The nature and distribution of metals in soils of the Sydney estuary catchment, Australia

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Volumn 216, Issue 1-4, 2011, Pages 581-604

  Birch, Gavin F ^a   Vanderhayden, Matthew ^a   Olmos, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bioavailability; Estuary; Metals; Soil; Sydney

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; BIOAVAILABILITY; CATCHMENT SOILS; DISTRIBUTION OF METAL; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; PRIMARY SOURCES; ROAD DUSTS; ROAD NETWORK; SOIL METALS; SOIL QUALITY; SYDNEY; VEHICULAR EMISSION; VEHICULAR TRAFFIC;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CATCHMENTS; COPPER; ESTUARIES; LEAD; METALS; MOTOR TRANSPORTATION; ROADS AND STREETS; RUNOFF; SOILS; ZINC;

SOIL POLLUTION;

COPPER; LEAD; ZINC;

BIOAVAILABILITY; CATCHMENT; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION INVENTORY; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; HEAVY METAL; NUMERICAL MODEL; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOIL QUALITY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TOPSOIL; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; AUSTRALIA; BIOAVAILABILITY; CATCHMENT; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ESTUARY; EXHAUST GAS; GRAIN; INDUSTRIALIZATION; LAND USE; SOIL ACIDITY; SOIL POLLUTION; SURFACE SOIL; TRAFFIC; URBAN AREA;

AUSTRALIA; NEW SOUTH WALES; SYDNEY [NEW SOUTH WALES];

