Use of hypertonic saline injection in trauma

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 67, Issue 22, 2010, Pages 1920-1928

  Patanwala, Asad E ^a   Amini, Albert ^b   Erstad, Brian L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain injuries; Electrolytes; Mannitol; Osmotic agents; Protocols; Sodium chloride; Tonicity; Toxicity; Wounds and injuries

Indexed keywords

SODIUM CHLORIDE; CRYSTALLOID SOLUTIONS; ISOTONIC SOLUTION; MANNITOL;

BLEEDING; BURN; CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS; DRUG EFFECT; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; ANIMAL; BRAIN INJURY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SHOCK;

ANIMALS; BRAIN INJURIES; BURNS; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS; MANNITOL; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC; SHOCK;

EID: 79952202695     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: 15352900     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2146/ajhp090523     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Kauvar DS, Lefering R, Wade CE. Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. J Trauma. 2006; 60(suppl):S3-11.
2. Kortbeek JB, Al Turki SA, Ali J et al. Advanced trauma life support, 8th edition, the evidence for change. J Trauma. 2008; 64:1638-50.
3. Alam HB, Rhee P. New developments in fluid resuscitation. Surg Clin North Am. 2007; 87:55-72,vi.
4. Pham TN, Cancio LC, Gibran NS. American Burn Association practice guidelines burn shock resuscitation. J Burn Care Res. 2008; 29:257-66.
5. Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. II. Hyperosmolar therapy. J Neurotrauma. 2007; 24(suppl 1):S14-20.
6. Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331:1105-9. (Pubitemid 24321214)
7. Jarvela K, Koskinen M, Koobi T. Effects of hypertonic saline (7.5%) on extracellular fluid volumes in healthy volunteers. Anaesthesia. 2003; 58:878-81.
8. Velasco IT, Pontieri V, Rocha e Silva M Jr et al. Hyperosmotic NaCl and severe hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol. 1980; 239:H664-73.
9. Monafo WW. The treatment of burn shock by the intravenous and oral administration of hypertonic lactated saline solution. J Trauma. 1970; 10:575-86.
10. Moylan JA Jr, Reckler JM, Mason AD Jr. Resuscitation with hypertonic lactate saline in thermal injury. Am J Surg. 1973; 125:580-4.
11. Mannick JA, Rodrick ML, Lederer JA. The immunologic response to injury. J Am Coll Surg. 2001; 193:237-44. (Pubitemid 32834762)
12. Rhee P, Burris D, Kaufmann C et al. Lactated Ringer's solution resuscitation causes neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma. 1998; 44:313-9. (Pubitemid 28124170)
13. Alam HB, Stanton K, Koustova E et al. Effect of different resuscitation strategies on neutrophil activation in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation. 2004; 60:91-9. (Pubitemid 38251232)
14. Bahrami S, Zimmermann K, Szelenyi Z et al. Small-volume fluid resuscitation with hypertonic saline prevents inflammation but not mortality in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2006; 25:283-9.
15. Murao Y, Loomis W, Wolf P et al. Effect of dose of hypertonic saline on its potential to prevent lung tissue damage in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2003; 20:29-34.
16. Murao Y, Hata M, Ohnishi K et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis and tissue damage of the small intestine in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2003; 20:23-8.
17. Pascual JL, Khwaja KA, Ferri LE et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation attenuates neutrophil lung sequestration and transmigration by diminishing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in a two-hit model of hemorrhagic shock and infection. J Trauma. 2003; 54:121-30.
18. Rhee P, Wang D, Ruff P et al. Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28:74-8. (Pubitemid 30091032)
19. Junger WG, Coimbra R, Liu FC et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation: a tool to modulate immune function in trauma patients? Shock. 1997; 8:235-41.
20. Junger WG, Hoyt DB, Hamreus M et al. Hypertonic saline activates protein tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in T-cells. J Trauma. 1997; 42:437-43.
21. Nydam TL, Moore EE, McIntyre RC Jr et al. Hypertonic saline attenuates TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation in pulmonary epithelial cells. Shock. 2009; 31:466-72.
22. Papia G, Burrows LL, Sinnadurai S et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock does not impair the neutrophil response to intraabdominal infection. Surgery. 2008; 144:814-21.
23. Bulger EM, Cuschieri J, Warner K et al. Hypertonic resuscitation modulates the inflammatory response in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Ann Surg. 2007; 245:635-41. (Pubitemid 46555669)
24. Rizoli SB, Rhind SG, Shek PN et al. The immunomodulatory effects of hypertonic saline resuscitation in patients sustaining traumatic hemorrhagic shock: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. Ann Surg. 2006; 243:47-57. (Pubitemid 43054054)
