Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy

Pain

Volumn 67, Issue 2-3, 1996, Pages 317-326

  Baron, R ^a   Maier, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

laser Doppler flowmetry; neuropathic pain; vasoconstrictor neurons; vasomotion

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; MALE; NEUROPATHY; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SYMPATHECTOMY; SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 0030272903     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(96)03136-3     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Ando, Y., Araki, S., Shimoda, O. and Kano, T., Role of autonomic nerve functions in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy as analyzed by laser Doppler flowmetry, capsule hydrograph, and cardiographic R-R interval, Muscle Nerve, 15 (1992) 507-512.
2. Arnér, S., Intravenous phentolamine test: diagnostic and prognostic use in reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Pain, 46 (1991) 17-22.
3. Arnold, J.M.O., Teasell, R.W., MacLeod, A.P., Brown, J.E. and Carruthers, S.G., Increased venous alpha-adrenoreceptor responsiveness in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Ann. Intern. Med., 118 (1993) 619-621.
4. Baron, R. and Saguer, M., Postherpetic neuralgia: are C-nociceptors involved in signalling and maintenance of tactile allodynia? Brain, 116 (1993) 1477-1496.
5. Baron, R., Feldmann, R. and Lindner, V., Small fiber function in autonomic failure, J. Neurol., 241 (1993) 87-91.
6. Bej, M.D. and Schwartzman, R.J., Abnormalities of cutaneous blood flow regulation in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy as measured by laser Doppler fluxmetry, Arch. Neurol., 48 (1991) 912-915.
7. Bennett, G.J., The role of the sympathetic nervous system in painful peripheral neuropathy (editorial), Pain, 45 (1991) 221-223.
8. Bennett, G.J. and Ochoa, J.L., Thermographic observations on rats with experimental neuropathic pain, Pain, 45 (1991) 61-67.
9. Bhatia, K.P., Bhatt, M.H. and Marsden, C.D., The causalgia-dystonia syndrome, Brain, 116 (1993) 843-851.
10. Bini, G., Hagbarth, K.E., Hynninen, P. and Wallin, B.G., Regional similarities and differences in thermoregulatory vaso- and sudomotor tone, J. Physiol. (London), 306 (1980) 553-565.
11. Blumberg, H., Zur Entstehung und Therapie des Schmerzsyndroms bei der sympathischen Reflexdystrophie, Der Schmerz, 2 (1988) 125-143.
12. Blumberg, H., Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: W. Jänig and R.F. Schmidt (Eds.), Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1992, pp. 29-50.
13. Blumberg, H. and Jänig, W., Reflex patterns in postganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons following chronic nerve lesions, J. Autonomic Nerv. Syst., 14 (1985) 157-180.
14. Blumberg, H. and Jänig, W., Clinical manifestations of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: P.D. Wall and R. Melzack (Eds.), Textbook of Pain, Churchill Livingstone, 1993, pp. 685-697.
15. Bonica, J.J., Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies. In: J.J. Bonica (Ed.), The Management of Pain, Vol. 2, Lea and Febinger, Philadelphia, PA, 1990, pp. 220-243.
16. Campbell, J.N., Raja, S.N. and Meyer, R.A., Painful sequelae of nerve injury. In: R. Dubner, G.F. Gebhart and R.F. Bond (Eds.), Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain: Pain Research and Clinical Management, Vol. 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 135-143.
17. Casale, R. and Elam, M., Normal sympathetic nerve activity in a reflex sympathetic dystrophy with marked skin vasoconstriction, J. Autonomic Nerv. Syst., 41 (1992) 215-220.
18. Christensen, K. and Henriksen, O., The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: an experimental study of sympathetic reflex control of subcutaneous blood flow in the hand, Scand. J. Rheumatol., 12 (1983) 263-267.
19. Cline, M.A., Ochoa, J. and Torebjörk, H.E., Chronic hyperalgesia and skin warming caused by sensitized C nociceptors, Brain, 112 (1989) 621-647.
20. Colantuoni, A., Bertuglia, S. and Intaglietta, M., The effects of alpha-or beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists and calcium entry blockers on the spontaneous vasomotion, Microvasc. Res., 28 (1984a) 143-158.
21. Colantuoni, A., Bertuglia, S. and Intaglietta, M., Effects of anesthesia on the spontaneous activity of the microvasculature, Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp., 3 (1984b) 13-28.
