Antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cement in the revision of septic arthroplasty: Where's the evidence?

Orthopedics

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Patti, Brianna N ^a   Lindeque, Bennie G P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACRYLIC CEMENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CEFAZOLIN; CLINDAMYCIN; FUSIDIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; MACROLIDE; OXACILLIN; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN; BONE CEMENT;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG USE; ELUTION; ERADICATION THERAPY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; JOINT CAVITY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; PRIMARY INFECTION; REOPERATION; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SURGICAL INFECTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; THERAPY EFFECT; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS; TREATMENT DURATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG IMPLANT; HIP PROSTHESIS; INFECTION; META ANALYSIS; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BONE CEMENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG IMPLANTS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HIP PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; REOPERATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79952525970     PISSN: 01477447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20110124-22     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Hanssen A, Rand J. Evaluation and treatment of infection at the site of a total hip or knee arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 1999; 48:111-22.
2. Moyad TF, Thornhill T, Estok D. Evaluation and management of the infected total hip and knee. Orthopedics. 2008; 31(6):581-588. (Pubitemid 352007182)
3. Kurtz SM, Lau E, Schmier J, Ong KL, Zhao K, Parvizi J. Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States [published online ahead of print April 10, 2008]. J Arthroplasty. 2008; 23(7):984-91.
4. Luessenhop CP, Higgins LD, Brause BD, Ranawat CS. Multiple prosthetic infections after total joint arthroplasty. Risk factor analysis. J Arthroplasty. 1996; 11(7):862-868. (Pubitemid 26393868)
5. Total hip arthroplasty complications. In: Barrack R, Booth RE Jr, Lonner JH, McCarthy JC, Mont MA, Rubash HE, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update, Hip and Knee. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2006:475-504.
6. Windsor RE, Bono JV. Infected total knee replacements. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994; 2(1):44-53.
7. Buchholz HW, Elson RA, Engelbrecht E, Lodenkämper H, Röttger J, Siegel A. Management of deep infection of total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981; 63(3):342-353. (Pubitemid 11039510)
8. Fremont-Smith P. Antibiotic management of septic total hip replacement. Proceedings of the second open scientific meeting of the Hip Society. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company, 1974:301-308.
9. Lazzarini L, Lipsky BA, Mader JT. Antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis: what have we learned from 30 years of clinical trials? Int J Infect Dis. 2005; 9(3):127-138.
10. Weber FA, Lautenbach EE. Revision of infected total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986; (211):108-115. (Pubitemid 17181336)
11. Buchholz HW, Engelbrecht H. Depot effects of various antibiotics mixed with Palacos resins [in German]. Chirurg. 1970; 41(11):511-515.
12. Schmalzried TP. The infected hip: telltale signs and treatment options. J Arthroplasty. 2006; 21(4 Suppl 1):97-100. (Pubitemid 43866430)
13. Conway J, Meani E. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infected total joint arthroplasty: strategy and results of two stage treatment for the infected THA. Paper presented at: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Annual Meeting; March 22-26, 2006; Chicago, IL.
14. Cui Q, Mihalko WM, Shields JS, Ries M, Saleh KJ. Antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infection associated with total hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007; 89(4):871-882. (Pubitemid 46564296)
15. Haddad FS, Masri BA, Garbuz DS, Duncan CP. The treatment of the infected hip replacement. The complex case. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999; (369):144-156.
16. Brien WW, Salvati EA, Klein R, Brause B, Stern S. Antibiotic impregnated bone cement in total hip arthroplasty. An in vivo comparison of the elution properties of tobramycin and vancomycin. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993; (296):242-248.
17. Patrick BN, Rivey MP, Allington DR. Acute renal failure associated with vancomycin- and tobramycin-laden cement in total hip arthroplasty [published online ahead of print October 10, 2006]. Ann Pharmacother. 2006; 40(11):2037-2042.
18. Escobar H, Matamala A, Asuncion J. Two-stage revision with Spacer GXL. Genoa, Italy, 2001.
19. Magnan B, Regis D, Bartolozzi P. Two-stage revision of infected total hip replacement using a preformed, antibiotic-loaded acrylic cment spacer. In: Pipino F, ed. Bone Cement and Cemented Fixation of Implants: 40 Years of Clinical Practice and Prospective for the Future. Genoa, Italy: Finto Di Stampare Nel Mese; 2001.
20. Magnan B, Regis D, Bartolozzi P. Two-stage revision of infected total hip replacement using a preformed, antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement spacer. 2001; Genoa, Italy.