25. Lescot T, Degos V, Zouaoui A et al. Opposed effects of hypertonic saline on contusions and noncontused brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34:3029-33. (Pubitemid 44808749)
26. Bulger EM, Jurkovich GJ, Nathens AB et al. Hypertonic resuscitation of hypovolemic shock after blunt trauma: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg. 2008; 143:139-48. (Pubitemid 351281617)
27. Holcroft JW, Vassar MJ, Turner JE et al. 3% NaCl and 7.5% NaCl/dextran 70 in the resuscitation of severely injured patients. Ann Surg. 1987; 206:279-88. (Pubitemid 17159702)
28. Holcroft JW, Vassar MJ, Perry CA et al. Use of a 7.5% NaCl/6% Dextran 70 solution in the resuscitation of injured patients in the emergency room. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989; 299:331-8.
29. Maningas PA, Mattox KL, Pepe PE et al. Hypertonic saline-dextran solutions for the prehospital management of traumatic hypotension. Am J Surg. 1989; 157:528-33.
30. Mattox KL, Maningas PA, Moore EE et al. Prehospital hypertonic saline/dextran infusion for post-traumatic hypotension. The U.S.A. Multicenter Trial. Ann Surg. 1991; 213:482-91.
31. Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Analysis of potential risks associated with 7.5% sodium chloride resuscitation of traumatic shock. Arch Surg. 1990; 125:1309-15. (Pubitemid 20360791)
32. Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Gannaway WL et al. 7.5% sodium chloride/dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg. 1991; 126:1065-72.
33. Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Holcroft JW. Pre-hospital resuscitation of hypotensive trauma patients with 7.5% NaCl versus 7.5% NaCl with added dextran: a controlled trial. J Trauma. 1993; 34:622-32.
34. Vassar MJ, Fischer RP, O'Brien PE et al. A multicenter trial for resuscitation of injured patients with 7.5% sodium chloride. The effect of added dextran 70. Arch Surg. 1993; 128:1003-11.
35. Wade CE, Grady JJ, Kramer GC. Efficacy of hypertonic saline dextran fluid resuscitation for patients with hypotension from penetrating trauma. J Trauma. 2003; 54(suppl):S144-8.
36. Younes RN, Aun F, Accioly CQ et al. Hypertonic solutions in the treatment of hypovolemic shock: a prospective, randomized study in patients admitted to the emergency room. Surgery. 1992; 111:380-5.
37. Younes RN, Aun F, Ching CT et al. Prognostic factors to predict outcome following the administration of hypertonic/hyperoncotic solution in hypovolemic patients. Shock. 1997; 7:79-83. (Pubitemid 127654252)
38. Boyd CR, Tolson MA, Copes WS. Evaluating trauma care: the TRISS method. Trauma Score and the Injury Severity Score. J Trauma. 1987; 27:370-8.
39. Wade C, Grady J, Kramer G. Efficacy of hypertonic saline dextran (HSD) in patients with traumatic hypotension: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl. 1997; 110:77-9.
40. Bunn F, Roberts I, Tasker R et al. Hypertonic versus near isotonic crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; 3:CD002045.
41. Bortolani A, Governa M, Barisoni D. Fluid replacement in burned patients. Acta Chir Plast. 1996; 38:132-6. (Pubitemid 27032775)
42. Bowser-Wallace BH, Caldwell FT Jr. A prospective analysis of hypertonic lactated saline v. Ringer's lactate-colloid for the resuscitation of severely burned children. Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1986; 12:402-9.
43. Caldwell FT, Bowser BH. Critical evaluation of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions to resuscitate severely burned children: a prospective study. Ann Surg. 1979; 189:546-52. (Pubitemid 9187503)
44. Gunn ML, Hansbrough JF, Davis JW et al. Prospective, randomized trial of hypertonic sodium lactate versus lactated Ringer's solution for burn shock resuscitation. J Trauma. 1989; 29:1261-7. (Pubitemid 19251887)
45. Jelenko C III, Williams JB, Wheeler ML et al. Studies in shock and resuscitation, I: use of a hypertonic, albumin-containing, fluid demand regimen (HALFD) in resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 1979; 7:157-67.
46. Murphy JT, Horton JW, Purdue GF et al. Cardiovascular effect of 7.5% sodium chloride-dextran infusion after thermal injury. Arch Surg. 1999; 134:1091-7. (Pubitemid 29473198)
47. Oda J, Ueyama M, Yamashita K et al. Hypertonic lactated saline resuscitation reduces the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome in severely burned patients. J Trauma. 2006; 60:64-71.
48. Shimazaki S, Yoshioka T, Tanaka N et al. Body fluid changes during hypertonic lactated saline solution therapy for burn shock. J Trauma. 1977; 17:38-43. (Pubitemid 8040789)
49. Huang PP, Stucky FS, Dimick AR et al. Hypertonic sodium resuscitation is associated with renal failure and death. Ann Surg. 1995; 221:543-54.
50. Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT et al. Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291:1350-7. (Pubitemid 38541650)
51. Wade CE, Grady JJ, Kramer GC et al. Individual patient cohort analysis of the efficacy of hypertonic saline/dextran in patients with traumatic brain injury and hypotension. J Trauma. 1997; 42(suppl):S61-5.
