Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in livestock: A paradigm for human poisoning?

Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 293-307

  Molyneux, R J ^a   Gardner, D L ^b   Colegate, S M ^b   Edgar, J A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT HILO   (United States)

^b USDA ARS POISONOUS PLANT RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alkaloids; Animal feed; Animal study; Cereals and grain; Chromatographic analysis; Dietary supplements; Exposure assessment; Honey; Metabolism; Natural toxicants; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

ALKALOIDS; ANIMALS; CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DISEASES; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FOOD PRODUCTS; METABOLISM;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL STUDIES; CEREALS AND GRAINS; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; HONEY; NATURAL TOXICANTS; TOXICOLOGY;

AGRICULTURE;

1,2 DEHYDROPYRROLIZIDINE ESTER ALKALOID; AFLATOXIN; ESTER; HELIOTRIDINE; INDOLIZIDINE ALKALOID; OTONECINE; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID; QUINOLIZIDINE DERIVATIVE; RETRONECINE; RIDDELLIINE N OXIDE; RIDDELLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AFGHANISTAN; AFLATOXICOSIS; ARTICLE; ASCITES; CLIMATE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CONTROL; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG METABOLISM; ENDOTOXIN DETECTION; ETHIOPIA; FETOTOXICITY; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD POISONING; FOOD STORAGE; HAIR DISEASE; HERBAL MEDICINE; HERBIVORE; HERBIVORY; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; LETHAL DOSE; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER VEIN OBSTRUCTION; LIVESTOCK; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PLANT INTOXICATION; PLANT METABOLISM; PLANT MORPHOLOGY; PREVENTION STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; SENECIO; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALIA; ASTERACEAE; BORAGINACEAE; FABACEAE;

