How Holy Wars End: Exploring The Termination Patterns Of Conflicts With Religious Dimensions In Asia

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 133-149

  Svensson, Isak ^a   Harding, Emily ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Armed conflicts; Conflict resolution; Religion; War; War endings

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952528147     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: 15561836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2010.516210     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Michael C. Horowitz, "Long Time Going: Religion and the Duration of Crusading," International Security 34, no. 2 (2009): 162-193.
2. Monica Duffy Toft, "Issue Indivisibility and Time Horizons as Rationalist Explanations for War," Security Studies 15, no. 1 (2006): 34-69.
3. Ron E. Hassner, "'To Halve and to Hold': Conflict over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility," Security Studies 12, no. 4 (2003): 1-33.
4. Isak Svensson, "Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars," Journal of Conflict Resolution 51, no. 6 (2007): 930-949.
5. Gabriel A. Almond, R. Scott Appleby, and Emmanuel Sivan, Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003).
6. David Little, "Religious Militancy," in Managing Global Chaos, eds. Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996).
7. Marc Gopin, "Religion, Violence, and Conflict Resolution," Peace & Change 22, no. 1 (1997): 1-20.
8. Luc Reychler, "Religion and Conflict," The International Jour- nal of Peace Studies 2, no. 1 (1997): 1-17.
9. R. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).
10. Marc Gopin, Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
11. Andreas Hasenclever and Volker Rittberger, "Does Religion Make a Difference? Theoretical Approaches to the Impact of Faith on Political Conflict," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29, no. 3 (2000): 641-674.
12. Almond, Appleby, and Sivan, Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World (see note 1 above).
13. Daniel Philpott, "Explaining the Political Ambivalence of Religion," (2007).
14. John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World (New York: Penguin Press, 2009).
15. P. Samuel Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22-49.
16. P. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Sydney: Free Press, 1996).
17. P. Samuel Huntington, "Try Again: A Reply to Russett, Oneal & Cox," Journal of Peace Research 37, no. 5 (2000): 609-610.
18. John R. Oneal and Bruce M. Russett, "A Response to Huntington," Journal of Peace Research 37, no. 5 (2000): 611- 612.
19. Bruce M. Russett, John R. Oneal, and Michaelene Cox, "Clash of Civilisations, or Realism and Liberalism Dèjá Vu? Some Evidence," Journal of Peace Research 37, no. 5 (2000): 583-608.
20. Giacomo Chiozza, "Is There a Clash of Civilizations? Evidence from Pat-terns of International Conflict Involvement, 1946-97," Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 6 (2002): 711-734.
21. Philip G. Roeder, "Clash of Civilisations and Escalation of Domestic Ethno- political Conflicts," Comparative Political Studies 36, no. 5 (2003): 509-540.
22. Isak Svensson and David Rangdrol, "Demos or Deus: Patterns of Religious Dimensions in Asian Armed Conflicts, 1945-2005," in The Democratization Project: Challenges and Opportunities, eds. Ashok Swain, Joakim Öjendal, and Ramses Amer (London: Anthem Press, 2009), 67-86.
23. Gabriel A. Almond, Emmanuel Sivan, and R. Scott Appleby, "Explaining Funda- mentalisms," in Fundamentalisms Comprehended, eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1995), 425-444.
24. Mark Juergensmeyer, "The Worldwide Rise of Religious Nationalism," Journal of International Affairs 50, no. 1 (1996): 1-20.
25. Jonathan Fox, "Two Civilizations and Ethnic Conflict: Islam and the West," Journal of Peace Research 38, no. 4 (2001): 459-472.
26. Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?: The Clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York: Harper Collins, 2002).
27. Almond, Appleby, and Sivan, Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World (see note 1 above).
28. Jonathan Fox, "Are Some Religions More Conflict-Prone Than Others?," Jewish Political Studies Review 16 (2004): 1-2.
29. Gilles Kepel, The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004).
30. Indra de Soysa and Ragnhild Nordas, "Islam's Bloody Innards? Religion and Political Terror, 1980-2000," International Studies Quarterly 51 (2007): 927-943.
31. Ted Robert Gurr, "Minorities, Nationalists, and Islamists: Managing Communal Conflict in the Twenty-First Century," in Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World, eds. Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela R. Aall (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007), 131-160.