21. Martini C, Vedovi E, Corno M, Magnan B, Montanari M, Bronzini N. Rehabilitation treatment in patients carrying temporary spacers of antibiotic loaded PMMA for hip prosthesis septic mobilization. Venice, Italy, 1997.
22. Sanchez-Sotelo J, Berry DJ, Hanssen AD, Cabanela ME. Midterm to long-term followup of staged reimplantation for infected hip arthroplasty [Published online ahead of print September 24, 2008]. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009; 467(1):219-224.
23. Hsieh PH, Shih CH, Chang YH, Lee MS, Shih HN, Yang WE. Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection: comparison between the interim use of antibiotic-loaded cement beads and a spacer prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(9):1989-1997. (Pubitemid 39223467)
24. Hsieh PH, Shih CH, Chang YH, Lee MS, Yang WE, Shih HN. Treatment of deep infection of the hip associated with massive bone loss: two-stage revision with an antibiotic-loaded interim cement prosthesis followed by reconstruction with allograft. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005; 87(6):770-775.
25. Parvizi J, Saleh KJ, Ragland PS, Pour AE, Mont MA. Efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total hip replacement. Acta Orthop. 2008; 79(3):335-341. (Pubitemid 352009328)
26. Heck D, Rosenberg A, Schink-Ascani M, Garbus S, Kiewitt T. Use of antibiotic-impregnated cement during hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty. 1995; 10(4):470-475.
27. Joseph TN, Chen AL, Di Cesare PE. Use of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total joint arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003; 11(1):38-47.
28. AlBuhairan B, Hind D, Hutchinson A. Antibiotic prophylaxis for wound infections in total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008; 90(7):915-919. (Pubitemid 352009780)
29. Bourne RB. Prophylactic use of antibiotic bone cement: an emerging standard--in the affirmative. J Arthroplasty. 2004; 19(4 Suppl 1):69-72. (Pubitemid 38746720)
30. Lewis G. Properties of antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cements for use in cemented arthroplasties: a state-of-the-art review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009; 89(2):558-574.
31. Marculescu C, Osmon D. Systemic antimicrobial treatment. In: Cierny G III, McLaren AC, Wongworawat, MD, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Musculoskeletal Infection. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2009:117-124.
32. Osmon D, Hanssen A. Prosthetic joint infections. In: Cierny G III, McLaren AC, Wongworawat, MD, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Musculoskeletal Infection. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: 2009:165-173.
33. McLaren A, Gutierrez F, Martin M, McLemore R. Local Antimicrobial Treatment. In: Cierny G III, McLaren AC, Wongworawat, MD, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Muscoluskeletal Infection. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2009:95-116.
34. Masri B, Davidson D, Duncan C, et al. Total hip arthroplasty complications. In: Barrack RL, Booth RE Jr, Lonner JH, McCarthy JC, Mont MA, Rubash HE, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Hip and Knee Reconstruction. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2009:475-500.
35. Mohit B, Joensson A. Meta-Analysis. In: Mohit B, Joensson A, eds. Clinical Research for Surgeons. New York, NY: Thieme; 2009:68-76.
36. Jiranek WA, Hanssen AD, Greenwald AS. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006; 88(11):2487-2500. (Pubitemid 44713839)
37. Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Montanaro L. Effects on antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis following adhesion to polymethylmethacrylate and to silicone surfaces. Biomaterials. 2002; 23(6):1495-1502. (Pubitemid 34037085)
38. Thabe H, Schill S. Two-stage reimplantation with an application spacer and combined with delivery of antibiotics in the management of prosthetic joint infection. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2007; 19(1):78-100. (Pubitemid 46416287)
39. Affatato S, Mattarozzi A, Taddei P, Robotti P, Soffiatti R, Sudanese A, Toni A. Investigations on the wear behaviour of the temporary PMMA-based hip Spacer-G. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2003; 217(1):1-8.
40. Hendriks JG, Neut D, Hazenberg JG, et al. The influence of cyclic loading on gentamicin release from acrylic bone cements. J Biomech. 2005; 38(4):953-957. (Pubitemid 40248480)
41. Lewis G, Janna S, Bhattaram A. Influence of the method of blending an antibiotic powder with an acrylic bone cement powder on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the cured cement. Biomaterials. 2005; 26(20):4317-4325. (Pubitemid 40430860)
42. von Schewelov T, Sanzen L, Onsten I, Carlsson A. Catastrophic failure of an uncemented acetabular component due to high wear and osteolysis: an analysis of 154 omnifit prostheses with mean 6-year follow-up. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004; 75(3):283-294. (Pubitemid 38824204)
43. Incavo SJ, Russell RD, Mathis KB, Adams H. Initial results of managing severe bone loss in infected total joint arthroplasty using customized articulating spacers [Published online ahead of print July 9, 2008]. J Arthroplasty. 2009; 24(4):607-613.