52. Hartl R, Ghajar J, Hochleuthner H et al. Hypertonic/hyperoncotic saline reliably reduces ICP in severely head-injured patients with intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997; 70:126-9. (Pubitemid 127502072)
53. Hartl R, Ghajar J, Hochleuthner H et al. Treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in severe traumatic brain injury with repetitive hypertonic/hyperoncotic infusions. Zentralbl Chir. 1997; 122:181-5. (Pubitemid 27201563)
54. Horn P, Munch E, Vajkoczy P et al. Hypertonic saline solution for control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with exhausted response to mannitol and barbiturates. Neurol Res. 1999; 21:758-64.
55. Huang SJ, Chang L, Han YY et al. Efficacy and safety of hypertonic saline solutions in the treatment of severe head injury. Surg Neurol. 2006; 65:539-46. (Pubitemid 43729617)
56. Khanna S, Davis D, Peterson B et al. Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28:1144-51. (Pubitemid 30262092)
57. Larive LL, Rhoney DH, Parker D et al. Introducing hypertonic saline for cerebral edema - an academic center experience. Neurocrit Care. 2004; 1:435-40. (Pubitemid 41278331)
58. Munar F, Ferrer AM, de Nadal M et al. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline in patients with head injury and raised intracranial pressure. J Neurotrauma. 2000; 17:41-51. (Pubitemid 30075615)
59. Peterson B, Khanna S, Fisher B et al. Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28:1136-43. (Pubitemid 30262091)
60. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Bhardwaj A et al. Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Crit Care Med. 1998; 26:440-6.
61. Schatzmann C, Heissler HE, Konig K et al. Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure by infusions of 10% saline in severely head injured patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998; 71:31-3. (Pubitemid 128444348)
62. Fisher B, Thomas D, Peterson B. Hypertonic saline lowers raised intracranial pressure in children after head trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1992; 4:4-10.
63. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Castro A et al. Use of hypertonic saline/acetate infusion in treatment of cerebral edema in patients with head trauma: experience at a single center. J Trauma. 1999; 47:659-65. (Pubitemid 29489516)
64. Battison C, Andrews PJ, Graham C et al. Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6% dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33:196-202. (Pubitemid 40116557)
65. Harutjunyan L, Holz C, Rieger A et al. Efficiency of 7.2% hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 versus mannitol 15% in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients - a randomized clinical trial [ISRCTN62699180]. Crit Care. 2005; 9:R530-40.
66. Vialet R, Albanese J, Thomachot L et al. Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31:1683-7. (Pubitemid 36714221)
67. Ware ML, Nemani VM, Meeker M et al. Effects of 23.4% sodium chloride solution in reducing intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Neurosurgery. 2005; 57:727-36.
68. Lien YH, Shapiro JI, Chan L. Study of brain electrolytes and organic osmolytes during correction of chronic hyponatremia. Implications for the pathogenesis of central pontine myelinolysis. J Clin Invest. 1991; 88:303-9.
69. Laureno R, Karp BI. Myelinolysis after correction of hyponatremia. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:57-62. (Pubitemid 27021219)
70. Shackford SR, Fortlage DA, Peters RM et al. Serum osmolar and electrolyte changes associated with large infusions of hypertonic sodium lactate for intravascular volume expansion of patients undergoing aortic reconstruction. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1987; 164:127-36. (Pubitemid 17022536)
71. Reed RL, Johnston TD, Chen Y et al. Hypertonic saline alters plasma clotting times and platelet aggregation. J Trauma. 1991; 31:8-14.
72. Rocha e Silva M, Velasco IT, Porfirio MF. Hypertonic saline resuscitation: saturated salt-dextran solutions are equally effective, but induce hemolysis in dogs. Crit Care Med. 1990; 18:203-7.
73. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Homepage. https://roc.uwctc.org/tiki/ tiki-index.php (accessed 2009 Sep 13).
74. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. NHLBI stops enrollment in study of concentrated saline for patients with traumatic brain injury. http://public.nhlbi.nih.gov/newsroom/home/GetPressRelease.aspx?id=2644 (accessed 2010 Aug 12).
75. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The NHLBI halts study of concentrated saline for patients with shock due to lack of survival benefit. http://public.nhlbi.nih.gov/newsroom/home/GetPressRelease.aspx?id=2632 (accessed 2010 Aug 12).
76. Diringer MN, Zazulia AR. Osmotic therapy: fact and fiction. Neurocrit Care. 2004; 1:219-33. (Pubitemid 41278371)
77. Himmelseher S. Hypertonic saline solutions for treatment of intracranial hypertension. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007; 20:414-26. (Pubitemid 47415132)
78. Strandvik GF. Hypertonic saline in critical care: a review of the literature and guidelines for use in hypotensive states and raised intracranial pressure. Anaesthesia. 2009; 64:990-1003.