The state-trait disjunction of anhedonia in schizophrenia: Potential affective, cognitive and social-based mechanisms

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 440-448

  Cohen, Alex S ^a   Najolia, Gina M ^a   Brown, Laura A ^a   Minor, Kyle S ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Affect; Anhedonia; Emotion; Mood; Negative; Review; Schizophrenia; State; Trait

Indexed keywords

ANHEDONIA; BORDERLINE STATE; COGNITION; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; NEUROSCIENCE; ORBITAL CORTEX; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL MEDICINE;

COGNITION; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 79952244861     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.001     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Aakre J., Seghers J., St-Hilaire A., Docherty N. Attributional style in delusional patients: A comparison of remitted paranoid, remitted nonparanoid, and current paranoid patients with nonpsychiatric controls. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009, 35(5):994-1002.
2. Abi-Dargham A. Alterations of serotonin transmission in schizophrenia. International Review of Neurobiology 2007, 78:133-164.
3. Aghevli M., Blanchard J., Horan W. The expression and experience of emotion inschizophrenia: A study of social interactions. Psychiatry Research 2003, 119(3):261-270.
4. Andreasen N.C. The Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) 1983, University Press, Iowa City, IA.
5. Andreasen N.C., Olsen S. Negative vs. positive schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982, 39:789-794.
6. Bantam E.O., Owen J.E. Evaluating the validity of computerized content analysis programs for identification of emotional expression in cancer narratives. Psychological Assessment 2009, 21:79-88.
7. Barch D.M., Carter C.S., MacDonald A.W., Braver T.S., Cohen J.D. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationships to clinical symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, 112(1):132-143.
8. Barch D.M., Sheline Y.I., Csernansky J.G., Snyder A.Z. Working memory and prefrontal cortex dysfunction: Specificity to schizophrenia compared to major depression. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 53:376-384.
9. Beaudreau S.A. Are trauma narratives unique and do they predict psychological adjustment?. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:353-357.
10. Berenbaum H., Fujita F. Schizophrenia and personality: Exploring the boundaries and connections between vulnerability and outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1994, 103(1):148-158.
11. Berenbaum H., Oltmanns T. Emotional experience and expression in schizophrenia and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1992, 101(1):37-44.
12. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. The mind of an addicted brain: Neural sensitization of wanting versus liking. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1995, 4:71-76.
13. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Research Reviews 1998, 28:309-369.
14. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. Parsing reward. Trends in Neuroscience 2003, 26:507-513.
15. Berrridge K.C. The debate over dopamine's role in reward: The case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology 2007, 191:391-431.
16. Bilder R.M., Goldman R.S., Robinson D., Reiter G., Bell L., Bates J.A., et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: Initial characterization and clinical correlates. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 157:549-559.
17. Bjork J.M., Momenan R., Hommer D.W. Delay discounting correlates with proportional lateral frontal cortex volumes. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65(8):710-713.
18. Blanchard J.J., Bellack A.S., Mueser K.T. Affective and social-behavioral correlates of physical and social anhedonia in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1994, 103(4):719-728.
19. Blanchard J.J., Cohen A.S. The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: Implications for assessment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2006, 32:238-245.
20. Blanchard J.J., Horan W.P., Brown S.A. Diagnostic differences in social anhedonia: A longitudinal study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001, 110(3):363-371.
21. Blanchard J.J., Mueser K.T., Bellack A.S. Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998, 24:413-424.
22. Bogerts B., Lieberman J., Ashtari M., Bilder R. Hippocampus-amygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1993, 33(4):236-246.
23. Bond G.D., Lee A.Y. Language of lies in prison: Linguistic classification of prisoner's truthful and deceptive natural language. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2005, 19:313-329.
24. Bradley B., Mathews A. Negative self-schemata in clinical depression. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1983, 22:173-181.
