Vasomotor disturbances in complex regional pain syndrome-A review

Pain Medicine (United States)

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1267-1273

  Wasner, Gunnar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS); Vasodilation; Vasomotor disturbances

Indexed keywords

BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD VESSEL; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NOCICEPTIVE RECEPTOR; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

BLOOD VESSELS; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROMES; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; NOCICEPTORS; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW;

EID: 79952117982     PISSN: 15262375     EISSN: 15264637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00914.x     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, et al. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain 1999;81(1-2):147-54.
2. Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome-Diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy. Spinal Cord 2003;41(2):61-75.
3. Jänig W, McLachlan EM. Neurobiology of the autonomic nervous system. In: Mathias CJ, Sir Bannister R, eds. Autonomic Failure-A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. Fourth. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999:3-15.
4. Jänig W, Häbler HJ. Organization of the autonomic nervous system: Structure and function. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology- The Autonomic Nervous System, Part I: Normal Functions. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1999:1-52.
5. Jänig W, Koltzenburg M. Sympathetic reflex activity and neuroeffector transmission change after chronic nerve lesions. In: Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ, eds. Proceedings of the Vith World Congress on Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sience Puplishers BV; 1991: 365-71.
6. Baron R, Wasner G, Borgstedt R, et al. Effect of sympathetic activity on capsaicin-evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and vasodilatation. Neurology 1999;52(5):923-32.
7. Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R. Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): Mechanisms and diagnostic value. Brain 2001;124(pt 3):587-99.
8. Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R. Vascular abnormalities in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): Complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery. Arch Neurol 1999;56(5):613-20.
9. Haensch CA, Jörg J, Lerch H. I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake of the forearm shows dysfunction in peripheral sympathetic mediated neurovascular transmission in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). J Neurol 2002;249(12): 1742-3.
10. Harden RN, Duc TA, Williams TR, et al. Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in affected versus unaffected limbs in sympathetically maintained pain. Clin J Pain 1994;10(4):324-30.
11. Drummond PD, Finch PM, Smythe GA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: The significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs. Brain 1991;114(pt 5):2025-36.
12. Drummond PD, Finch PM, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Plasma neuropeptide Y in the symptomatic limb of patients with causalgic pain. Clin Auton Res 1994; 4(3):113-6.
13. Baron R, Maier C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy. Pain 1996;67(2-3):317-26.
14. Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundörfer B, Handwerker HO. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 1998;75(1):93-100.
15. Goldstein DS, Tack C, Li ST. Sympathetic innervation and function in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2000;48(1):49-59.
16. Drummond PD, Finch PM, Gibbins I. Innervation of hyperalgesic skin in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain 1996;12(3):222-31.
17. Wasner G, Baron R. Vasomotor changes- Pathophysiology and measurement. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Harden N, Wilson P, eds. CRPS: Current Diagnosis and Therapy. Seattle: IASP Press; 2005:80-94.
18. Oaklander AL, Rissmiller JG, Gelman LB, et al. Evidence of focal small-fiber axonal degeneration in complex regional pain syndrome-I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Pain 2006;120(3):235-43.
19. Blaes F, Schmitz K, Tschernatsch M, et al. Autoimmune etiology of complex regional pain syndrome (M. Sudeck). Neurology 2004;63(9):1734-6.
20. Blaes F, Tschernatsch M, Braeu ME, et al. Autoimmunity in complex-regional pain syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1107:168-73.
21. Kohr D, Tschernatsch M, Schmitz K, et al. Autoantibodies in complex regional pain syndrome bind to a differentiation-dependent neuronal surface autoantigen. Pain 2009;143(3):246-51.