32. Monica Duffy Toft, "Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War," International Security 31, no. 4 (2007): 97-131.
33. Juan Ricardo Cole, Engaging the Muslim World, 1st ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
34. Hassner, "'To Halve and to Hold': Conflict over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility" (see note 1 above).
35. Svensson, "Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars" (see note 1 above).
36. Toft, "Issue Indivisibility and Time Horizons as Rationalist Explanations for War" (see note 1 above).
37. Horowitz, "Long Time Going: Religion and the Duration of Crusading" (see note 1 above).
38. Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement, Third Edition (Boston: McGrawHill, 2004).
39. Peter Wallensteen, Understanding Conflict Resolution, 2nd Edition (London: SAGE Publications, 2007).
40. Pruitt and Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement, Third Edition (see note 9 above).
41. These areas include the former Soviet Republics of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan, as well as Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, North Korea, South Korea, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.
42. Patrick M. Regan, Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2002).
43. The National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) demanded an independent Christian state in the province of Tripura in India. However, the research surrounding the termination of the conflict in 2006 is too vague to conduct a useful analysis.
44. K. E. Schulze, Between Conflict and Peace: Tsunami Aid and Reconstruction in Aceh (London: London School of Economics, 2005), http://w.lse.ac.uk/depts/global/publications/humansecurityreport/tsunami/aceh%20tsunami%20response.pdf
45. ICG, "Aceh Can Autonomy Stem the Conflict?" ICG Asia Report 18 (2001): 1-30.
46. Ibid.: 5.
47. A. S. M. Lingga, Negotiating Peace in Mindanao (Cotabato, Philippines: Institute of Bangsamoro Studies, 2007), 2.
48. NG Quimpo, "Options in the Pursuit of a Just, Comprehensive, and Stable Peace in the Southern Philippines," Asian Survey 41, no. 2 (2001): 271-289.
49. S. Schiavo-Campo and M. Judd, "The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend," Social Development Papers: Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, Paper No. 24 (2005): 1.
50. 20. Quimpo, "Options in the Pursuit of a Just, Comprehensive, and Stable Peace in the Southern Philippines," 276 (see note 16 above).
51. Bishnu Raj Upreti, Armed Conflict and Peace Process in Nepal (New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006), 26.
52. W. Gobyn, "From War to Peace: The Nepalese Maoists's Strategic and Ideological Thinking," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 32, no. 5 (2009): 420.
53. Bishnu Raj Upreti, Armed Conflict and Peace Process in Nepal (New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006), 39.
54. Meredith Weiss, "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab" (New York: The Macmillan Centre, Yale University 2002), 1.
55. AsiaWatch, Ensaaf, http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/other/HRW-Punjabin Crisis.pdf
56. Lena Jonson, Tajikistan in the New Central Asia, Geopolitics, Great Power Rivalry and Radical Islam (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 42.
57. R. G. Smith, "Tajikistan: The Rocky Road to Peace," Central Asian Survey 18, no. 2 (1999): 244.
58. D. Lynch, "The Tajik Civil War and Peace Process," Civil Wars 4, no. 4 (2001): 54.
59. Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 148.
60. Vitaly V. Naumkin, Radical Islam in Central Asia, between Pen and Rifle (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 38.
61. Ronald Sandee, "The Islamic Jihad Union (Iju)," NEFA Foundation, http://docs. google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2qrepvsxPPkJ:www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefaijuoct08.pdf+nefa+IJU&hl=en&gl=nz&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShA0r NyQ-6cho0IsWz_f4hjcfT1pzbxMmvcMtUTIRTKmezRLjZI7DjRv2iSlOI5WDMeaHE5lD62r5lYhHfNTYeQ_nDhRhwzvP0H8XhMMeubb75sF-9-VG4Soi5Bm7ICEDpBxrJ&sig=AHIEtbSNxThpFNrRuuPea9IIPOFU_btDFw
62. "Aceh's Peace Agreement," Strategic Comments 11, no. 7 (2005): 2.
