The role of topical antibiotics used as prophylaxis in surgical site infection prevention

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 693-701

  McHugh, S M ^a,b   Collins, C J ^b   Corrigan, M A ^a,b   Hill, A D K ^a,b   Humphreys, H ^a,b  

^a ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

^b BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Abdominal surgery; Cardiothoracic; Healthcare associated infections; Orthopaedic; Perioperative antibiotics

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACITRACIN; CEFALOTIN; CEFAMANDOLE; CEFAZOLIN; CEFOTIAM; CEFTIZOXIME; CEFUROXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; FUSIDIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; KANAMYCIN; LATAMOXEF; NEOMYCIN; PENICILLIN G; PLACEBO; POVIDONE IODINE; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; VANCOMYCIN;

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTHROPLASTY; BREAST AUGMENTATION; BREAST SURGERY; BURN; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVICE INFECTION; DRUG EFFICACY; EMPYEMA; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE SURGERY; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; OBESITY; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; PEER REVIEW; PEROPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PROPHYLAXIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUBLICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SKIN SURGERY; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL SITE INFECTION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX SURGERY; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79952784802     PISSN: 03057453     EISSN: 14602091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr009     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. de Lissovoy G, Fraeman K, Hutchins V et al. Surgical site infection: incidence and impact on hospital utilization and treatment costs. Am J Infect Control 2009; 37: 387-97.
2. Gottrup F. Prevention of surgical-wound infections. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 202-4.
3. Bowler PG, Duerden BI, Armstrong DG. Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 244-69.
4. Kirkland KB, Briggs JP, Trivette SL et al. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 725-30.
5. Johnson JT, Yu VL. Role of anaerobic bacteria in postoperative wound infections following oncologic surgery of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1991; 154: 46-8.
6. Zoutman D, McDonald S, Vethanayagan D. Total and attributable costs of surgical-wound infections at a Canadian tertiary-care center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19: 254-9.
7. Leaper D, Burman-Roy S, Palanca A et al. Prevention and treatment of surgical site infection: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2008; 337: a1924.
8. Humphreys H. Preventing surgical site infection. Where now? J Hosp Infect 2009; 73: 316-22.
9. Mishriki SF. Surgical site infection. NICE forgot surgical skill. BMJ 2008; 337: a2579.
10. Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Richards C et al. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Arch Surg 2005; 140: 174-82.
11. Nelson RL, Glenny AM, Song F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; issue 1: CD001181.
12. Page CP, Bohnen JM, Fletcher JR et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgical wounds. Guidelines for clinical care. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 79-88.
13. Glenny A, Song F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in total hip replacement: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 1999; 3: 1-57.
14. Glenny AM, Song F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Qual Health Care 1999; 8: 132-6.
15. Song F, Glenny AM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1232-41.
16. Lipsky BA, Hoey C. Topical antimicrobial therapy for treating chronic wounds. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1541-9.
17. Yarboro SR, Baum EJ, Dahners LE. Locally administered antibiotics for prophylaxis against surgical wound infection. An in vivo study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 929-33.
18. Cavanaugh DL, Berry J, Yarboro SR et al. Better prophylaxis against surgical site infection with local as well as systemic antibiotics. An in vivo study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91: 1907-12.
19. Robson MC, Edstrom LE, Krizek TJ et al. The efficacy of systemic antibiotics in the treatment of granulating wounds. J Surg Res 1974; 16: 299-306.
20. Bowater RJ, Stirling SA, Lilford RJ. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery a generally effective intervention? Testing a generic hypothesis over a set of meta-analyses. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 551-6.
21. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML et al. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1999; 27: 97-132; quiz 133-4; discussion 96.
22. Alexander JW, Rahn R, Goodman HR. Prevention of surgical site infections by an infusion of topical antibiotics in morbidly obese patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009; 10: 53-7.
23. Freischlag J, McGrattan M, Busuttil RW. Topical versus systemic cephalosporin administration in elective biliary operations. Surgery 1984; 96: 686-93.
24. Pitt HA, Postier RG, Gadacz TR et al. The role of topical antibiotics in 'high-risk' biliary surgery. Surgery 1982; 91: 518-24.
25. Aoki Y, Tanimura H, Ohkohchi N. Topical antibiotics in cholecystectomy for gallstone diseases. Nippon Geka Hokan 1992; 61: 387-95.
26. Praveen S, Rohaizak M. Local antibiotics are equivalent to intravenous antibiotics in the prevention of superficial wound infection in inguinal hernioplasty. Asian J Surg 2009; 32: 59-63.