22. Wasner G, Drummond P, Birklein F, Baron R. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in autonomic disturbances and "sympathetically maintained pain" in CRPS. In: Harden RN, Baron R, Jänig W, eds. Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 22, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Seattle: IASP Press; 2001:89-118.
23. Fleming WW, Westfall DP. Adaptive supersensitivity. In: Trendelenburg U, Weiner N, eds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology-Catecholamines. New York: Springer; 1988:509-59.
24. Bossut DF, Shea VK, Perl ER. Sympathectomy induces adrenergic excitability of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors. J Neurophysiol 1996;75(1):514-7.
25. McLachlan EM, Brock JA. Adaptations of peripheral vasoconstrictor pathways after spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res 2006;152:289-97.
26. Drummond PD, Skipworth S, Finch PM. alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91(1):73-7.
27. Arnold JM, Teasell RW, MacLeod AP, Brown JE, Carruthers SG. Increased venous alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Intern Med 1993;118(8):619-21.
28. Casale R, Elam M. Normal sympathetic nerve activity in a reflex sympathetic dystrophy with marked skin vasoconstriction. J Auton Nerv Syst 1992;41(3): 215-9.
29. Lewis T. Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and Their Responses. London: Shaw; 1927.
30. Holzer P. Peptidergic sensory neurons in the control of vascular functions: Mechanisms and significance in the cutaneous and splanchnic vascular beds. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1992;121:49-146.
31. Sabsovich I, Wei T, Guo TZ, et al. Effect of anti-NGF antibodies in a rat tibia fracture model of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain 2008;138(1):47- 60.
32. Sabsovich I, Guo TZ, Wei T, et al. TNF signaling contributes to the development of nociceptive sensitization in a tibia fracture model of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain 2008;137(3):507-19.
33. Schäfers M, Geis C, Brors D, Yaksh TL, Sommer C. Anterograde transport of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the intact and injured rat sciatic nerve. J Neurosci 2002;22(2):536-45.
34. Birklein F, Schmelz M. Neuropeptides, neurogenic inflammation and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Neurosci Lett 2008;437(3):199-202.
35. Maihöfner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Mechanical hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome: A role for TNF-alpha? Neurology 2005;65(2):311-3.
36. Uceyler N, Eberle T, Rolke R, Birklein F, Sommer C. Differential expression patterns of cytokines in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2007;132(1- 2):195-205.
37. Heijmans-Antonissen C, Wesseldijk F, Munnikes RJ, et al. Multiplex bead array assay for detection of 25 soluble cytokines in blister fluid of patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Mediators Inflamm 2006;2006(1):28398.
38. Munnikes RJ, Muis C, Boersma M, et al. Intermediate stage complex regional pain syndrome type 1 is unrelated to proinflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2005;2005(6):366-72.
39. Alexander GM, van Rijn MA, van Hilten JJ, Perreault MJ, Schwartzman RJ. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CRPS. Pain 2005;116(3):213-9.
40. Huygen FJ, De Bruijn AG, De Bruin MT, et al. Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Mediators Inflamm 2002;11(1):47-51.
41. Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S, Weber M. The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2001;57(12):2179-84.
42. Schinkel C, Gaertner A, Zaspel J, et al. Inflammatory mediators are altered in the acute phase of posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain 2006;22(3):235-9.
43. Leis S, Weber M, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in unaffected limbs of patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2004;359(3):163-6.
44. Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2001;91(3):251-7.
45. Leis S, Weber M, Isselmann A, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Substance-P-induced protein extravasation is bilaterally increased in complex regional pain syndrome. Exp Neurol 2003;183(1):197-204.
46. Gradl G, Finke B, Schattner S, et al. Continuous intraarterial application of substance P induces signs and symptoms of experimental complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) such as edema, inflammation and mechanical pain but no thermal pain. Neuroscience 2007;148(3):757-65.
47. Schlereth T, Dittmar JO, Seewald B, Birklein F. Peripheral amplification of sweating-A role for calcitonin gene-related peptide. J Physiol 2006;576(pt 3):823- 32.
48. Schattschneider J, Hartung K, Stengel M, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in cold type complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2006;67(4):673-5.
