663)
11. Basser PJ, Jones DK (2002). Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis - a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine 15, 456-467. (Pubitemid 36054509)
12. Bellani M, Brambilla P (2008). Social cognition, schizophrenia and brain imaging. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 17, 117-119. (Pubitemid 351768906)
13. Bellani M, Marzi CA, Brambilla P (2009). Interhemispheric communication in schizophrenia. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18, 104-106.
14. Birbaumer N, Grodd W, Diedrich O, Klose U, Erb M, Lotze M, Schneider F, Weiss U, Flor H (1998). fMRI reveals amygdala activation to human faces in social phobics. Neuroreport 9, 1223-1226. (Pubitemid 28266653)
15. Bogerts B, Meertz E, Schonfeldt-Bausch R (1985). Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia. A morphometric study of brain volume and shrinkage. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 784-791. (Pubitemid 15244829)
16. Brambilla P, Harenski K, Nicoletti M, Sassi RB, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC (2003). MRI investigation of temporal lobe structures in bipolar patients. Journal of Psychiatry Research 37, 287-295. (Pubitemid 36579409)
17. Breier A, Buchanan RW, Elkashef A, Munson RC, Kirkpatrick B, Gellad F (1992). Brain morphology and schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study of limbic, prefrontal cortex, and caudate structures. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 921-926.
18. Chance SA, Esiri MM, Crow TJ (2002). Amygdala volume in schizophrenia: post-mortem study and review of magnetic resonance imaging findings. British Journal of Psychiatry 180, 331-338. (Pubitemid 34407320)
19. Cohen J (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.
20. Das P, Kemp AH, Flynn G, Harris AW, Liddell BJ, Whitford TJ, Peduto A, Gordon E, Williams LM (2007). Functional disconnections in the direct and indirect amygdala pathways for fear processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 90, 284-294. (Pubitemid 46188523)
21. Davis KA, Kwon A, Cardenas VA, Deicken RF (2004). Decreased cortical gray and cerebral white matter in male patients with familial bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 82, 475-485. (Pubitemid 39536182)
22. Davis M, Whalen PJ (2001). The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry 6, 13-34. (Pubitemid 32096061)
23. DeLisi LE, Szulc KU, Bertisch H, Majcher M, Brown K, Bappal A, Branch CA, Ardekani BA (2006). Early detection of schizophrenia by diffusion weighted imaging. Psychiatry Research 148, 61-66. (Pubitemid 44667444)
24. Drevets WC (1998). Functional neuroimaging studies of depression: the anatomy of melancholia. Annual Review of Medicine 49, 341-361. (Pubitemid 28197459)
25. Drevets WC (1999). Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Advancing from the Ventral Striatum to the Extended Amygdala, vol. 877 (ed. J. F. McGinty), pp. 614-637. New York Academy of Sciences: New York. (Pubitemid 29351882)
26. Exner C, Boucsein K, Degner D, Irle E, Weniger G (2004). Impaired emotional learning and reduced amygdala size in schizophrenia: a 3-month follow-up. Schizophrenia Research 71, 493-503. (Pubitemid 39334828)
27. Fahim C, Stip E, Mancini-Marie A, Mensour B, Boulay LJ, Leroux JM, Beaudoin G, Bourgouin P, Beauregard M (2005). Brain activity during emotionally negative pictures in schizophrenia with and without flat affect: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research 140, 1-15. (Pubitemid 41443492)
28. Galloway NR, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Obenaus A (2008). Imaging improves outcome prediction in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 25, 1153-1162.
29. Garakani A, Mathew SJ, Charney DS (2006). Neurobiology of anxiety disorders and implications for treatment. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 73, 941-949. (Pubitemid 46040391)
30. Garcia-Marti G, Aguilar EJ, Lull JJ, Marti-Bonmati L, Escarti MJ, Manjon JV, Moratal D, Robles M, Sanjuan J (2008). Schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations: a voxel-based morphometry study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Biological Psychiatry 32, 72-80.
31. Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE, Finkelman C, Maany V, Grossman RI, Arnold SE, Bilker WB, Gur RC (2000). Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 769-775. (Pubitemid 30650112)
32. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen YC, Beckmann H (1990). Limbic structures and lateral ventricle in schizophrenia. A quantitative postmortem study. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 1016-1022. (Pubitemid 20377511)
33. Hirayasu Y, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Dickey CC, Fischer IA, Mazzoni P, Kisler T, Arakaki H, Kwon JS, Anderson JE, Yurgelun-Todd D, Tohen M, McCarley RW (1998). Lower left temporal lobe MRI volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with psychotic patients with first-episode affective disorder and normal subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 1384-1391. (Pubitemid 28471195)
34. Hou DJ, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Joo E, Shutter L, Obenaus A (2007). Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging improves outcome prediction in adult traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 24, 1558-1569. (Pubitemid 350035844)
35. Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Mandl RC, van Haren NE, Koning H, Collins DL, Evans AC, Kahn RS (2001). Focal gray matter density changes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 1118-1125. (Pubitemid 33121503)
36. Irwan R, Sijens PE, Potze JH, Oudkerk M (2005). Correlation of proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 23, 851-858. (Pubitemid 41579027)
37. Joyal CC, Laakso MP, Tiihonen J, Syvalahti E, Vilkman H, Laakso A, Alakare B, Rakkolainen V, Salokangas RK, Hietala J (2003). The amygdala and schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study in first-episode, neuroleptic-naive patients. Biological Psychiatry 54, 1302-1304. (Pubitemid 37464876)
38. Juranek J, Filipek PA, Berenji GR, Modahl C, Osann K, Spence MA (2006). Association between amygdala volume and anxiety level: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in autistic children. Journal of Child Neurology 21, 1051-1058. (Pubitemid 46128357)
39. Kalus P, Slotboom J, Gallinat J, Wiest R, Ozdoba C, Federspiel A, Strik WK, Buri C, Schroth G, Kiefer C (2005). The amygdala in schizophrenia: a trimodal magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters 375, 151-156. (Pubitemid 40202942)
40. Keshavan MS, Diwadkar VA, Rosenberg DR (2005). Developmental biomarkers in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders: common origins, different trajectories? Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 14, 188-193. (Pubitemid 43039982)
41. Kosaka H, Omori M, Murata T, Iidaka T, Yamada H, Okada T, Takahashi T, Sadato N, Itoh H, Yonekura Y, Wada Y (2002). Differential amygdala response during facial recognition in patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 57, 87-95.
42. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA (1995). Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 6846-6855.
43. Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS (1998). Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 110-120. (Pubitemid 28097708)
44. LeDoux J (1998). Fear and the brain: where have we been, and where are we going? Biological Psychiatry 44, 1229-1238.
45. LeDoux JE (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon and Schuster : New York.
46. LeDoux JE (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23, 155-184.
47. Leitman DI, Hoptman MJ, Foxe JJ, Saccente E, Wylie GR, Nierenberg J, Jalbrzikowski M, Lim KO, Javitt DC (2007). The neural substrates of impaired prosodic detection in schizophrenia and its sensorial antecedents. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 474-482. (Pubitemid 46513162)
48. Leitman DI, Loughead J, Wolf DH, Ruparel K, Kohler CG, Elliott MA, Bilker WB, Gur RE, Gur RC (2008). Abnormal superior temporal connectivity during fear perception in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 673-678. (Pubitemid 351957571)
49. Levitt JG, Blanton RE, Caplan R, Asarnow R, Guthrie D, Toga AW, Capetillo-Cunliffe L, McCracken JT (2001). Medial temporal lobe in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 108, 17-27. (Pubitemid 33000121)
50. Marsh L, Suddath RL, Higgins N, Weinberger DR (1994). Medial temporal-lobe structures in schizophrenia - relationship of size to duration of illness. Schizophrenia Research 11, 225-238. (Pubitemid 24063742)
51. McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, Hirayasu Y, Levitt JJ, Fischer IA, Shenton ME (1999). MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45, 1099-1119. (Pubitemid 29236551)
52. Morris JS, Friston KJ, Buchel C, Frith CD, Young AW, Calder AJ, Dolan RJ (1998a). A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain 121, 47-57. (Pubitemid 28045505)
53. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ (1998b). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393, 467-470. (Pubitemid 28292192)
54. Nakamae T, Narumoto J, Shibata K, Matsumoto R, Kitabayashi Y, Yoshida T, Yamada K, Nishimura T, Fukui K (2008). Alteration of fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32, 1221-1226.