22. Colantuoni, A., Bertuglia, S. and Intaglietta, M., Quantitation of rhythmic diameter changes in arterial microcirculation, Am. J. Physiol., 246 (1984c) H508-H517.
23. Davis, K.D., Treede, R.D., Raja, S.N., Meyer, R.A. and Campbell, J.N., Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain, Pain, 47 (1991) 309-317.
24. Deuschl, G., Blumberg, H. and Lücking, C.H., Tremor in reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Arch. Neurol., 48 (1991) 1247-1258.
25. Drummond, P.D., Finch, P.M. and Smythe, G.A., Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: the significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs, Brain, 114 (1991) 2025-2036.
26. Drummond, P.D., Finch, P.M., Edvinsson, L. and Goadsby, P.J., Plasma neuropeptide Y in the sympotomatic limb of patients with causalgic pain, Clin. Auton. Res., 4 (1994) 113-116.
27. Engkvist, O., Wahren, L.K., Wallin, G., Torebjörk, E. and Nyström, B., Effects of regional intravenous guanethidine block in posttraumatic cold intolerance in hand amputees, J. Hand. Surg., 10B (1985) 145-150.
28. Fleming, W.W. and Trendelenburg, U., The development of supersensitivity to norepinephrine after pretreatment with reserpine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 133 (1961) 41-51.
29. Gibbons, J.J. and Wilson, P.R., RSD score: criteria for the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia [see comments], Clin. J. Pain, 8 (1992) 260-263.
30. Goldstein, D.S., Bonner, R.F., Zimlichman, R., Zahn, T.P., Cannon, R.O., Rosing, D.R., Stull, R. and Keiser, H.R., Indices of sympathetic vascular innervation in sympathectomized patients, J. Autonomic Nerv. Syst., 15 (1986) 309-318.
31. Gybels, J.M. and Sweet, W.H., Sympathectomy for pain. In: J.M. Gybels and W.H. Sweet (Eds.), Neurosurgical Treatment for Persistent Pain, Pain and Headache, Vol 11., Karger, Basel, 1989, pp. 257-281.
32. Hales, J.R., Iriki, M., Tsuchiya, K. and Kozawa, E., Thermally-induced cutaneous sympathetic activity related to blood flow through capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses, Pflügers Arch, 375 (1978) 17-24.
33. Harden, R.N., Duc, T.A., Williams, T.R., Coley, D., Cate, J.C. and Gracely, R.H., Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in affected versus unaffected limbs in sympathetically maintained pain, Clin. J. Pain, 10 (1994) 324-330.
34. Irazuzta, J.E., Berde, C.B. and Sethna, N.F., Laser-Doppler measurements of skin blood flow before, during, and after lumbar sympathetic blockade in children and young adults with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, J. Clin. Monit., 8 (1992) 16-19.
35. Jänig, W., The sympathetic nervous system in pain: physiology and pathophysiology. In: M. Stanton-Hicks (Ed.), Pain and the Sympathetic Nervous System, Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1990, pp. 17-89.
36. Jänig, W. and Koltzenburg, M., Sympathetic reflex activity and neuroeffector transmission change after chronic nerve lesions. In: M.R. Bond, J.E. Charlton and C.J. Woolf (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 365-371.
37. Jänig, W. and Schmidt, R.F., Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1992.
38. Jänig, W., Blumberg, H., Boas, R.A. and Campbell, J.A., The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: Consensus Statement and general recommendations for diagnosis and clinical research. In: M.R. Bond, J.E. Charlton and C.J. Woolf (Eds.), Pain Research and Clinical Management: Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain, Vol. 4, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 372-375.
39. Jobling, P., McLachlan, E.M., Jänig, W. and Anderson, C.R., Electrophysiological responses in the rat tail artery during reinnervation following lesions of the sympathetic supply, J. Physiol. (London), 454 (1992) 107-128.
40. Kurvers, H.A.J.M., Jacobs, M.J.H.M., Beuk, R.J., Van den Wildenberg, F.A.J.M., Kitslaar, P.J.E.H.M., Slaaf, D.W. and Reneman, R.S., Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: evolution of microcirculatory disturbances in time, Pain, 60 (1995) 333-340.
41. Livingston, W.K., Pain Mechanisms, Macmillan, New York, 1943.
42. Loh, L. and Nathan, P.W., Painful peripheral states and sympathetic blocks, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 41 (1978) 664-671.
43. Loh, L., Nathan, P.W., Schott, G.D. and Wilson, P.G., Effects of regional guanethidine infusion in certain painful states, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 43 (1980) 446-451.
