Prevention of the renarrowing of coronary arteries using drug-eluting stents in the perioperative period: An update

Vascular Health and Risk Management

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 855-867

  Llau, Juan V ^a   Ferrandis, Raquel ^a   Sierra, Pilar ^b   Gómez Luque, Aurelio ^c  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSITARIO   (Spain)

^b FUNDACIÓ PUIGVERT   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL REGIONAL UNIVERSITARIO DE MÁLAGA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet agents; Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Perioperative management; Stent thrombosis; Surgical bleeding

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DESMOPRESSIN; EPTIFIBATIDE; EVEROLIMUS; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PACLITAXEL; PIMECROLIMUS; PRASUGREL; PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; RAPAMYCIN; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7; TACROLIMUS; THIENOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; TIROFIBAN; UMIROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASODILATOR STIMULATED PHOSPHOPROTEIN; ZOTAROLIMUS; DRUG DERIVATIVE; PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVE; THIOPHENE DERIVATIVE; TICLOPIDINE;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANTICOAGULATION; BARE METAL STENT; BLEEDING; BLOOD EXAMINATION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY STENT; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EMERGENCY SURGERY; HEART DEATH; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE AGGREGOMETRY; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NEUTROPENIA; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; STENT THROMBOSIS; STROKE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOCYTE DYSFUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; THROMBOSIS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; TURBIDIMETRIC PLATELET AGGREGOMETRY; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; DRUG EFFECT; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ASPIRIN; BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; CORONARY VESSELS; DRUG-ELUTING STENTS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PIPERAZINES; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; THIOPHENES; TICLOPIDINE;

EID: 79952062206     PISSN: 11766344     EISSN: 11782048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S7402     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Newsome LT, Kutcher MA, Royster RL. Coronary artery stents, Part I: Evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:552-569.
2. Sharma RK, Reddy HK, Singh VN, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel hyporesponsiveness and nonresponsiveness in patients with coronary artery stenting. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:965-972.
3. Gasparyan AY. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: methodological challenges and opportunities. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6: 109-1012.
4. Ferrandis R, Llau JV, Mugarra A. Perioperative management of antiplatelet-drugs in cardiac surgery. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2009;5: 125-132.
5. Spahn DR, Howell SJ, Delabays A, Chassot PG. Coronary stents and perioperative anti-platelet regimen: dilemma of bleeding and stent thrombosis. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:675-677.
6. Rabbits JA, Nuttall GA, Brown MJ, et al. Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:596-604.
7. Llau JV, López-Forte C, Sapena ML, Ferrandis R. Perioperative management of antiplatelet agents in noncardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26:181-187.
8. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spanh DR. Perioperative antiplatelet therapy: the case for continuing therapy in patients at risk of myocardial infarction. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99:316-328.
9. Patrono C, Baigent C, Hirsh J, Roth G. Antiplatelet drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133 Suppl 6:199S-233S.
10. Angiolillo D, Ferreiro JL. Platelet adenosin diphosphate P2Y12 receptor antagonism: benefit and limitations of current treatment strategies and future directions. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63:60-76.
11. Vane JR, Botting RM. The mechanism of action of aspirin. Thromb Res. 2003;110:255-258.
12. Cox D, Maree AO, Dooley M, Conroy R, Byrne MF, Fitzgerald DJ. Effect of enteric coating on antiplatelet activity of low-dose aspirin in healthy volunteers. Stroke. 2006;37:2153-2158.
13. Jimenez AH, Stubbs ME, Tofler GH, Winther K, Williams GH, Muller JE. Rapidity and duration of platelet suppression by entericcoated aspirin in healthy young men. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69: 258-262.
14. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study, Part II: Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996;143:1-13.
15. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomized trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9065):1569-1581.
16. ISIS-2 Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet. 1988;2(8607): 349-360.
17. Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high-risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324(7329):71-86.
18. Landolfi R, Marchioli R, Kutti J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:114-124.
19. Lorenz RL, Schacky CV, Weber M, et al. Improved aortocoronary bypass patency by low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily): effects on platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation. Lancet. 1984;1(8389): 1261-1264.
20. Juul-Möller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosén A, Sørensen S, Omblus R. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. Lancet. 1992;340(8833):1421-1425.