EID: 79951959574     PISSN: 00496979     EISSN: 15732932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11270-010-0555-1     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. ABS (2001). ABS Motor Vehicle Census 31 March 2001. Australian Bureau of Statistics, publication 9309.0
2. 2.5 at selected urban areas in the USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 155-163.
3. AGNMI. (2004). Australian Government National Measurement Institute. Report of Analysis - Reference Material: AGAL-10 Hawkesbury River Sediment. Pymble: AGNMI.
4. Alcamo, J., Bartnicki, J., Olendrzynski, K., & Pacyna, J. (1992). Computing heavy metals in Europe's atmosphere - I. Model development and testing. Atmospheric Environment, 26A (18), 3355-3369.
5. Alexandrovskaya, E. I., & Alexandrovskiy, A. L. (2000). History of the cultural layer in Moscow and accumulation of anthropogenic substances in it. Catena, 41, 249-259. (Pubitemid 30610224)
6. ANZECC and NH&MRC. (1992). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites. Canberra: Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and National Health and Medical Research Council.
7. Atteia, O., & Dubois, J. P. (1994). Geostatistical analysis of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura. Environmental Pollution, 86, 315-327. (Pubitemid 24275048)
8. Barry, S. C., Taylor, S. E., & Birch, G. F. (1999). Heavy metals in urban stormwater canals entering Port Jackson, Australia and their impact on the estuarine environment. In Joliffe & J. E. Ball (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage, Sydney, August, Vol. 4 (pp. 1825-1832).
9. Barry, S. C., Taylor, S. E., & Birch, G. F. (2000). Heavy metal supply to the Port Jackson Estuary, Australia by stormwater. Australian Journal of Water Research, 4(2), 147-154.
10. Batley, G. E. (1987). Heavy metal speciation in waters, sediments and biota from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 38, 591-606.
11. nd Australia and New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics - GeoEnvironment 2001, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia - 28-30 November 2001 (pp. 701-709). Newcastle: Australian Geomechanics Society Incorporated.
12. Beavington, F. (1973). Contamination of soil with zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in the Wollongong city area. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 11, 27-31.
13. Birch, G. F. (2003). A test of normalization methods for marine sediment, including a new post-extraction normalization (PEN) technique. Hydrobiologia, 492, 5-13.
14. Birch, G. F., & McCready, S. (2009). Catchment sources of heavy metal contamination and influence on the quality of receiving basin sediments in Port Jackson, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment, 407, 2820-2835.
15. Birch, G. F., & Scollen, A. (2003). Heavy metals in road dust, gully pots and parkland soils in a highly urbanised subcatchment of Port Jackson, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41, 1329-1342. (Pubitemid 38050986)
16. Birch, G. F., & Snowdon, R. T. (2004). The use of size-normalisation techniques in interpretation of soil contaminant distributions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 157, 1-12.
17. Birch, G., & Taylor, S. (1999). Source of heavy metals in sediments of the Port Jackson estuary, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment, 227, 123-138.
18. Birch, G. F., & Taylor, S. E. (2000). Distribution and possible sources of organochlorine residues in sediments of a large urban estuary, Port Jackson, Sydney. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47, 749-756.
19. Birch, G. F., & Taylor, S. E. (2002). Application of Sediment Quality Guidelines in the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Surficial Sediments in Port Jackson (Sydney harbour), Australia. Environmental Management, 29 (6), 860-870. (Pubitemid 36927588)
20. Birch, G. F., Taylor, S. E., & Matthai, C. (2001). Small-scale spatial and temporal variance in the concentration of heavy metals in aquatic sediments: a review and some new concepts. Environmental Pollution, 113, 357-372. (Pubitemid 32401557)
21. Birke, M., & Rauch, U. (1997). Geochemical investigations in the Berlin metropolitan area. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Geology, 43(1), 58-65. (Pubitemid 127613188)
22. Brezonik, P. L., & Stadelmann, T. H. (2002). Analysis and predictive models of stormwater runoff volumes, loads, and pollutant concentrations from watersheds in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. Water Research, 36, 1743-1757. (Pubitemid 34288510)
23. Cartwright, B., Merry, R. H., & Tiller, K. G. (1976). Heavy metal contamination of soils around a lead smelter at Port Pirie, South Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 15(1), 69-81. (Pubitemid 8096506)
24. Chen, T. B., Wong, J. W. C., Zhou, H. Y., & Wong, M. H. (1997). Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution, 96(1), 61-68.
25. Chen, T., Zheng, Y., Lei, M., Huang, Z., Wu, H., Chen, H., et al. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, 60 (4), 542-551.
26. Chon,H. T., Kim, K. W.,&Kim, J. Y. (1995).Metal contamination of soils and dusts in Seoul metropolitan city, Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17, 139-146.