25. Bradley B., Mathews A. Memory bias in recovered clinical depression. Cognition and Emotion 1988, 2:235-245.
26. Brown L.A., Cohen A.S. Facial emotion recognition in schizotypy: The role of accuracy and social cognitive bias. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2010, 16(3):474-483.
27. Cacioppo J.T., Gardner W.L., Berntson G.G. Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1997, 1(1):3-25.
28. Calev A., Edelist S. Affect and memory in schizophrenia: Negative emotion words are forgotten less rapidly than other words by long-hospitalized schizophrenics. Psychopathology 1993, 26:229-235.
29. Canli T., Zhao Z., Brewer J., Gabrieli J.D.E., Cahill L. Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. The Journal of Neuroscience 2000, 20:99.
30. Canli T., Zhao Z., Desmond J.E., Glover G., Gabrieli J.D.E. fMRI identifies a network of structures correlated with retention of positive and negative emotional memory. Psychobiology 1999, 27:441-452.
31. Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1978). The Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale. Unpublished test.
32. Chapman L., Chapman J., Raulin M. Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1976, 85(4):374-382.
33. Cohen A.S., Dinzeo T.J., Nienow T.M., Smith D.A., Singer B., Docherty N.M. Diminished emotionality and social functioning in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 2005, 193(12):796-802.
34. Cohen A., Leung W., Saperstein A., Blanchard J. Neuropsychological functioning and social anhedonia: Results from a community high-risk study. Schizophrenia Research 2006, 85(1-3):132-141.
35. Cohen A.S., Minor K.S. Emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia revisited: Meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2010, 36:143-150.
36. Cohen A., Nienow T., Dinzeo T., Docherty N. Attribution biases in schizophrenia: Relationship to clinical and functional impairments. Psychopathology 2009, 42(1):40-46.
37. Cohen A.S., St-Hillaire A., Aakre J.M., Docherty N.M. Understanding anhedonia in schizophrenia through lexical analysis of natural speech. Cognition and Emotion 2009, 23:569-586.
38. Cohen, Alex S., Beck, Melissa R., Najolia, Gina M., Brown, Laura A. (Under Review). Explicit, but not implicit disturbances in pleasant and unpleasant affect characterize schizotypy.
39. Conklin C.Z., Bradley R., Westen D. Affect regulation in borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2006, 194:69-77.
40. Crow T.J. The two-syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985, 11(3):471-486.
41. Danion J.M., Kazes M., Huron C., Karchouni N. Do patients with schizophrenia consciously recollect emotional events better than neutral events?. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 160:1879-1881.
42. Danion J., Rizzo L., Bruant A. Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:639-644.
43. Davidson R.J. Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis. Psychophysiology 2003, 40(5):655-665.
44. Davis P., Gibson M. Recognition of posed and genuine facial expressions of emotion in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2000, 109(3):445-450.
45. 1-sup-5-sup-8Met COMT polymorphism in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117(4):788-798.
46. Dolcos F., LaBar K.S., Cabeza R. Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron 2004, 42:855-863.
47. Eckblad, M. L., Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Mishlove, M. (1982). The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Unpublished test.
48. Fakra E., Salgado-Pineda P., Delaveau P., Hariri A., Blin O. Neural bases of different cognitive strategies for facial affect processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 100(1-3):191-205.
49. Fiedler K., Pampe H., Scherf U. Mood and memory for tightly organized social information. European Journal of Social Psychology 1986, 16:149-164.
50. Gard D.E., Gard M.G., Kring A.M., John O.P. Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: A scale development study. Journal of Research in Personality 2006, 40:1086-1102.
51. Gard D.E., Kring A.M., Gard M.G., Horan W.P., Green M.F. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 93:253-260.
52. Gold J.M., Randolph C., Carpenter C.J., Goldberg T.E., Weinberger D.R. Forms of memory failure in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1992, 101:487-494.
53. Gold J.M., Waltz J.A., Prentice K.J., Morris S.E., Heerey E.A. Reward processing in schizophrenia: A deficit in the representation of value. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008, 34(5):835-847.