EID: 79952019142     PISSN: 19440049     EISSN: 14645122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.547519     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Asres K, Sporer F, Wink M. 2004. Patterns of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in twelve Ethiopian Crotalaria species. Biochem Syst Ecol. 32:915-930.
2. Asres K, Sporer F, Wink M. 2008. Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in three Ethiopian Solanecio species. Biochem Syst Ecol. 36:399-407.
3. Ayalew A, Fehrmann H, Lepschy J, Beck R, Abate D. 2006. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in staple cereals from Ethiopia. Mycopathologia. 162:57-63.
4. Azziz-Baumgartner E, Lindblade K, Gieseker K, Rogers HS, Kieszak S, Njapau H, Schleicher R, McCoy LF, Misore A, DeCock K, et al. 2005. Case-control study of an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak, Kenya, 2004. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1779-1783.
5. Beales KA, Betteridge K, Colegate SM, Edgar JA. 2004. Solid phase extraction and LCMS analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honeys. J Agric Food Chem. 52:6664-6672.
6. Betteridge K, Cao Y, Colegate SM. 2005. An improved method for extraction and LCMS analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in honey: Application to Echium vulgare honeys. J Agric Food Chem. 53: 1894-1902.
7. Bull LB, Culvenor CCJ, Dick AJ. 1968. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Their chemistry, pathogenicity and other biological properties. Amsterdam (the Netherlands): North Holland.
8. Cannon B. 2009. Investment opportunities in Mekelle, Tigray State, Ethiopia. Millennium Cities Initiative (MCI) and Vale Columbia Center (VCC) Working Paper Series No. 10/2009; [cited 2010 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.vcc.columbia.edu/documents/MekelleInvestmentOpportunities-Dec09.pdf/
9. Chauvin P, Dillon JC, Moren A. 1994. An outbreak of Heliotrope food poisoning, Tadjikistan, November 1992-March 1993. Sante 4:263-268 [in French].
10. Chen T, Mei N, Fu PP. 2010. Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Appl Toxicol. 30:183-196.
11. Crews C, Berthiller F, Krska R. 2010. Update on analytical methods for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Anal Bioanal Chem. 396:327-338.
12. Dharmananda S. 2007. Safety issues affecting herbs: pyrrolizidine alkaloids; [cited 2010 Apr 15]. Available from: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/pas.htm/
13. Dübecke A, Beckh G, Lüllmann C. 2011. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey and bee pollen. Food Addit Contam. 28:348-358.
14. Edgar JA. 2003. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and food safety. Chem Aust. 4:4-7.
15. Edgar JA, Colegate SM, Boppré M, Molyneux RJ. 2011. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: a spectrum of potential health consequences. Food Addit Contam. 28:308-324.
16. Edgar JA, Roeder E, Molyneux RJ. 2002. Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: a potential threat to health. J Agric Food Chem. 50:2719-2730.
17. Elbein AD, Molyneux RJ. 1998. Alkaloid glycosidase inhibitors. In: Barton DHR, Nakanishi K, Meth-Cohn O, Pinto BM, editors. Comprehensive natural products chemistry. Vol. 3: Carbohydrates and their derivatives. Oxford (UK): Elsevier/Pergamon; p. 129-160.
18. European Commission. 2006. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. L364:5-24.
19. Fu PP, Xia Q, Lin G, Chou MW. 2002. Genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids - mechanisms leading to DNA adduct formation and tumorigenicity. Int J Mol Sci. 3:948-964.
20. Gardner DR, Thorne MS, Molyneux RJ, Pfister JA, Seawright AA. 2006. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio madagascariensis from Australia and Hawaii and assessment of possible livestock poisoning. Biochem Syst Ecol. 34:736-744.
21. Hartmann T, Witte L. 1995. Chemistry, biology, and chemoecology of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In: Pelletier SW, editor. Vol. 9. Alkaloids: chemical and biological perspectives. Oxford (UK): Pergamon. p. 155-233.
22. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 1988. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental Health Criteria 80. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; [cited 2010 Apr 12]. Available from: www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc080.htm/
23. IRIN Asia. 2008a. Afghanistan: WHO confirms 'charmak' disease in Herat Province, Kabul, 15 May 2008; [cited 2010 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78218/
24. IRIN Asia. 2008b. Afghanistan: 'Charmak' still killing people, livestock in West Herat, 16 December 2008; [cited 2010 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81971/
25. Johnson AE. 1978. Tolerance of cattle to tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). Am J Vet Res. 39:1542-1544.
26. Johnson AE. 1982. Failure of mineral-vitamin supplements to prevent tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 43:718-723.
27. Johnson AE, Molyneux RJ. 1984. The toxicity of threadleaf groundsel (Senecio douglasii var. longilobus) to cattle. Am J Vet Res. 45:26-31.
28. Johnson AE, Molyneux RJ, Merrill GB. 1985. Chemistry of toxic range plants. Variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of Senecio, Amsinckia and Crotalaria species. J Agric Food Chem. 33:50-55.
29. Johnson AE, Smart RA. 1983. Effects on cattle and their calves of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) fed in early gestation. Am J Vet Res. 44:1215-1219.
30. Kakar F, Akbarian Z, Leslie T, Mustafa ML, Watson J, van Egmond HP, Omar MF, Mofleh J. 2010. An outbreak of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in western Afghanistan associated with exposure to wheat flour contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Toxicol. DOI:10.1155/2010/313280.