44. Low, P.A., Neumann, C., Dyck, P.J. and Fealey, R.D., Evaluation of skin vasomotor reflexes by using laser Doppler velocimetry, Mayo Clin. Proc., 58 (1983) 583-592.
45. Low, P.A., Amadio, P.C., Wilson, P.R., McManis, P.G. and Willner, C.L., Laboratory findings in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a preliminary report, Clin. J. Pain, 10 (1994) 235-239.
46. Magerl, W., Koltzenburg, M., Meyer-Jürgens, D. and Handwerker, H.O., Somatotopic organization of nociceptor-induced vascular response pattern reflect central nociceptive processings in humans. In: G.F. Gebhart, D.L. Hammond and T.S. Jensen (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIIth World Congress on Pain, IASP Press, Seattle, 1994, pp. 843-856.
47. Mailis, A., Meindok, H. and Papagapiou, M., Alterations of the three-phase bone scan after sympathectomy, Clin. J. Pain, 10 (1994) 146-155.
48. Marsden, C.D., Obeso, J.A., Traub, M.M., Rothwell, J.C., Kranz, H. and La Cruz, F., Muscle spasms associated with Sudeck's atrophy after injury, Br. Med. J. Clin. Res., 288 (1984) 173-176.
49. Merskey, H. and Bogduk, N. (Eds.) Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definition of Terms, 2nd edn., IASP Press, Seattle, 1994.
50. Müller, P., Keller, R. and Imhof, P., Laser Doppler flowmetry, a reliable technique for measuring pharmacologically induced changes in cutaneous blood flow? Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 9 (1987) 409-420.
51. Nathan, P.W., Pain and the sympathetic system, J. Autonomic Nerv. Syst., 7 (1983) 363-370.
52. Ochoa, J., The newly recognized painful ABC syndrome: thermographic aspects, Thermology, 2 (1986) 65-66, 101-107.
53. Ochoa, J.L. and Yarnitsky, D., Mechanical hyperalgesias in neuropathic pain patients: dynamic and static subtypes, Ann. Neurol., 33 (1993) 465-472.
54. Ochoa, J.L. and Yarnitsky, D., The triple cold syndrome: cold hyperalgesia, cold hypoaesthesia and cold skin in peripheral nerve disease, Brain, 117 (1994) 185-197.
55. Perl, E.R., A reevaluation of mechanisms leading to sympathetically related pain. In: H.L. Fields and J.C. Liebeskind (Eds.), Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Chronic Pain: New Concepts and Critical Issues, Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 1, IASP Press, Seattle, 1994, pp. 129-150.
56. Price, D.D., Bennett, G.J. and Rafii, A., Psychophysical observations on patients with neuropathic pain relieved by a sympathetic block, Pain, 36 (1989) 273-288.
57. Price, D.D., Long, S. and Huitt, C., Sensory testing of pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Pain, 49 (1992) 163-173.
58. Raja, S.N., Treede, R.D., Davis, K.D. and Campbell, J.N., Systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine: a diagnostic test for sympathetically maintained pain, Anesthesiology, 74 (1991) 691-698.
59. Raja, S.N., Davis, K.D. and Campbell, J.N., The adrenergic pharmacology of sympathetically-maintained pain, Microsurgery, 8 (1992) 63-69.
60. Roberts, W.J., A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains, Pain, 24 (1986) 297-311.
61. Rosén, L., Östergren, J., Fagrell, B. and Stranden, E., Skin microvascular circulation in the sympathetic dystrophies evaluated by videophotometric capillaroscopy and laser Doppler fluxmetry, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 18 (1988) 305-308.
62. Salerud, E.G., Tenland, T., Nilsson, G.E. and Öberg, P.A., Rhythmical variations in human skin blood flow, Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp., 2 (1983) 91-102.
63. Schon, F., Postsympathectomy pain and changes in sensory neuropeptides: towards an animal model, Lancet, 2 (1985) 1158-1160.
64. Schott, G.D., Mechanisms of causalgia and related clinical conditions: the role of the central and of the sympathetic nervous systems, Brain, 109 (1986) 717-738.
65. Schott, G., Clinical features of algodystrophy: is the sympathetic nervous system involved? Funct. Neurol., 4 (1989) 131-134.
66. Schott, G.D., Visceral afferents: their contribution to 'sympathetic dependent' pain, Brain, 117 (1994) 397-413.
67. Schwartzman, R.J. and McLellan, T.L., Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a review, Arch. Neurol., 44 (1987) 555-561.