49. Groeneweg JG, Antonissen CH, Huygen FJ, Zijlstra FJ. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 in skin tissue from amputated limbs of patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2008;2008:680981.
50. Groeneweg JG, Huygen FJ, Heijmans-Antonissen C, Niehof S, Zijlstra FJ. Increased endothelin-1 and diminished nitric oxide levels in blister fluids of patients with intermediate cold type complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006;7:91.
51. Birklein F, Weber M, Ernst M, et al. Experimental tissue acidosis leads to increased pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 2000;87(2):227- 34.
52. Koban M, Leis S, Schultze-Mosgau S, Birklein F. Tissue hypoxia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2003;104(1-2):149-57.
53. Hornyak ME, Naver HK, Rydenhag B,Wallin BG. Sympathetic activity influences the vascular axon reflex in the skin. Acta Physiol Scand 1990;139(1):77-84.
54. Ochoa JL, Yarnitsky D, Marchettini P, Dotson R, Cline M. Interactions between sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow and C nociceptor-induced antidromic vasodilatation. Pain 1993;54(2):191-6.
55. Häbler HJ, Wasner G, Jänig W. Interaction of sympathetic vasoconstriction and antidromic vasodilatation in the control of skin blood flow. Exp Brain Res 1997;113(3):402-10.
56. Baron R, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Siebrecht D, Wasner G. Relation between sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndromes: A case-control study. Lancet 2002;359(9318):1655-60.
57. Schattschneider J, Binder A, Siebrecht D, Wasner G, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndromes: The influence of cutaneous and deep somatic sympathetic innervation on pain. Clin J Pain 2006;22(3):240-4.
58. Häbler HJ, Wasner G, Bartsch T, Jänig W. Responses of rat postganglionic sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons following blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in vivo. Neuroscience 1997;77(3):899-909.
59. van der Laan L, ter Laak HJ, Gabreels-Festen A, Gabreels F, Goris RJ. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD): Pathology of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve [see comments]. Neurology 1998;51(1):20-5.
60. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: Are there distinct subtypes and sequential stages of the syndrome? Pain 2002;95(1-2):119-24.
61. Eberle T, Doganci B, Kramer HH, et al. Warm and cold complex regional pain syndromes: Differences beyond skin temperature? Neurology 2009;72(6):505-12.
62. Bonica JJ. Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies. In: Bonica JJ, ed. The Management of Pain. 2,(Ed), Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990:220- 43.
63. Bej MD, Schwartzman RJ. Abnormalities of cutaneous blood flow regulation in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy as measured by laser Doppler fluxmetry. Arch Neurol 1991;48(9):912-5.
64. Chelimsky TC, Low PA, Naessens JM, et al. Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70(11):1029-40.
65. Sandroni P, Low PA, Ferrer T, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I): Prospective study and laboratory evaluation. Clin J Pain 1998;14(4):282-9.
66. Bruehl S, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich O. Validation of thermography in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clin J Pain 1996;12(4):316-25.
67. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: Are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Pain 1999;83(2):211-9.
68. Sherman RA, Karstetter KW, Damiano M, Evans CB. Stability of temperature asymmetries in reflex sympathetic dystrophy over time and changes in pain. Clin J Pain 1994;10(1):71-7.
69. Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Maier C, Baron R. Skin temperature side differences-A diagnostic tool for CRPS? Pain 2002;98(1-2):19-26.
70. Huygen FJ, Niehof S, Klein J, Zijlstra FJ. Computerassisted skin videothermography is a highly sensitive quality tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;91(5-6):516-24.
71. Gulevich SJ, Conwell TD, Lane J, et al. Stress infrared telethermography is useful in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome, type I (formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Clin J Pain 1997;13(1):50-9.
72. Niehof SP, Huygen FJ, van der Weerd RW, Westra M, Zijlstra FJ. Thermography imaging during static and controlled thermoregulation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1: Diagnostic value and involvement of the central sympathetic system. Biomed Eng Online 2006;5:30.
73. Krumova EK, Frettloh J, Klauenberg S, et al. Longterm skin temperature measurements-A practical diagnostic tool in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2008;140(1):8-22.