55. Namiki C, Hirao K, Yamada M, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Hayashi T, Murai T (2007). Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 156, 23-32. (Pubitemid 47375075)
56. Narr KL, Sharma T, Woods RP, Thompson PM, Sowell ER, Rex D, Kim S, Asuncion D, Jang S, Mazziotta J, Toga AW (2003). Increases in regional subarachnoid CSF without apparent cortical gray matter deficits in schizophrenia: modulating effects of sex and age. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 2169-2180. (Pubitemid 39619610)
57. 1H MRS) of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia: a pilot study. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 481-485. (Pubitemid 24305956)
58. Nelson MD, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Riordan HJ (1998). Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analytic study. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 433-440. (Pubitemid 28237277)
59. Niemann K, Hammers A, Coenen VA, Thron A, Klosterkotter J (2000). Evidence of a smaller left hippocampus and left temporal horn in both patients with first episode schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Research 99, 93-110. (Pubitemid 30645894)
60. Niu L, Matsui M, Zhou SY, Hagino H, Takahashi T, Yoneyama E, Kawasaki Y, Suzuki M, Seto H, Ono T, Kurachi M (2004). Volume reduction of the amygdala in patients with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Research 132, 41-51. (Pubitemid 39531324)
61. Oepen G, Funfgeld M, Holl T, Zimmermann P, Landis T, Regard M (1987). Schizophrenia - an emotional hypersensitivity of the right cerebral hemisphere. International Journal of Psychophysiology 5, 261-264. (Pubitemid 18003039)
62. Pakkenberg B (1990). Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 1023-1028. (Pubitemid 20377512)
63. Pearlson GD, Barta PE, Powers RE, Menon RR, Richards SS, Aylward EH, Federman EB, Chase GA, Petty RG, Tien AY (1997). Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 41, 1-14. (Pubitemid 27050640)
64. Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, Cunningham WA, Funayama ES, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, Banaji MR (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, 729-738.
65. Ray KM, Wang H, Chu Y, Chen YF, Bert A, Hasso AN, Su MY (2006). Mild cognitive impairment: apparent diffusion coefficient in regional gray matter and white matter structures. Radiology 24, 197-205. (Pubitemid 44433351)
66. Rovaris M, Bozzali M, Iannucci G, Ghezzi A, Caputo D, Montanari E, Bertolotto A, Bergamaschi R, Capra R, Mancardi GL, Martinelli V, Comi G, Filippi M (2002). Assessment of normal-appearing white and gray matter in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis - a diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of Neurology 59, 1406-1412. (Pubitemid 35014804)
67. Ruggeri M, Koeter M, Schene A, Bonetto C, Vazquez-Barquero JL, Becker T, Knapp M, Knudsen HC, Tansella M, Thornicroft G (2005). Factor solution of the BPRS-expanded version in schizophrenic outpatients living in five European countries. Schizophrenia Research 75, 107-117. (Pubitemid 40487979)
68. Schneider F, Weiss U, Kessler C, Salloum JB, Posse S, Grodd W, Muller-Gartner HW (1998). Differential amygdala activation in schizophrenia during sadness. Schizophrenia Research 34, 133-142. (Pubitemid 28535473)
69. Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak SD, Lemay M, Wible CG, Hokama H, Martin J, Metcalf D, Coleman M, McCarley RW (1992). Abnormalities of the left temporal-lobe and thought-disorder in schizophrenia - a quantitative magnetic-resonance-imaging study. New England Journal of Medicine 327, 604-612.
70. Shin YW, Kwon JS, Ha TH, Park HJ, Kim DJ, Hong SB, Moon WJ, Lee JM, Kim IY, Kim SI, Chung EC (2006). Increased water diffusivity in the frontal and temporal cortices of schizophrenic patients. Neuroimage 30, 1285-1291.