54. Gooding D., Braun J. Visuoconstructive performance, implicit hemispatial inattention, and schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research 2004, 68(2-3):261-269.
55. Gooding D., Shea H., Matts C. Saccadic performance in questionnaire identified schizotypes over time. Psychiatry Research 2005, 133(2-3):173-186.
56. Gooding D., Tallent K. Spatial, object, and affective working memory in social anhedonia: an exploratory study. Schizophrenia Research 2003, 63(3):247-260.
57. Green M.F. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 153:321-330.
58. Green M., Williams L., Davidson D. Processing of threat-related affect is delayed in delusion-prone individuals. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001, 40(2):157-165.
59. Gross J.J. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology 1998, 2:271-299.
60. Hall J., Harris J.M., McKirdy J.W., Johnstone E.C., Lawrie S.M. Emotional memory in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:1152-1159.
61. Hamann S.B. Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Science 2001, 5:394-400.
62. Handelman L.D., Lester D. The content of suicide notes from attempters and completers. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 2007, 28:102-104.
63. Heckers S., Weiss A.P., Deckersbach T., Goff C.D., Morecraft R.J., Bush G. Anterior cingulated cortex activation during cognitive interference in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161:707-715.
64. Heerey E.A., Bell-Warren K.R., Gold J.M. Decision-making impairments in the context of intact reward sensitivity in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64(1):62-69.
65. Heerey E.A., Gold J.M. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate dissociation between affective experience and motivated behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:268-278.
66. Heerey E.A., Robinson B.M., McMahon R.P., Gold J.M. Delay discounting in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 2007, 12(3):213-221.
67. Heinrichs R.W., Zakzanis K.K. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998, 12:426-445.
68. Herbener E.S. Emotional memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008, 34:875-887.
69. Herbener E.S., Harrow M. The course of anhedonia during 10 years of schizophrenic illness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:237-248.
70. Herbener E.S., Rosen C., Khine T., Sweeney J.A. Failure of positive but not negative emotional valence to enhance memory in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:43-55.
71. Hobbs M., Remington B., Glautier S. Dissociation of wanting and liking for alcohol in humans: A test of the incentive-sensitization theory. Psychopharmacology 2005, 178:493-499.
72. Horan W.P., Blanchard J.J., Clark L.A., Green M.F. Affective traits in schizophrenia and schizotypy. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008, 34:856-874.
73. Horan W.P., Green M.F., Kring A.M., Nuechterlein K.H. Does anhedonia in schizophrenia reflect faulty memory for subjectively experienced emotions?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115:496-508.
74. Huron C., Danion J.M., Giacomoni F., Grange D., Robert P., Rizzo L. Impairment of recognition memory with, but not without, conscious recollection in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:1737-1742.
75. Juckel G., Schlagenhauf F., Koslowski M., Wustenberg T., Villringer A., Knutson B., et al. Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2006, 29:409-416.
76. Kahn J.H., Tobin R.M., Massey A.E., Anderson J.A. Measuring emotional expression with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. The American Journal of Psychology 2007, 120:263-286.
77. Kapur S., Mamo D. Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 2003, 27:1081-1090.
78. Katsanis J., Iacono W., Beiser M., Lacey L. Clinical correlates of anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1992, 101(1):184-191.
79. Kensinger E.A., Corkin S. Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2004, 101:3310-3315.
80. Kerns J.G., Becker T.M. Communication disturbances, working memory, and emotion in people with elevated disorganized schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 100(1):172-180.
81. Keshavan M., Dick E., Mankowski I., Harenski K., Montrose D., Diwadkar V., et al. Decreased left amygdala and hippocampal volumes in young offspring at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2002, 58(2-3):173-183.
82. Kim J., Park H., Jung Y., Chun J.W., Kim H.S., Seok J.H., et al. Evaluative processing of ambivalent stimuli in patients with schizophrenia and depression: A [15O] H2O PET study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2009, 15:990-1001.