27. Connor, S. E., & Thomas, I. (2003). Sediments as archives of industrialisation: evidence of atmospheric pollution in coastal wetlands of southern Sydney, Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 149, 189-210. (Pubitemid 37220589)
28. Crommentuijn, T., Sijm, D., de Bruijn, J., van den Hoop, M., van Leeuwen, K., & van de Plassche, E. (2000). Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for metals and metalloids in the Netherlands, taking into account background concentrations. Journal of Environmental Management, 60, 121-143. (Pubitemid 32590785)
29. Culbard, E. B., Thornton, I., Watt, J., Wheatley, M., Moorcroft, S., & Thompson, M. (1988). Metal contamination in British urban dusts and soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 17, 226-234. (Pubitemid 19286913)
30. Cumming, R. W., & Elliott, G. L. (1991). Soil chemical properties. In P. E. V. Charman & B. W. Murphy (Eds.), Soils: Their Properties and Management-A Soil Conservation Handbook for New South Wales (pp. 193-205). Melbourne: Sydney University Press in association with Oxford University Press.
31. Davies, B. E. (1997). Heavy metal contaminated soils in an old industrial area of Wales, Great Britain: source identification through statistical data interpretation. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 94, 85-98.
32. Davies, D. J. A., Watt, J. M., & Thornton, I. (1987). Lead levels in Birmingham dusts and soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 67, 177-185. (Pubitemid 18018222)
33. Davis, B. S., & Birch, G. F. in press. Comparison of heavy metal loads in stormwater runoff from major and minor urban roads using pollutant yield rating curves. Environmental Pollution.
34. De Miguel, E., Jimenez de Grado, M., Llamas, J. F., Martin-Dorado, A., & Mazadiego, L. F. (1998). The overlooked contribution of compost application to the trace element load in the urban soil of Madrid (Spain). The Science of the Total Environment, 215, 113-122.
35. Dudka, S., & Miller, W. P. (1999). Permissible concentrations of arsenic and lead in soils based on risk assessment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 113, 127-132.
36. Erel, Y., Veron, A., & Halicz, L. (1997). Tracing the transport of anthropogenic lead in the atmosphere and in soils using isotopic ratios. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61 (21), 4495-4505. (Pubitemid 127420930)
37. st International Conference on Contaminants and the Soils Environment, Adelaide, S. Aust. Australia: CSIRO.
38. Forstner, U. (1982). Accumulative phases for heavy metals in limnic sediments. Hydrobiologia, 91, 269-284.
39. Forstner, U., & Wittmann, G. T. W. (1979). Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. New York: Springer-Verlag.
40. Franzin, W. G., McFarlane, G. A., & Lutz, A. (1979). Atmospheric fallout in the vicinity of a base metal smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada. Environmental Science & Technology, 13(12), 1513-1522. (Pubitemid 10164535)
41. Garcia, R., & Millan, E. (1998). Assessment of Cd, Pb and Zn contamination in roadside soils and grasses from Gipuzkoa (Spain). Chemosphere, 37(8), 1615-1625.
42. Gibson, M. J., & Farmer, J. G. (1986). Multi-step sequential chemical extraction of heavy metals from urban soils. Environmental Pollution (Series B), 11, 117-135. (Pubitemid 16171514)
43. Gillis, A. C., & Birch, G. F. (2006). Investigation of anthropogenic trace metals in sediments of Lake Illawarra, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 523-539.
44. Grant, A., & Middleton, R. (1990). An assessment of metal contamination of sediments in the Humber Estuary, U.K. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 31, 71-85.
45. Gulson, B. L., Tiller, K. G., Mizon, K. J., & Merry, R. H. (1981). Use of lead isotopes in soils to identify the source of lead contamination near Adelaide, South Australia. Environmental Science & Technology, 15(6), 691-696.
46. Herbert, C. (1983). Sydney basin stratigraphy. In C. Herbert (Ed.), Geology of the Sydney 1:100, 000 Sheet 9130 (pp. 7-34). Sydney: New South Wales Department of Natural Resources.
47. Hewitt, C. N., & Rashed, M. B. (1992). Removal rates of selected pollutants in the runoff waters from a major rural highway. Water Research, 26(3), 311-319.
48. Higgs, F. J., Mielke, H. W., & Brisco, M. (1999). Soil lead at elementary public schools: comparison between school properties and residential neighbourhoods of New Orleans. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21, 27-36.
49. Hodge, D. (2002). Heavy metals in soils of Homebush Bay catchment. BSc (Hons), The University of Sydney, Australia.
50. Hooda, P. S. (2003). A special issue on heavy metals in soils: editorial foreword. Advances in Environmental Research, 8(1), 1-3.
51. Hu, K. L., Zhang, F. R., Li, H., Huang, F., & Li, B. G. (2006). Spatial patterns of soil heavy metals in urban-rural transition zone of Beijing. Pedosphere, 16(6), 690-698.
52. Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D., & Violante, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124, 247-256.
53. Inyang, H. I., & Bae, S. (2007). The aero-geochemistry of cities and regions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 230, 1-2. (Pubitemid 46863774)
