Peace and conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 peace agreement is fragile

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 37-54

  Bertrand, Jacques ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; PEACE PROCESS;

PHILIPPINES;

EID: 0034065105     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2672283     Document Type: Article

References (47)

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2. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front with the Participation of the Quadripartite Ministerial Commission Members of the Islamic Conference and the Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, Tripoli, 23 December 1976.
3. Kadir W. Che Man, Muslim Separatism: the Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand, (Singapore and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 80-81.
4. Thomas M. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. 168.
5. R. J. May, "The Philippines Under Aquino: A Perspective From Mindanao," Journal/ Institute of Muslims Affairs, vol. 8, no. 2 (1987), p. 348.
6. R. J. May, "Ethnic Separatism in Southeast Asia," Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 31 (1990), p. 50.
7. R. J. May, "Ethnic Separatism in Southeast Asia," p. 49
8. Federico V. Magdalena, "The Peace Process in Mindanao: Problems and Prospects," Southeast Asian Affairs 1997 (Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies), p. 250.
9. Ivan Molloy, "The Decline of the Moro National Liberation Front in the Southern Philippines," Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 18, no. 1 (1988), pp. 63-70.
10. This point was made by Chris Guerlin, Moro NGO activist, Manila, May 1998.
11. Peace Agreement: the Final Agreement on the Implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front with the Participation of the Organization of Islamic Conference Ministerial Committee of the Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Conference, Manila, 2 September 1996.
12. Manila Chronicle, 9 Sept. 1996; Business World, 9 Sept. 1996; Philippine Daily Inquirer, 10 Sept. 1996; Asiaweek, 13 Sept. 1996; Singapore Straights Times, 12 May 1997.
13. Manila Chronicle, 9 Sept. 1996; Business World, 9 Sept. 1996; Philippine Daily Inquirer, 10 Sept. 1996; Asiaweek, 13 Sept. 1996; Singapore Straights Times, 12 May 1997.
14. Manila Chronicle, 9 Sept. 1996; Business World, 9 Sept. 1996; Philippine Daily Inquirer, 10 Sept. 1996; Asiaweek, 13 Sept. 1996; Singapore Straights Times, 12 May 1997.
15. Manila Chronicle, 9 Sept. 1996; Business World, 9 Sept. 1996; Philippine Daily Inquirer, 10 Sept. 1996; Asiaweek, 13 Sept. 1996; Singapore Straights Times, 12 May 1997.
16. Manila Chronicle, 9 Sept. 1996; Business World, 9 Sept. 1996; Philippine Daily Inquirer, 10 Sept. 1996; Asiaweek, 13 Sept. 1996; Singapore Straights Times, 12 May 1997.
17. Peter G. Gowing, Mandate in Moroland: the American Government of Muslim Filipinos 1899-1920. (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1983), p. 11.
18. Gowing, Mandate in Moroland, pp. 315-16.
19. Gowing, Mandate in Moroland, p. 339.
20. Che Man, Muslim Separatism, p. 60.
21. Eric Gutierrez and Marites Danguilan-Vitug, ARMM After the Peace Agreement: An Assessment of Local Capability in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, Occasional Paper No. 3 (Manila: Institute for Popular Democracy, February 1997).
22. Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 January 1998.
23. Mindanao Times, 27 January 1998; Philippine Star, 4 May 1998; Mindanao Times, 31 March 1998.
24. Mindanao Times, 27 January 1998; Philippine Star, 4 May 1998; Mindanao Times, 31 March 1998.
25. Mindanao Times, 27 January 1998; Philippine Star, 4 May 1998; Mindanao Times, 31 March 1998.
26. Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 December 1997.
27. Mindanao Trend, 5 May 1998.
28. UNDP-SPCPD, "Peace and Development in Southern Philippines," December 1997-March 1998, p. 14-16.
29. Interview with Father Eliseo Mercado, President of Notre-Dame University and Member of SPCPD, Cotabato City, June 1998.
30. Interview with Datu Deng Ali, Joint Monitoring Committee (MNLF sector), Cotabato City, June 1998.
31. Interview with Uttoh Salem, executive director of the SPCPD, June 1998.
32. John M. Usman, "Peace Eludes SZOPAD despite Peace Pact," Mindanao Cross, 6 Sept. 1997.
33. Mindanao Cross, 20 August 1997.
34. John M. Usman "What's in Store for SPCPD and ARMM", Mindanao Cross, 20 Sept. 1997.
35. Philippines Daily Inquirer, 5 March 1998.
36. Interviews with MNLF fighters and field commanders, North Cotabato, June 1998.
37. Based on discussions with a local umbrella organization of NGOs, the Moro People's Congress for Peace and Development (MPCPD) and group discussion with NGOs and farmers' groups in North Cotabato, June 1998.
38. Abba Kuaman, Chair of the Board, Moro Human Rights Center, Cotabato City, June 1998.
39. Interview with Samuel Tan, Director of the National Historical Institute and author of numerous publications on Muslims in Mindanao, Manila, May 1998.
40. Interview with Father Eliseo Mercado.
41. Interviews with Datu Deng Ali, with Romy Elusea, Reporter of Today, Cotabato City, June 1998, and with Abba Kuaman, Chair of the Board, Moro Human Rights Center, Cotabato City, June 1998.
42. Father Eliseo Mercado, June 1998.
43. Interview with Gazhali Jaafer, Vice-chair for Political Affairs, Moro Islamic Liberation Front, June 1998
44. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels, p. 186.
45. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels, p. 183.
46. Gutierrez, Eric, "The politics of transition," in A First Step to Peace: Mindanao in Transition, Accord, published by Conciliation Resources, 1999. 〈http://www.c-r.org/acc_min/index.htm〉, accessed on 7 Sept. 1999.
47. Muslim, Macapado A. "Sustaining the Constituency for Moro Autonomy," in A First Step to Peace: Mindanao in Transition, Accord, published by Conciliation Resources, 1999, 〈http://www.c-r.org/ acc_min/index.htm〉, accessed on 7 Sept. 1999.