71. Staal WG, Pol HEH, Schnack HG, Hoogendoorn MLC, Jellema K, Kahn RS (2000). Structural brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 416-421. (Pubitemid 30145928)
72. Steen RG, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA (2006). Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 510-518. (Pubitemid 43844097)
73. Stein MB, Simmons AN, Feinstein JS, Paulus MP (2007). Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 318-327.
74. Sweet RA, Henteleff RA, Zhang W, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2009). Reduced dendritic spine density in auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 374-389.
75. Syková E (2004). Diffusion properties of the brain in health and disease. Neurochemistry International 45, 453-466. (Pubitemid 38739472)
76. Szeszko PR, Goldberg E, Gunduz-Bruce H, Ashtari M, Robinson D, Malhotra AK, Lencz T, Bates J, Crandall DT, Kane JM, Bilder RM (2003). Smaller anterior hippocampal formation volume in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 2190-2197. (Pubitemid 39619612)
77. Takahashi H, Koeda M, Oda K, Matsuda T, Matsushima E, Matsuura M, Asai K, Okubo Y (2004). An fMRI study of differential neural response to affective pictures in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 22, 1247-1254. (Pubitemid 38829213)
78. Talarovicova A, Krskova L, Kiss A (2007). Some assessments of the amygdala role in suprahypothalamic neuroendocrine regulation: a minireview. Endocrine Regulations 41, 155-162.
79. Tanskanen P, Veijola JM, Piippo UK, Haapea M, Miettunen JA, Pyhtinen J, Bullmore ET, Jones PB, Isohanni MK (2005). Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in schizophrenia and other psychoses in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research 75, 283-294. (Pubitemid 40693060)
80. Taylor SF, Liberzon I, Decker LR, Koeppe RA (2002). A functional anatomic study of emotion in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 58, 159-172. (Pubitemid 35284507)
81. Taylor WD, Hsu E, Krishnan KR, MacFall JR (2004). Diffusion tensor imaging: background, potential, and utility in psychiatric research. Biological Psychiatry 55, 201-207. (Pubitemid 38117155)
82. Tebartz van Elst L, Bäumer D, Ebert D, Trimble MR (2004). Chronic antidopaminergic medication might affect amygdala structure in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 37, 217-220. (Pubitemid 39286924)
83. Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Wong MT, McGorry PD, Yung A, Phillips L, Smith D, Proffitt T, Desmond P, Pantelis C (2006). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 139-149. (Pubitemid 43213875)
84. Ventura J, Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL (2000). Symptom dimensions in recent-onset schizophrenia and mania: a principal components analysis of the 24-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychiatry Research 97, 129-135. (Pubitemid 32126552)
85. Vita A, De Peri L, Silenzi C, Dieci A (2006). Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Schizophrenia Research 82, 75-88. (Pubitemid 43202650)
86. Whittaker JF, Deakin JF, Tomenson B (2001). Face processing in schizophrenia: defining the deficit. Psychological Medicine 31, 499-507. (Pubitemid 32294048)
87. WHO (1992). Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. World Health Organization: Geneva.
88. WHO (1996). Schede di valutazione clinica in neuropsichiatria. SCAN 2.1 (M. Tansella, M. Nardini, series editors). Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore: Roma.
89. Williams LM, Brown KJ, Das P, Boucsein W, Sokolov EN, Brammer MJ, Olivieri G, Peduto A, Gordon E (2004). The dynamics of cortico-amygdala and autonomic activity over the experimental time course of fear perception. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 21, 114-123. (Pubitemid 39119618)
90. Wright IC, Ellison ZR, Sharma T, Friston KJ, Murray RM, McGuire PK (1999). Mapping of grey matter changes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 35, 1-14. (Pubitemid 29023549)
91. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PW, David AS, Murray RM, Bullmore ET (2000). Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 16-25. (Pubitemid 30027416)
92. Zetzsche T, Frodl T, Preuss UW, Schmitt G, Seifert D, Leinsinger G, Born C, Reiser M, Moller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2006). Amygdala volume and depressive symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry 60, 302-310. (Pubitemid 44093445)