44. Thielen T, Maas S, Zuerbes A, Waldmann D, Anagnostakos K, Kelm J. Development of a reinforced PMMA-based hip spacer adapted to patients' needs [Published online ahead of print June 11, 2009]. Med Eng Phys. 2009; 31(8):930-936.
45. Cummins JS, Tomek IM, Kantor SR, Furnes O, Engesaeter LB, Finlayson SR. Cost-effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement used in primary total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009; 91(3):634-641.
46. Rafiq I, Gambhir AK, Wroblewski BM, Kay PR. The microbiology of infected hip arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2006; 30(6):532-535. (Pubitemid 44900564)
47. Tunney MM, Dunne N, Einarsson G, McDowell A, Kerr A, Patrick S. Biofilm formation by bacteria isolated from retrieved failed prosthetic hip implants in an in vitro model of hip arthroplasty antibiotic prophylaxis. J Orthop Res. 2007; 25(1):2-10. (Pubitemid 46070726)
48. Guyot A, Layer G. MRSA - 'bug-bear' of a surgical practice: reducing the incidence of MRSA surgical site infections. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006; 88(2):222-223.
49. Scott CP, Higham PA, Dumbleton JH. Effectiveness of bone cement containing tobramycin. An in vitro susceptibility study of 99 organisms found in infected joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999; 81(3):440-443.
50. Hendriks JG, Neut D, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Bacterial survival in the interfacial gap in gentamicin-loaded acrylic bone cements. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005; 87(2):272-276. (Pubitemid 40278032)
51. Higashi K, Sekiguchi M, Hashimoto A. Two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty using a vancomycin-impregnated cement spacer in an infected hip joint caused by MRSA. Orthop Surg. 2000; (51):605-609.
52. Cerretani D, Giorgi G, Fornara P, Bocchi L, Neri L, Ceffa R, Ghisellini F, Ritter MA. The in vitro elution characteristics of vancomycin combined with imipenem-cilastatin in acrylic bone-cements: a pharmacokinetic study. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17(5):619-626. (Pubitemid 34864344)
53. Baleani M, Persson C, Zolezzi C, Andollina A, Borrelli AM, Tigani D. Biological and biomechanical effects of vancomycin and meropenem in acrylic bone cement [Published online ahead of print April 14, 2008]. J Arthroplasty. 2008; 23(8):1232-1238.
54. Anagnostakos K, Kelm J, Regitz T, Schmitt E, Jung W. In vitro evaluation of antibiotic release from and bacteria growth inhibition by antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cement spacers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005; 72(2):373-378.
55. Masri BA, Duncan CP, Beauchamp CP, Paris NJ, Arntorp J. Effect of varying surface patterns on antibiotic elution from antibioticloaded bone cement. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10(4):453-459.
56. Seldes RM, Winiarsky R, Jordan LC, et al. Liquid gentamicin in bone cement: a laboratory study of a potentially more cost-effective cement spacer. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005; 87(2):268-272. (Pubitemid 40216622)
57. Stevens CM, Tetsworth KD, Calhoun JH, Mader JT. An articulated antibiotic spacer used for infected total knee arthroplasty: a comparative in vitro elution study of Simplex and Palacos bone cements. J Orthop Res. 2005; 23(1):27-33. (Pubitemid 40045073)
58. Klekamp J, Dawson JM, Haas DW, DeBoer D, Christie M. The use of vancomycin and tobramycin in acrylic bone cement: biomechanical effects and elution kinetics for use in joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999; 14(3):339-346. (Pubitemid 29172251)
59. Minelli E, Benini A, Magnan B, Bartolozzi P. Release of gentamicin and vancomycin from temporary huamn hip spacers in two-stage revision of infected arthroplasty [published online ahead of print December 19, 2003]. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(2):329-334. (Pubitemid 38239970)
60. Kisanuki O, Yajima H, Umeda T, Takakura Y. Experimental study of calcium phosphate cement impregnated with dideoxykanamycin B [published online ahead of print May 31, 2007]. J Orthop Sci. 2007; 12(3):281-288. (Pubitemid 46835473)
61. Goss B, Lutton C, Weinrauch P, Jabur M, Gillett G, Crawford R. Elution and mechanical properties of antifungal bone cement [published online ahead of print July 25, 2007]. J Arthroplasty. 2007; 22(6):902-908. (Pubitemid 47364774)
62. Anagnostakos K, Kelm J, Grun S, Schmitt E, Jung W, Swoboda S. Antimicrobial properties and elution kinetics of linezolid-loaded hip spacers in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008; 87(1):173-178.