83. Kirkpatrick B., Buchanan R.W., Ross D.E., Carpenter W.T. A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001, 58(2):165-171.
84. Knutson B., Adams C.M., Fong G.W., Hommer D. Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. The Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 21:159-163.
85. Ko J.H., Ptito A., Monchi O., Cho S.C., Eimeran T.V., Pellecchia G., et al. Increased dopamine release in the right anterior cingulated cortex during the performance of a sorting task: A [11C]FLB 457 PET study. Neuroimage 2009, 46:516-521.
86. Koh S.D., Grinker R.R., Marusarz T.Z., Forman P.L. Affective memory and schizophrenia anhedonia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1981, 7:292-307.
87. Koh S.D., Kayton L., Peterson R.A. Affective encoding and consequent remembering in schizophrenic young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1976, 85:156-166.
88. Kohler C., Turner T., Bilker W., Brensinger C., Siegel S., Kanes S., et al. Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia: Intensity Effects and Error Pattern 2003.
89. Kosaka H., Omori M., Murata T., Iidaka T., Yamada H., Okada T., et al. Differential amygdale response during facial recognition in patients with schizophrenia: An fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 2002, 57(1):87-96.
90. Kring A.M., Moran E.K. Emotional response deficits in schizophrenia: Insights from affective science. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008, 34(5):819-834.
91. Kross E., Davidson M., Weber J., Ochsner K. Coping with emotions past: The neural bases of regulating affect associated with negative autobiographical memories. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:361-366.
92. Kwapil T. Social anhedonia as a predictor of the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 107(4):558-565.
93. Kwapil T., Silvia P., Myin-Germeys I., Anderson A., Coates S., Brown L. The social world of the socially anhedonic: Exploring the daily ecology of asociality. Journal of Research in Personality 2009, 43(1):103-106.
94. Lambert N.M., McLeod M., Schenk S. Subjective responses to initial experience with cocaine: An exploration of the incentive-sensitization theory of drug abuse. Addiction 2006, 101:713-725.
95. Laurelle M., Abi-Dargham A., van Dyck C., Gil R., D'Souza D.C., Krystal J., et al. Dopamine and serotonin transporters in patients with schizophrenia: An imaging study with [123I]?-CIT. Biological Psychiatry 2000, 47:371-379.
96. Lawrie S.M., Abukmeil S.S. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia: A systematic and quantitive review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1998, 172:110-120.
97. Mathews J.R., Barch D.M. Episodic memory for emotional and nonemotional words. Cognition and Emotion 2004, 18:721-740.
98. McGaugh J.L. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2004, 27:1-28.
99. Meehl P.E. Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. The American Psychologist 1962, 17(12):827-838.
100. Meehl P. Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Disorders 1990, 4(1):1-99.
101. Moritz S., Woodward T. Jumping to conclusions in delusional and non-delusional schizophrenic patients. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2005, 44(2):193-207.
102. Morris S.E., Heerey E.A., Gold J.M., Holroyd C.B. Learning-related changes in brain activity following errors and performance feedback in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 99(1-3):274-285.
103. Myin-Germeys I., Delespaul P.A., deVries M.W. Schizophrenia patients are more emotionally active than is assumed based on their behavior. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000, 26(4):847-854.
104. Myin-Germeys I., van Os J., Schwartz J.E., Stone A.A., Delespaul P.A. Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001, 58(12):1137-1144.
105. Neumann A., Blairy S., Lecompte D., Philippot P. Specificity deficit in the recollection of emotional memories in schizophrenia. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:469-484.
106. Ochsner K.N., Bunge S.A., Gross J.J., Gabrieli J.D. Rethinking feelings: An FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2002, 14(8):1215-1229.
107. Park S., Holzman P.S. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992, 49:975-982.
108. Peckys D., Hurd Y.L. Prodynorphin and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the cingulate and prefrontal cortices of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders. Brain Research Bulletin 2001, 55:619-624.