21. Gasparyan AY, Watson T, Lip GY. The role of aspirin in cardiovascular prevention: implications of aspirin resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1829-1843.
22. Bonvini RF, Reny JL, Mach F, et al. Acute coronary syndrome and its antithrombotic treatment: focus on aspirin and clopidogrel resistance. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009;7:198-208.
23. Gachet C. The platelet P2 receptors as molecular targets for old and new antiplatelet drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;108:180-192.
24. Boeynaems JM, van Giezen H, Savi P, Herbert JM. P2Y12 receptor antagonists in thrombosis. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2005;6: 275-282.
25. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-1339.
26. Sudlow CL, Mason G, Maurice JB, Wedderburn CJ, Hankey GJ. Thienopyridine derivatives versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD001246.
27. Mehta SR, Yusuf S; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Study Investigators. The Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial programme; rationale, design and baseline characteristics including a meta-analysis of the effects of thienopyridines in vascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:2033-2041.
28. Bowry AD, Brookhart MA, Choudhry NK. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin as compared to antiplatelet monotherapy for the prevention of vascular events. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:960-966.
29. De Luca G, Cassetti E, Marino P. Impact of duration of clopidogrel prescription on outcome of DES as compared to BMS in primary angioplasty: a meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2009;27:365-378.
30. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:671-719.
31. Silber S, Albertsson P, Avilés FF, et al. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:804-847.
32. Duggan ST, Keating GM. Prasugrel: a review of its use in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Drugs. 2009;69:1707-1726.
33. Marzot F, Pengo V. Prasugrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:321-324.
34. Motovska Z, Widimsky P. Improving outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: role of prasugrel. Vasc Health Riak Manag. 2009;5:475-481.
35. Norgard NB, Abu-Fadel M. Comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Vasc Health Riak Manag. 2009;5: 873-882.
36. Silva MA, Donovan JL, Gandhi PJ, et al. Platelet inhibitors in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention: glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, clopidogrel, or both? Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2:39-48.
37. Tcheng JE, Ellis SG, George BS, et al. Pharmacodynamics of chimeric glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin antiplatelet antibody Fab 7E3 in high-risk coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1994;90:1757-1764.
38. EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:956-961.
39. EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1689-1696.
40. EPISTENT Investigators. Randomized placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. Lancet. 1998;352(9122):87-92.
41. Topol EJ, Lincoff AM, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Multi-year follow-up of abciximab therapy in three randomized, placebo-controlled trials of percutaneous coronary revascularization. Am J Med. 2002; 113:1-6.
42. Bishara AI, Hagmeyer KO. Acute profound thrombocytopenia following abciximab therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34:924-930.
43. Barrett JS, Murphy G, Peerlinck K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MK-383, a selective non-peptide platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, in healthy men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;56:377-388.
44. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Study Investigators. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1998;338: 1498-1505.
45. RESTORE Investigators. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1997;96:1445-1453.
46. Harrington RA, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Immediate and reversible platelet inhibition after intravenous administration of a peptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during percutaneous intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:1222-1227.
47. Tcheng JE, Harrington RA, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker integrelin in elective coronary intervention. Circulation. 1995;91:2151-2157.
48. PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:436-443.
49. Michelson AD. Methods for the measurement of platelet function. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103 Suppl 3:20A-26A.
50. Christiaens L, Macchi L. Monitoring of the antiplatelet drugs effect in patients with coronary artery disease: what is the real clinical impact? Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2007;5:293-301.
51. Gibbs NM. Point-of-care assessment of antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period: a review. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009;37: 354-369.
52. Howard-Alpe GM, de Bono J, Hudsmith L, et al. Coronary artery stents and non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:560-574.
53. Craft RM, Chavez JJ, Snider CC, et al. Comparison of modified thrombelastograph and Plateletworks whole blood assays to optical platelet aggregation for monitoring reversal of clopidogrel inhibition in elective surgery patients. J Lab Clin Med. 2005;145:309-315.
54. Lennon MJ, Gibbs NM, Weigthman WM, et al. A comparison of Plateletworks™ and platelet aggregometry for the assessment of aspirin- related platelet dysfunction in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004;18:136-140.
55. Malinin A, Spergling M, Muhlestein B, et al. Assessing aspirin responsiveness in subjects with multiple risk factors for vascular disease with a rapid platelet function analyzer. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2004;15:295-301.