63. Picknell B, Mizen L, Sutherland R. Antibacterial activity of antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59(3):302-307. (Pubitemid 8168943)
64. Levin PD. The effectiveness of various antibiotics in methyl methacrylate. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975; 57(2):234-237.
65. Hughes S, Field CA, Kennedy MR, Dash CH. Cephalosporins in bone cement: studies in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979; 61(1):96-100.
66. Neut D, Hendriks JG, van Horn JR, Kowalski RS, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of gentamicin-loaded acrylic bone cements with fusidic acid or clindamycin added. J Orthop Res. 2006; 24(2):291-299. (Pubitemid 43773040)
67. Penner MJ, Masri BA, Duncan CP. Elution characteristics of vancomycin and tobramycin combined in acrylic bone-cement. J Arthroplasty. 1996;11(8):939-944.
68. Ethell MT, Bennett RA, Brown MP, Merritt K, Davidson JS, Tran T. In vitro elution of gentamicin, amikacin, and ceftiofur from polymethylmethacrylate and hydroxyapatite cement. Vet Surg. 2000; 29(5):375-382.
69. Hill J, Klenerman L, Trustey S, Blowers R. Diffusion of antibiotics from acrylic bone-cement in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59(2):197-199. (Pubitemid 8120619)
70. Elson RA, Jephcott AE, McGechie DB, Verettas D. Antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59(2):200-205.
71. Marks KE, Nelson CL, Lautenschlager EP. Antibiotic-impregnated acrylic bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(3):358-364.
72. Kelm J, Regitz T, Schmitt E, Jung W, Anagnostakos K. In vivo and in vitro studies of antibiotic release from and bacterial growth inhibition by antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate hip spacers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006; 50(1):332-335.
73. Penner MJ, Duncan CP, Masri BA. The in vitro elution characteristics of antibiotic-loaded CMW and Palacos bone cements. J Arthroplasty. 1999; 14(2):209-214. (Pubitemid 29095966)
74. Kuechle DK, Landon GC, Musher DM, Noble PC. Elution of vancomycin, daptomycin, and amikacin from acrylic bone cement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991(264):302-308.
75. Dunne NJ, Hill J, McAfee P, Kirkpatrick R, Patrick S, Tunney M. Incorporation of large amounts of gentamicin sulphate into acrylic bone cement: effect on handling and mechanical properties, antibiotic release, and biofilm formation. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2008;222(3):355-365.
76. Dunne N, Buchanan F, Hill J, et al. In vitro testing of chitosan in gentamicin-loaded bone cement: no antimicrobial effect and reduced mechanical performance. Acta Orthop. 2008; 79(6):851-860.
77. Tunney MM, Brady AJ, Buchanan F, Newe C, Dunne NJ. Incorporation of chitosan in acrylic bone cement: effect on antibiotic release, bacterial biofilm formation and mechanical properties [published online ahead of print February 12, 2008]. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19(4):1609-1615.
78. Moojen DJ, Hentenaar B, Charles Vogely H, Verbout AJ, Castelein RM, Dhert WJ. In vitro release of antibiotics from commercial PMMA beads and articulating hip spacers [published online ahead of print March 4, 2008]. J Arthroplasty. 2008; 23(8):1152-1156.
79. Hsieh PH, Huang KC, Tai CL. Liquid gentamicin in bone cement spacers: in vivo antibiotic release and systemic safety in two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty. J Trauma. 2009; 66(3):804-808.
80. Cabrita HB, Croci AT, Camargo OP, Lima AL. Prospective study of the treatment of infected hip arthroplasties with or without the use of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2007; 62(2):99-108.
81. Espehaug B, Engesaeter LB, Vollset SE, Havelin LI, Langeland N. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty. Review of 10,905 primary cemented total hip replacements reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register, 1987 to 1995. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997; 79(4):590-595.