109. Petty R.E., BriÑol P., Petty R.E., Fazio R.H., Briã±ol P. Implicit ambivalence: A meta-cognitive approach. Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures 2008, 119-161. Psychology Press, New York, NY US.
110. Prentice K.J., Gold J.M., Buchanan R.W. The Wisconsin Card Sorting impairment in schizophrenia is evident in the first four trials. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 106(1):81-87.
111. Priester J.R., Petty R.E. The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71(3):431-449.
112. Quirk S.W., Subramanian L., Hoerger M. Effects of situational demand upon social enjoyment and preference in schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116(3):624-631.
113. Rusting C.L. Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: Three conceptual frameworks. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124:165-196.
114. Sayers S.L., Curran P.J., Mueser K.T. Factor structure and construct validity of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Psychological Assessment 1996, 8(3):269.
115. Schoenbaum G., Roesch M.R., Stalnaker T.A. Orbitofrontal cortex, decision-making and drug addiction. Trends in Neurosciences 2006, 29(2):116-124.
116. Schultz W. Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron 2002, 36:241-263.
117. Simons J.S., Carey K.B. Risk and vulnerability for marijuana use problems: The role of affect dysregulation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2002, 1:72-75.
118. Simons R., Katkin W. Smooth pursuit eye movements in subjects reporting physical anhedonia and perceptual aberrations. Psychiatry Research 1985, 14(4):275-289.
119. Stanislaw C.A., Carson R.C. Schizophrenia: A critical examination. Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology 2004, 403-441. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, New York, NY. 3d Ed. H.E. Adams, P.B. Sutker (Eds.).
120. Takahashi H., Koeda M., Oda K., Matsuda T., Matsushima E., Matsuura M., et al. An fMRI study of differential neural response to affective pictures in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2004, 22:1247-1254.
121. Taylor S.R., Liberzon I., Decker L.R., Koeppe R.A. A functional anatomic study of emotion in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2002, 58:159-172.
122. Taylor S.R., Phan K.L., Britton J.C., Liberzon I. Neural response to emotional salience in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:984-995.
123. TrÉmeau R., Antonius D., Cacioppo J.T., Ziwich R., Jalbrzikowski M., Saccente E., et al. In support of Bleuler: Objective evidence for increased affective ambivalence in schizophrenia based upon evocative testing. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 107:223-231.
124. Van der Kolk B.A., Pelcovitz D., Roth S., Mandel F.S., MacFarlane A., Herman J.L. Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation to trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 153(7):83-94.
125. Vanheule S., Desmet M., Meganck R. What the heart thinks, the tongue speaks: A study on depression and lexical choice. Psychological Reports 2000, 104:473-481.
126. Velakoulis D., Wood S., Wong M., McGorry P., Yung A., Phillips L., et al. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: A magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006, 63(2):139-149.
127. Walker E., Lewine R.R.J. Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1990, 147:1052-1056.
128. Waltz J.A., Gold J.M. Probabilistic reversal learning impairments in schizophrenia: Further evidence of orbitofrontal dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 93(1):296-303.
129. Westen D., Muderrisoglu S., Fowler C., Shelder J., Koren D. Affect regulation and affective experience: Individual differences, group differences, and measurement using a Q-sort procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997, 65:429-439.
130. Wise R.A. Brain reward circuitry: Insights from unsensed incentives. Neuron 2002, 36:229-240.
131. Wright I.C., Rabe-Hesketh S., Woodruff P.W.R., David A.S., Murray R.M., Bullmore E.T. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 157:16-25.
132. Yen S., Zlotnick C., Costello E. Affect regulation in women with borderline personality disorder traits. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2002, 190:693-706.
133. Zlotnick C., Donaldson D., Spirito A., Pearlstein T. Affect regulation and suicide attempts in adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997, 36:793-808.