31. Kempf M, Beuerle T, Bühringer M, Denner M, Trost D, von der Ohe K, Bhavanam BR, Schreier P. 2008. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey: Risk analysis by gaschromatography- mass spectrometry. Mol Nutr Food Res. 52:1193-1200.
32. Kleiman R, Rentz ED, Teshale E, Thompson N, Schurz-Rogers H. 2008. Update on research and activities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. J Med Toxicol. 4:197-200.
33. Le Roux JJ, Wieczorek AM, Tran CT, Vorsino AE. 2010. Disentangling the dynamics of invasive fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir. species complex) in the Hawaiian Islands. Biol Invasions. 12:2251-2264.
34. Lewis L, Onsongo M, Njapau H, Schurz-Rogers H, Luber G, Kieszak S, Nyamongo J, Backer L, Dahiye AM, Misore A, DeCock K, Rubin C, Kenya Aflatoxicosis Investigation Group. 2005. Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1763-1767.
35. Mattocks AR. 1972. Acute hepatotoxicity and pyrrolic metabolites in rats dosed with pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Chem-Biol Interact. 5:227-242.
36. Mattocks AR. 1986. Chemistry and toxicology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. London (UK): Academic Press.
37. Mattocks AR, Bird I. 1983. Alkylation by dehydroretronecine, a cytotoxic metabolite of some pyrrolizidine alkaloids: an in vitro test. Toxicol Lett. 16:1-8.
38. Mattocks AR, Jukes R. 1992. Detection of sulfur-conjugated pyrrolic metabolites in blood and fresh or fixed liver tissue from rats given a variety of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Toxicol Lett. 63:47-55.
39. Mayer F, Lüthy J. 1993. Heliotrope poisoning in Tadjikistan. Lancet. 342: 246-247.
40. Mohabbat O, Younos MS, Merzad AA, Srivastava RN, Sediq GG, Aram GN. 1976. An outbreak of hepatic venoocclusive disease in North-Western Afghanistan. Lancet. 308:269-271.
41. Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE. 1984. Extraordinary levels of production of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio riddellii. J Nat Prod. 47:1030-1032.
42. Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Olson JD, Baker DC. 1991. Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle. Am J Vet Res. 52:146-151.
43. Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Roitman JN, Benson ME. 1979. Chemistry of toxic range plants. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content and composition in Senecio species by NMR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem. 27:494-499.
44. Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Stuart LD. 1988. Delayed manifestation of Senecio-induced pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in cattle: case reports. Vet Hum Toxicol. 30:201-205.
45. Molyneux RJ, Roitman JN. 1980. Specific detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on thin-layer chromatograms. J. Chromatogr. 195:412-415.
46. Nobre VMT, Dantas AFM, Riet-Correa F, Barbosa Filho JM, Tabosa IM, Vasconcelos JS. 2005. Acute intoxication by Crotalaria retusa in sheep. Toxicon. 45:347-352.
47. Okunade AL. 2002. Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae). Fitoterapia. 73:1-16.
48. Roeder E. 1995. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie. 50:83-98.
49. Schoental R, Coady A. 1968. Liver disease and hepatotoxic plants in Ethiopia and East Africa. E Afr Med J. 45:577-580.
50. Smith LW, Culvenor CCJ. 1981. Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Nat Prod. 44:129-152.
51. Steyn DG. 1933. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). Onderstepoort J Vet Sci. 1:219-266.
52. Tandon BN, Tandon RK, Tandon HD, Narndranathan M, Joshi YK. 1976a. An epidemic of veno-occlusive disease of liver in central India. Lancet. 2:271-272.
53. Tandon HD. 1993. Handling toxicoses of unknown origin. Food Addit Contam. 10:105-113.
54. Tandon HD, Tandon BN, Mattocks AR. 1978. An epidemic of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Afghanistan. Pathologic features. Am J Gastroenterol. 70:607-613.
55. Tandon RK, Tandon BN, Tandon HD, Bhatia ML, Bhargava S, Lal P, Arora RR. 1976b. Study of an epidemic of venoocclusive disease in India. Gut. 17:849-855.
56. Than KA, Stevens V, Knill A, Gallagher PF, Gaul KL, Edgar JA, Colegate SM. 2005. Plant-associated toxins in animal feed: screening and confirmation assay development. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 121:5-21.
57. van Egmond H, Schothorst R, van den Top H. 2011. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: the Afghanistan incident. Food Addit Contam. Forthcoming.
58. Wang Y-P, Yan J, Fu PP, Chou MW. 2005. Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid. Toxicol Lett. 155:411-420.
59. Wiedenfeld H. 2011. Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems. Food Addit Contam. 28: 282-292.
60. Wiedenfeld H, Roeder E. 1991. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Ageratum conyzoides. Planta Med. 57:578-579.
61. Williams MC, Molyneux RJ. 1987. Occurrence, concentration and toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Crotalaria seeds. Weed Sci. 35:476-481.
62. Willmot FC, Robertson GW. 1920. Senecio disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to Senecio poisoning. Lancet. ii:848-849.
63. Winter H, Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J, Mattocks AR, Jukes R, Wangdi K, Gurung KB. 1993. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of yaks: diagnosis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure by the demonstration of sulfur-conjugated pyrrolic metabolites of the alkaloid in circulating haemoglobin. Aust Vet J. 70:312-313.