63. Schulze, "Between Conflict and Peace: Tsunami Aid and Reconstruction in Aceh," 23 (see note 12 above).
64. Ibid.: 25
65. International Crisis Group (ICG), Aceh: A New Chance for Peace (Conciliation Resources, 2005), http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/aceh/journey.php
66. Ibid., 4.
67. Konrad Huber, "Aceh's Arduous Journey to Peace
68. Huber, "Aceh's Arduous Journey to Peace" (see note 34 above).
69. Schiavo-Campo and Judd, "The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend," 3 (see note 17 above).
70. J. Bertrand, "Peace and Conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 Peace Agreement Is Fragile," Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia 73, no. 1 (2000): 41.
71. Lingga, "Negotiating Peace in Mindanao," 6 (see note 15 above).
72. Soliman M Santos Jr, Evolution of the Armed Conflict on the Moro Front, (Human Development Network Foundation, Inc. For the Philippine Human Development Report, 2005), http://www.hd.org.ph
73. Quimpo, "Options in the Pursuit of a Just, Comprehensive, and Stable Peace in the Southern Philippines" (see note 16 above).
74. Jamail A. Kamlian, "Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Southern Philippines: A Discourse on Self-Determination, Political Autonomy and Conflict Resolution," in Islam and Human Rights Fellow Lecture (Atlanta, GA: Islam and Human Rights Project, School of Law, Emory University 2003).
75. Bertrand, "Peace and Conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 Peace Agreement Is Fragile" (see note 37 above).
76. Bertrand, "Peace and Conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 Peace Agreement Is Fragile" (see note 37 above).
77. Gobyn, "From War to Peace: The Nepalese Maoists's Strategic and Ideological Thinking," 428 (see note 20 above).
78. Ibid.: 424.
79. NepalNews.com, "Chronology of a Decade Long Conflict," (2006).
80. Gobyn, "From War to Peace: The Nepalese Maoists's Strategic and Ideological Thinking," 431 (see note 20 above).
81. NepalNews.com, "Chronology of a Decade Long Conflict."
82. GlobalSecurity.org, "Sikhs in Punjab," http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/sikh.htm
83. Weiss, "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab," 14 (see note 22 above).
84. Nirvikar Singh, Cultural Conflict in India: Punjab and Kashmir (Berkeley, CA: GAIA Research Series, 1998), 331.
85. K. S. Dhillon, Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006), 345.
86. Weiss, "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab," 14 (see note 22 above).
87. Dhillon, Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993, 338 (see note 54 above). AsiaWatch.
88. Weiss, "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab," 14 (see note 22 above).
89. Dhillon, Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India,1978-1993, 344 (see note 54 above).
90. Ibid., 343.
91. Ibid., 344.
92. Smith, "Tajikistan: The Rocky Road to Peace," 244 (see note 25 above).
93. Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, 104 (see note 27 above).
94. Lynch, "The Tajik Civil War and Peace Process," 59 (see note 26 above).
95. Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, 104 (see note 27 above).
96. Ibid., 8.
97. Ibid., 85.
98. International Crisis Group (ICG), "Central Asia: Islam and the State," Asia Report no. 59 (2003): 4.
99. S. R. Bowers, B. Musayev, and S. A. Samson, "The Islamic Threat to Eastern Central Asia," Journal of Social Political and Economic Studies 31, no. 4 (2006): 375-397.
100. Sandee, "The Islamic Jihad Union (Iju)" (see note 29 above).
101. L. Harbom and P. Wallensteen, "Armed Conflict and Its International Dimensions, 1946-2004," Journal of Peace Research 42, no. 5 (2005): 626.
102. Sandee, "The Islamic Jihad Union (Iju)" (see note 29 above).
103. "'Aceh's Peace Agreement,' Strategic Comments," http://dx.org/10.1080/ 1356788051174
104. International Crisis Group (ICG), "A Fragile Peace" (2003).
105. Bertrand, "Peace and Conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 Peace Agreement Is Fragile," 42 (see note 37 above).
106. Ibid.: 40.
107. S. Schiavo-Campo and M. Judd, "The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend" (see note 17 above).
108. S. D. Russell et al., "The Mindanao Conflict and Prospects for Peace in the Southern Philippines" (2004): 4.
109. Schiavo-Campo and Judd, "The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend," 3 (see note 17 above).
110. Gobyn, "From War to Peace: The Nepalese Maoists's Strategic and Ideol Thinking," 428 (see note 20 above).
111. We thank one anonymous reviewer for pointing this out.