27. Aufenacker TJ, van Geldere D, van Mesdag T et al. The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention of wound infection after Lichtenstein open mesh repair of primary inguinal hernia: a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 955-60; discussion 60-1.
28. Bennett-Guerrero E, Ferguson TB Jr, Lin M et al. Effect of an implantable gentamicin-collagen sponge on sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010; 304: 755-62.
29. Bennett-Guerrero E, Pappas TN, Koltun WA et al. Gentamicin-collagen sponge for infection prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1038-49.
30. Rutten HJ, Nijhuis PH. Prevention of wound infection in elective colorectal surgery by local application of a gentamicin-containing collagen sponge. Eur J Surg 1997; Suppl 578: 31-5.
31. Alexander JW, Rahn R. Prevention of deep wound infection in morbidly obese patients by infusion of an antibiotic into the subcutaneous space at the time of wound closure. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 970-4.
32. Pradhan GB, Agrawal J. Comparative study of post operative wound infection following emergency lower segment caesarean section with and without the topical use of fusidic acid. Nepal Med Coll J 2009; 11: 189-91.
33. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Prevention and Treatment of Surgical Site Infection, Clinical Guideline, October 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11743/42379/42379.pdf (2 January 2011, date last accessed).
34. Tejwani NC, Immerman I. Myths and legends in orthopaedic practice: are we all guilty? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466: 2861-72.
35. Rosenstein BD, Wilson FC, Funderburk CH. The use of bacitracin irrigation to prevent infection in postoperative skeletal wounds. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 427-30.
36. Dirschl DR, Wilson FC. Topical antibiotic irrigation in the prophylaxis of operative wound infections in orthopedic surgery. Orthop Clin North Am 1991; 22: 419-26.
37. Anglen J, Apostoles PS, Christensen G et al. Removal of surface bacteria by irrigation. J Orthop Res 1996; 14: 251-4.
38. Anglen JO. Wound irrigation in musculoskeletal injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001; 9: 219-26.
39. Anglen JO. Comparison of soap and antibiotic solutions for irrigation of lower-limb open fracture wounds. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 1415-22.
40. Kamath S, Sinha S, Shaari E et al. Role of topical antibiotics in hip surgery. A prospective randomised study. Injury 2005; 36: 783-7.
41. Wininger DA, Fass RJ. Antibiotic-impregnated cement and beads for orthopedic infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2675-9.
42. Fish DN, Hoffman HM, Danziger LH. Antibiotic-impregnated cement use in U.S. hospitals. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992; 49: 2469-74.
43. Nelson CL, Evans RP, Blaha JD et al. A comparison of gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate bead implantation to conventional parenteral antibiotic therapy in infected total hip and knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993; 295: 96-101.
44. Josefsson G, Gudmundsson G, Kolmert L et al. Prophylaxis with systemic antibiotics versus gentamicin bone cement in total hip arthroplasty. A five-year survey of 1688 hips. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990; 253: 173-8.
45. Espehaug B, Engesaeter LB, Vollset SE et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty. Review of 10,905 primary cemented total hip replacements reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register, 1987 to 1995. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997; 79: 590-5.
46. Parvizi J, Saleh KJ, Ragland PS et al. Efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total hip replacement. Acta Orthop 2008; 79: 335-41.
47. Ostermann PA, Seligson D, Henry SL. Local antibiotic therapy for severe open fractures. A review of 1085 consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995; 77: 93-7.
48. Moehring HD, Gravel C, Chapman MW et al. Comparison of antibiotic beads and intravenous antibiotics in open fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000; 372: 254-61.
49. Hauser CJ, Adams CA Jr, Eachempati SR. Surgical Infection Society guideline: prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures: an evidence-based guideline. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2006; 7: 379-405.
50. Bratzler DW, Houck PM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1706-15.
51. Mossad SB, Serkey JM, Longworth DL et al. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal sternal wound infections after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 395-401.
52. Tegnell A, Aren C, Ohman L. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and sternal infections after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 1104-9.
53. Hall RE, Ash AS, Ghali WA et al. Hospital cost of complications associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1680-2.
54. Taylor GJ, Mikell FL, Moses HW et al. Determinants of hospital charges for coronary artery bypass surgery: the economic consequences of postoperative complications. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 309-13.
55. Friberg O, Svedjeholm R, Soderquist B et al. Local gentamicin reduces sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79: 153-61; discussion 61-2.
56. Kreter B, Woods M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiothoracic operations. Meta-analysis of thirty years of clinical trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104: 590-9.
57. Pryor KO, Fahey TJ III, Lien CA et al. Surgical site infection and the routine use of perioperative hyperoxia in a general surgical population: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 79-87.