82. Engesaeter LB, Lie SA, Espehaug B, Furnes O, Vollset SE, Havelin LI. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty: effects of antibiotic prophylaxis systemically and in bone cement on the revision rate of 22,170 primary hip replacements followed 0-14 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003; 74(6):644-651. (Pubitemid 38067862)
83. Tsukayama DT, Estrada R, Gustilo RB. Infection after total hip arthroplasty. A study of the treatment of one hundred and six infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996; 78(4):512-523. (Pubitemid 26115571)
84. Al-Maiyah M, Hill D, Bajwa A, et al. Bacterial contaminants and antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(9):1256-1258. (Pubitemid 41387568)
85. Stockley I, Mockford BJ, Hoad-Reddick A, Norman P. The use of two-stage exchange arthroplasty with depot antibiotics in the absence of long-term antibiotic therapy in infected total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008; 90(2):145-148. (Pubitemid 351303337)
86. Masri BA, Duncan CP, Beauchamp CP. Long-term elution of antibiotics from bone-cement: an in vivo study using the prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement (PROSTALAC) system. J Arthroplasty. 1998; 13(3):331-338. (Pubitemid 28194004)
87. Yamamoto K, Miyagawa N, Masaoka T, Katori Y, Shishido T, Imakiire A. Cement spacer loaded with antibiotics for infected implants of the hip joint [published online ahead of print February 1, 2007]. J Arthroplasty. 2009; 24(1):83-89.
88. Murray WR. Use of antibiotic-containing bone cement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; (190):89-95. (Pubitemid 15223468)
89. Magnan B, Regis D, Biscaglia R, Bartolozzi P. Preformed acrylic bone cement spacer loaded with antibiotics: use of two-stage procedure in 10 patients because of infected hips after total replacement. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001; 72(6):591-594. (Pubitemid 34031655)
90. Diwanji SR, Kong IK, Park YH, Cho SG, Song EK, Yoon TR. Two-stage reconstruction of infected hip joints [published online ahead of print January 22, 2008]. J Arthroplasty. 2008; 23(5):656-661.
91. Durbhakula SM, Czajka J, Fuchs MD, Uhl RL. Spacer endoprosthesis for the treatment of infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004; 19(6):760-767. (Pubitemid 39179787)
92. Soto-Hall R, Saenz L, Tavernetti R, Cabaud HE, Cochran TP. Tobramycin in bone cement. An in-depth analysis of wound, serum, and urine concentrations in patients undergoing total hip revision arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983; (175):60-64.
93. Sterling GJ, Crawford S, Potter JH, Koerbin G, Crawford R. The pharmacokinetics of Simplex-tobramycin bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003; 85(5):646-649. (Pubitemid 36927025)
94. Chiu FY, Chen CM, Lin CF, Lo WH. Cefuroxime-impregnated cement in primary total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study of three hundred and forty knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002; 84(5):759-762.
95. Chiu FY, Lin CF, Chen CM, Lo WH, Chaung TY. Cefuroxime-impregnated cement at primary total knee arthroplasty in diabetes mellitus. A prospective, randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001; 83(5):691-695.
96. Younger AS, Duncan CP, Masri BA, McGraw RW. The outcome of two-stage arthroplasty using a custom-made interval spacer to treat the infected hip. J Arthroplasty. 1997; 12(6):615-623. (Pubitemid 27427939)
97. Pensotti C, Nacinovich F, Vidiella G, Carbone E, Marin M, Di Stefano C, Stamboulian D. Teicoplanin in the treatment of bone and joint infections due to methicillin resistant staphylococci. Experience in adult patients. Medicina (B Aires). 2002; 62(Suppl 2):40-47.
98. Takahira N, Itoman M, Higashi K, Uchiyama K, Miyabe M, Naruse K. Treatment outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer. J Orthop Sci. 2003; 8(1):26-31. (Pubitemid 36240902)
99. Leunig M, Chosa E, Speck M, Ganz R. A cement spacer for two-stage revision of infected implants of the hip joint. Int Orthop. 1998; 22(4):209-214. (Pubitemid 28464125)
100. Efstathopoulos N, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Kanellakopoulou K, et al. Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus with bone cement system releasing grepafloxacin [published online ahead of print July 24, 2008]. Injury. 2008; 39(12):1384-1390.
101. Hsieh PH, Chang YH, Chen SH, Ueng SW, Shih CH. High concentration and bioactivity of vancomycin and aztreonam eluted from Simplex cement spacers in two-stage revision of infected hip implants: a study of 46 patients at an average follow-up of 107 days. J Orthop Res. 2006; 24(8):1615-1621.