56. Roy P, Okabe T, Pinto Slottow TL, et al. Correlates of clinical restenosis following intracoronary implantation of drug-eluting stents. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:965-969.
57. Stone GW, Moses JW, Ellis SG, et al. Safety and efficacy of sirolimusand paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. N Eng J Med. 2007;356: 998-1008.
58. Doostzadeh J, Clark LN, Bezenek S, Pierson W, Sood PR, Sudhir K. Recent progress in percutaneous coronary intervention: evolution of the drug-eluting stents, focus on the XIENCE V drug-eluting stent. Coron Artery Dis. 2010;21:46-56.
59. Pinto Slottow TL, Waksman R. Drug-eluting stent safety. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100 Suppl 2:10M-17M.
60. Awata M, Kotani J, Uematsu M, et al. Serial angioscopic evidence of incomplete neointimal coverage after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: comparison with bare-metal stents. Circulation. 2007; 116:910-916.
61. Spertus JA, Kettelkamp R, Vance C, et al. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of premature discontinuation of thienopyridine therapy after drug-eluting stent placement: results from the PREMIER registry. Circulation. 2006;113:2803-2809.
62. King SB, Smith SC, Hirshfeld JW, Jacobs AK, Morrison DA, Williams DO. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Writing on Behalf of the 2005 Writing Committee. Circulation. 2008;117:261-295.
63. Cohen M. Antiplatelet therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention: a critical review of the 2007 AH/ACC/SCAI guidelines and beyond. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;74:579-597.
64. Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, et al. Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1339-1345.
65. Yong G, Rankin J, Ferguson L, et al. Randomized trial comparing 600- with 300-mg loading dose of clopidogrel in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Platelet Responsiveness to Aspirin and Clopidogrel and Troponin Increment after Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Lesions (PRACTICAL) Trial. Am Heart J. 2009;157:60.e1-e60.e9.
66. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001;358(9281):527-533.
67. Becker RC, Meade TW, Berger PB, et al. The primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest. 2008;133 Suppl 6:776S-814S.
68. Eisenstein EL, Anstrom KJ, Kong DF, et al. Clopidogrel use and longterm clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. JAMA. 2007;297:159-168.
69. Jennings DL, Kalus JS. Addition of cilostazol to aspirin and a thienopyridine for prevention of restenosis after coronary artery stenting: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50(4):415-421.
70. Albaladejo P, Marret E, Piriou V, Samama CM. Perioperative management of antiplatelet agents in patients with coronary stents: recommendations of a French Task Force. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97:580-582.
71. Douketis JD, Berger PB, Dunn AS, et al. The perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy. Chest. 2008;133:299S-339S.
72. Lecompte T, Hardy JF. Antiplatelet agents and perioperative bleeding. Can J Anesth. 2006;53:S103-S112.
73. Burger W, Chemnitius JM, Kneissl GD, Rücker G. Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention: cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation - review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2005;257:399-414.
74. Helfried M, Florian P, Münch A, et al. Premature discontinuation of antiplatelet drug therapy in cardiovascular risk patients: a preliminary study on the role of P2Y12 receptor monitoring. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27:138-145.
75. Samama CM, Bastien O, Forestier F, et al; The expert group. Antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period: expert recommendations of the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR) 2001 - summary statement. Can J Anesth. 2002;49:S26-S35.
76. Sabaté S, Mayoral M, Vernetta D, Hernando D, Baxarias P. Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements for radical laparoscopic vs radical retropubic prostatectomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2008;25 Suppl 44:90.
77. Schouten O, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, et al. Noncardiac surgery after coronary stenting: early surgery and interruption of antiplatelet therapy are associated with an increase in major adverse cardiac events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:122-124.
78. Fox KAA, Mehta SR, Peters R, et al. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation. 2004;110:1202-1208.
79. Wenaweser P, Rey C, Eberli FR, et al. Stent thrombosis following bare-metal stent implantation: success of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention and predictors of adverse outcome. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1180-1187.
80. Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA. 2005;293:2126-2130.
81. Balaguer-Malfagón JR, Pomar-Domingo F, Vilar-Herrero JV, Planas-DelViejo AM, Pérez-Fernández E. Trombosis del stent en la era moderna: incidencia, consecuencias y factores predictores (Spanish). Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006;59:842-845.