58. Gardlund B, Bitkover CY, Vaage J. Postoperative mediastinitis in cardiac surgery - microbiology and pathogenesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 21: 825-30.
59. Wilson AP, Gruneberg RN, Treasure T et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of postoperative wound infection after cardiac surgery: assessment of pathogenicity by a wound-scoring method. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 168-70.
60. Friberg O. Local collagen-gentamicin for prevention of sternal wound infections: the LOGIP trial. APMIS 2007; 115: 1016-21.
61. Vander Salm TJ, Okike ON, Pasque MK et al. Reduction of sternal infection by application of topical vancomycin. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 98: 618-22.
62. Baltayiannis N, Markogiannakis A, Sfyridis P et al. The influence of local instillation of fusidic acid on the development of microbial complications after lung resection. J Chemother 2006; 18: 285-92.
63. Miller JD, Nemni J, Simone C et al. Prophylactic intracavitary (pneumonectomy space) antibiotic instillation: a comparative study. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 7: 14-6.
64. Messingham MJ, Arpey CJ. Update on the use of antibiotics in cutaneous surgery. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 1068-78.
65. Erel E, Platt AJ, Ramakrishnan V. Chloramphenicol use in plastic surgery. Br J Plast Surg 1999; 52: 326-7.
66. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991; 91: 152S-7S.
67. Haas AF, Grekin RC. Antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32: 155-76; quiz 77-80.
68. Cruse PJ, Foord R. The epidemiology of wound infection. A 10-year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1980; 60: 27-40.
69. Heal CF, Buettner PG, Cruickshank R et al. Does single application of topical chloramphenicol to high risk sutured wounds reduce incidence of wound infection after minor surgery? Prospective randomised placebo controlled double blind trial. BMJ 2009; 338: a2812.
70. Rogues AM, Lasheras A, Amici JM et al. Infection control practices and infectious complications in dermatological surgery. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65: 258-63.
71. Avni T, Levcovich A, Ad-El DD et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for burns patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: c241.
72. Kjoller K, Holmich LR, Jacobsen PH et al. Epidemiological investigation of local complications after cosmetic breast implant surgery in Denmark. Ann Plast Surg 2002; 48: 229-37.
73. Gabriel SE, Woods JE, O'Fallon WM et al. Complications leading to surgery after breast implantation. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 677-82.
74. Araco A, Gravante G, Araco F et al. Infections of breast implants in aesthetic breast augmentations: a single-center review of 3,002 patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007; 31: 325-9.
75. White RR IV, Pitzer KD, Fader RC et al. Pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous cefazolin in patients with clean surgical wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122: 1773-9.
76. Pfeiffer P, Jorgensen S, Kristiansen TB et al. Protective effect of topical antibiotics in breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124: 629-34.
77. Kelkar A, Kelkar J, AmuakuWet al. How to prevent endophthalmitis in cataract surgeries? Indian J Ophthalmol 2008; 56: 403-7.
78. Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Cataract Surgery Guidelines. London: Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2004.
79. ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study Group. Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicentre study and identification of risk factors. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 978-88.
80. Urtti A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58: 1131-5.
81. Lopez-Cabezas C, Muner DS, Massa MR et al. Antibiotics in endophthalmitis: microbiological and pharmacokinetic considerations. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2010; 5: 47-54.
82. Adenis JP, Robert PY, Mounier M et al. Anterior chamber concentrations of vancomycin in the irrigating solution at the end of cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 111-4.
83. Mendivil Soto A, Mendivil MP. The effect of topical povidone-iodine, intraocular vancomycin, or both on aqueous humor cultures at the time of cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 131: 293-300.
84. Montan PG, Wejde G, Koranyi G et al. Prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime. Efficacy in preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 977-81.
85. Romero P, Mendez I, Salvat M et al. Intracameral cefazolin as prophylaxis against endophthalmitis in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32: 438-41.
86. Colleaux KM, Hamilton WK. Effect of prophylactic antibiotics and incision type on the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 2000; 35: 373-8.
87. Antibiotic Expert Group. Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic. Version 13. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited, 2006.
88. British Medical Association RPSoGB. British National Formulary. London: BMA/RPSGB, 2006.
89. Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Liang L et al. Will all Americans become overweight or obese? Estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 2323-30.
90. Tanner J, Swarbrook S, Stuart J. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; issue 1: CD004288.
91. Tanner J, Woodings D, Moncaster K. Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; issue 2: CD004122.
92. Webster J, Osborne S. Preoperative bathing or showering with skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; issue 2: CD004985.