102. Papagelopoulos PJ, Mavrogenis AF, Giannitsioti E, Kikilas A, Kanellakopoulou K, Soucacos PN. Management of a multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected total knee arthroplasty using colistin. A case report and review of the literature. J Arthroplasty. 2007; 22(3):457-463. (Pubitemid 46484007)
103. Josefsson G, Kolmert L. Prophylaxis with systemic antibiotics versus gentamicin bone cement in total hip arthroplasty: A ten year survey of 1,688 hips. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993; (292):210-214. (Pubitemid 23206271)
104. Nelson CL, Evans RP, Blaha JD, Calhoun J, Henry SL, Patzakis MJ. A comparison of gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate bead implantation to conventional parenteral antibiotic therapy in infected total hip and knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993; (295):96-101. (Pubitemid 23299635)
105. Anagnostakos K, Wilmes P, Schmitt E, Kelm J. Elution of gentamicin and vancomycin from polymethylmethacrylate beads and hip spacers in vivo. Acta Orthop. 2009; 80(2):193-197.
106. Chen WS, Fu TH, Wang JW. Two-stage reimplantation of infected hip arthroplasties. Chang Gung Med J. 2009; 32(2):188-197.
107. Hsieh PH, Huang KC, Lee PC, Lee MS. Two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty using an antibiotic-loaded spacer: retrospective comparison between short-term and prolonged antibiotic therapy [published online ahead of print May 28, 2009]. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009; 64(2):392-397.
108. McKenna PB, O'Shea K, Masterson EL. Two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty using a shortened post-operative course of antibiotics [published online ahead of print August 2, 2008]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009; 129(4):489-494.
109. Schiefer UR, Heiss C, Dingeldein E, Wenisch S, Schnettler R, Kilian O. Elution kinetics and antimicrobial effects of gentamicinand clindamycin-loaded bone cements in vitro. Z Orthop Unfall. 2008; 146(1):92-98. (Pubitemid 351397161)
110. Gualdrini G, Bassi A, Fravisini M, Giunti A. Bone with cement and antibiotic: antibiotic release in vitro. Chir Organi Mov. 2005; 90(1):23-29.
111. Wei W, Kou BL, Ju RS, Lu HS. The second stage revision for infected total hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-loaded cement prosthesis. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2007; 45(4):246-248.
112. Pietsch M, Hofmann S, Wenisch C. Treatment of deep infection of total knee arthroplasty using a two-stage procedure. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2006; 18(1):66-87. (Pubitemid 44069777)
113. Landor I, Vavrik P, Jahoda D. General principles of infection treatment in joint replacements. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2005; 72(3):183-190. (Pubitemid 40975123)
114. Jahoda D, Sosna A, Landor I, Vavrik P, Pokorný D, Hudec T. Two-stage reimplantation using spacers - the method of choice in treatment of hip joint prosthesis-related infections. Comparison with methods used from 1979 to 1998. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2003; 70(1):17-24.
115. D'Angelo F, Negri L, Zatti G, Grassi FA. Two-stage revision surgery to treat an infected hip implant. A comparison between a custom-made spacer and a pre-formed one. Chir Organi Mov. 2005; 90(3):271-279.
116. Garcia S, Soriano A, Esteban P, Almela M, Gallart X, Mensa J. Usefulness of adding antibiotic to cement in one stage exchange of chronic infection in total hip arthroplasty. Med Clin (Barc). 2005; 125(4):138-139. (Pubitemid 41076162)
117. Sofer D, Regenbrecht B, Pfeil J. Early results of one-stage septic revision arthroplasties with antibiotic-laden cement. A clinical and statistical analysis. Orthopade. 2005; 34(6):592-602.
118. Bálint L, Koós Z, Liszt F, Kocsis B, Farkas B, Szabó G. The comparison of in vivo and in vitro elution of gentamycin from bone cement. Orv Hetil. 2004; 145(28):1467-1471.
119. Krbec M, Cech O, Dzupa V, Pacovský V, Klézl Z. Infection complications of total hip arthroplasty. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2004; 71(3):179-188. (Pubitemid 39029267)
120. Migaud H, Chantelot C, Besson A, Gougeon F, Dubois HH, Duquennoy A. Temporary antibiotic-loaded cemented prosthesis for two-stage septic hip arthroplasty. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1997; 84(5):466-468. (Pubitemid 27421674)
121. Steinbrink K, Frommelt L. Treatment of periprosthetic infection of the hip using one-stage exchange surgery. Orthopade. 1995; 24(4):335-343.