82. De La Torre-Hernández JM, Alfonso F, Hernández F, et al. Drug- eluting stent thrombosis: results from the multicenter Spanish Registry ESTROFA (Estudio EsSpañol sobre TROmbosis de stents FArmacoactivos). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:986-990.
83. Caixeta A, Leon MB, Lansky AJ, et al. 5-year clinical outcomes after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation insights from a patient-level pooled analysis of 4 randomized trials comparing sirolimus-eluting stents with bare-metal stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:894-902.
84. Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, et al. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: a case for standardized definitions. Circulation. 2007;115:2344-2351.
85. Camenzind E, Steg PG, Wijns W. Stent thrombosis late after implantation of first-generation drug-eluting stents: a cause for concern. Circulation. 2007;115:1440-1455.
86. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:734-739.
87. Carlsson J, James SK, Lindbäck J, et al. Outcome of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stenting used according to on- and off-label criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1389-1398.
88. Kirtane AJ, Gupta A, Iyengar S, et al. Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting and bare metal stents: comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized trials and observational studies. Circulation. 2009;119:3198-3206.
89. Lagerqvist B, Carlsson J, Fröbert O, et al. Stent thrombosis in Sweden: a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:401-408.
90. Popescu WM. Perioperative management of the patient with a coronary stent. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:109-115.
91. Baran KW, Lasala JM, Cox DA, et al. A clinical risk score for prediction of stent thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:541-545.
92. van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, Zomer AC, et al. Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1399-1409.
93. Roy P, Bonello L, Torguson R, et al. Temporal relation between clopidogrel cessation and stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:801-805.
94. Kimura T, Morimoto T, Nakagawa Y, et al. Antiplatelet therapy and stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Circulation. 2009;119:987-995.
95. Vincenzi MN, Meislitzer T, Heitzinger B, Halaj M, Fleisher LA, Metzler H. Coronary artery stenting and non-cardiac surgery. A prospective outcome study. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:686-693.
96. Newsome LT, Weller RS, Gerancher JC, Kutcher MA, Royster RL. Coronary artery stents, Part II: Perioperative considerations and management. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:570-590.
97. Sierra P, Tormos P, Unzueta MC, Sabaté M, Monsalve C, Sabaté S. Manejo perioperatorio de la antiagregación en pacientes portadores de stent coronario (Spanish). Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2008;55 Suppl 1:1-14.
98. Lehot J, Staat P, Ffrench P, Vichova Z, Cannesson M. [Coronary stents and anaesthesia]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2007;26(9):784-790.
99. King SB, Smith SC, Hirshfeld JW, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:172-209.
100. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, et al. Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2769-2812.
101. Broad L, Lee T, Conroy M, et al. Successful management of patients with a drug-eluting coronary stent presenting for elective, non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:19-22.
102. Bigalke B, Seizer P, Geisler T, Lindemann S, Gawaz M, May AE. Perioperative antiplatelet therapy in patients at risk for coronary stent thrombosis undergoing noncardiac surgery. Clin Res Cardiol. 2009; 98(5):335-339.
103. Eisenberg MJ, Richard PR, Libersan D, Filion KB. Safety of short-term discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with drug-eluting stents. Circulation. 2009;119:1634-1642.
104. Despotis G, Eby C, Lublin DM. A review of transfusion risks and optimal management of perioperative bleeding with cardiac surgery. Transfusion. 2008;48:2S-30S.
105. Lauritzen B, Tranholm M, Ezban M. rFVIIa and a new enhanced rFVIIa 10analogue, NN1731, reduce bleeding in clopidogrel-treated and in thrombocytopenic rats. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7: 651-657.
106. Bornemann H, Prüller F, Metzler H. The patient with coronary stents and antiplatelet agents: what to do and how to deal? Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(5):406-410. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328225b284.
107. Vilahur G, Choi BG, Zafar MU, et al. Normalization of platelet reactivity in clopidogrel-treated subjects. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5: 82-90.
108. Savonito S, D'Urbano M, Caracciolo M, et al. Urgent surgery in patients with recently implanted coronary drug-eluting stent: a phase II study of "bridging" antiplatelet therapy with tirofiban during temporary withdrawal of clopidogrel. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(3):285-291.