68. Sherman, R.A., Karstetter, K.W., Damiano, M. and Evans, C.B., Stability of temperature asymmetries in reflex sympathetic dystrophy over time and changes in pain, Clin. J. Pain, (1992) 71-77.
69. Stanton-Hicks, M., Jänig, W., Hassenbusch, S., Haddox, J.D., Boas, R. and Wilson, P., Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy, Pain, 63 (1995) 127-133.
70. Stolte, B.H., Stolte, J.B. and Leyten, J.F., [Pathophysiology of the shoulder-hand syndrome], Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd., 114 (1970) 1208-1209.
71. Sudeck, P., Über die akute (trophoneurotische) Knochenatrophic nach Entzündungen und Traumen der Extremitäten, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 28 (1902) 336-342.
72. Sunderland, S., Pain mechanisma in causalgia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 39 (1976) 471-480.
73. Swanson Beck, J., Abbot, N.C., Samson, P.D., Butlin, C.R., Grange, J.M., Cree, I.A., Forster, A. and Khan, F., Impairment of vasomotor reflexes in the fingertips of leprosy patients, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 54 (1991) 965-971.
74. Sylvest, J., Jensen, E.M., Siggaard Andersen, J. and Pedersen, L., Reflex dystrophy: resting blood flow and muscle temperatures as diagnostic criteria, Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., 9 (1977) 25-29.
75. Tahmoush, A.J., Causalgia: redefinition as a clinical pain syndrome, Pain, 10 (1981) 187-197.
76. Tahmoush, A.J., Malley, J. and Jennings, J.R., Skin conductance, temperature, and blood flow in causalgia, Neurology, 33 (1983) 1483-1486.
77. Tooke, J.E., Östergren, J. and Fagrell, B., Synchronous assessment of human skin microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmetry and dynamic capillaroscopy, Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp., 2 (1983) 277-284.
78. Torebjörk, E., Clinical and neurophysiological observations relating to pathophysiological mechanisms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In: M. Stanton-Hicks, W. Jänig and R.A. Boas (Eds.), Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Kluwer, Boston, 1989, pp. 71-80.
79. Torebjörk, E., Wahren, L.K., Wallin, G. Hallin, R. and Koltzenburg, M., Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia, Pain, 63 (1995) 11-20.
80. Treede, R.D., Davis, K.D., Campbell, J.N. and Raja, S.N., The plasticity of cutaneous hyperalgesia during sympathetic ganglion blockade in patients with neuropathic pain, Brain, 115 (1992) 607-621.
81. Tu, E.S., Mailis, A. and Simons, M.E., Effect of surgical sympathectomy on arterial blood flow in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Doppler US assessment, Radiology, 191 (1994) 833-834.
82. Verdugo, R.J. and Ochoa, J.L., 'Sympathetically maintained pain', I: phentolamine block questions the concept, Neurology, 44 (1994) 1003-1010.
83. Verdugo, R.J., Campero, M. and Ochoa, J.L., Phentolamine sympathetic block in painful polyneuropathies, II: further questioning of the concept of 'sympathetically maintained pain', Neurology, 44 (1994) 1010-1014.
84. Wahren, L.K. and Torebjörk, E., Quantitative sensory tests in patients with neuralgia 11 to 25 years after injury, Pain, 48 (1992) 237-244.
85. Wahren, L.K., Torebjörk, E. and Nyström, B., Quantitative sensory testing before and after regional guanethidine block in patients with neuralgia in the hand, Pain, 46 (1991) 23-30.
86. Wahren, L.K., Gordh, T. and Torebjörk, E., Effects of regional intravenous guanethidine in patients with neuralgia in the hand: a follow-up study over a decade, Pain, 62 (1995) 379-385.
87. Wakisaka, S., Kajander, K.C. and Bennett, G.J., Abnormal skin temperature and abnormal sympathetic vasomotor innervation in an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy, Pain, 46 (1991) 299-313.
88. Wallin, G., Torebjörk, E. and Hallin, R., Preliminary observations on the pathophysiology of hyperalgesia in the causalgic pain syndrome. In: Y. Zotterman (Ed.), Sensory Functions of the Skin in Primates, Pergamon, New York, 1976, pp. 489-502.
89. Wilkin, J.K., Periodic cutaneous blood flow during postocclusive reactive hyperemia, Am. J. Physiol., 250 (1986) H765-H768.