54. Ip, C. C. M., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Wai, O. W. H., & Li, Y. S. (2007). Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area, South China. Environmental Pollution, 147, 311-323.
55. Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants (3rd ed.). USA: CRC Press.
56. Kachenko, A. G., & Singh, B. (2006). Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter contaminated sites in Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 169, 101-123.
57. Komai, Y. (1981). Heavy metal contamination in urban soils II comparison of urban park soils between two cities with different city and industrial activities. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture (B), 33, 17-22.
58. Lagerwerff, J. V., & Specht, A. W. (1970). Contamination of roadside soil and vegetation with cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc. Environmental Science & Technology, 4(7), 583-586.
59. Lawrence, M. (2006). Modelling atmospheric deposition of vehicular emissions in an Australian urban environment. BSc(Hons), The University of Sydney, Australia, unpublished.
60. Liu, L., Li, F., Xiong, D., & Song, C. (2006). Heavy metal contamination and their distribution in different size fractions of the surficial sediment of Haihe River, China. Environmental Geology, 50, 431-438.
61. Loughran, R. J., & Campbell, B. L. (1995). The identification of catchment sediment sources. In I. D. L. Foster, A. M. Gurnell, & B. W. Webb (Eds.), Sediment and Water Quality in River Catchments (pp. 189-205). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
62. Luoma, A. N., & Bryan, G. W. (1981). A statistical assessment of the form of trace metals in oxidized estuarine sediments employing chemical extractants. The Science of the Total Environment, 17, 165-196.
63. Madrid, L., Diaz-Barrientos, E., & Madrid, F. (2002). Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville. Chemosphere, 49, 1301-1308. (Pubitemid 35386591)
64. Markus, J.A. (1993). A Survey of Heavy Metals in the topsoil of Glebe. BSc(Hons), The University of Sydney, Australia, unpublished.
65. Markus, J. A., & McBratney, A. B. (1996). An urban soil study: heavy metals in Glebe, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 34, 453-465.
66. Matschullat, J., Ottenstein, R., & Reimann, C. (2000). Geochemical background - can we calculate it? Environmental Geology, 39(9), 990-1000.
67. McCready, S., Slee, D., Birch, G. F., & Taylor, S. E. (2000). The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of Sydney Harbour, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(11), 999-1006.
68. McCready, S., Birch, G. F., & Taylor, S. E. (2003). Extraction of heavy metals in Sydney Harbour sediments using 1 M HCl and 0.05 M EDTA and implications for sediment-quality guidelines. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, 249-255. (Pubitemid 36551774)
69. McCready, S., Birch, G. F., & Long, E. R. (2006). Metallic and organic contaminants in sediments of Sydney Harbour, Australia and vicinity-A chemical dataset for evaluating sediment quality guidelines. Environment International, 32, 455-465.
70. McGrath, S. P., & Cegarra, J. (1992). Chemical extractability of heavy metals during and after long-term applications of sewage sludge to soil. Journal of Soil Science, 43, 313-321. (Pubitemid 23372098)
71. Mermut, A. R., Jain, J. C., Song, L., Kerrich, R., Kozak, L., & Jana, S. (1996). Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilisers in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 845-853. (Pubitemid 26250031)
72. Mielke, H. W., Gonzales, C. R., Smith, M. K., & Mielke, P. W. (2000). Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 246, 249-259. (Pubitemid 30060340)
73. Monna, F., Poujol, M., Losno, R., Dominik, J., Annegarn, H., & Coetzee, H. (2006). Origin of atmospheric lead in Johannesburg, South Africa. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 6554-6566.
74. Nali, C., Balducci, E., Frati, L., Paoli, L., Loppi, S., & Lorenzini, G. (2009). Lettuce plants as bioaccumulators of trace elements in a community of central Italy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 149, 143-149.
75. NEPM. (1999). National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999: Schedule B(1) Guideline on the Investigation Levels for Soil and Groundwater. Adelaide, Australia: National Environment Protection Council.
76. Nicholson, F. A., Alloway, B. J., & Carlton-Smith, C. (1999). Sources of heavy metals to agricultural soils in England and Wales. In W. W. Wenzel, D. C. Adriano, B. Alloway, H. E. Doner, C. Keller, N. W. Lepp, M. Mench, R. Naidu, & G. M. Pierzynski (Eds.), Fifth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals, 11-15 July 1999, Vienna, Austria, 1999, Volume 1 (pp. 264-265).
77. Nowack, B., Obrecht, J., Schluep, M., Schulin, R., Hansmann, W., & Koppel, V. (2001). Elevated lead and zinc contents in remote Alpine soils of the Swiss National Park. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30(3), 919-926. (Pubitemid 32479193)
78. NSW EPA (2001). Evaluation of the urban stormwater program. Rpt 2001/65, Sydney, p.54.
79. NSW EPA. (2003). Ambient Air Quality Research Project (1996-2001). Internal working paper no. 4. Ambient concentrations of heavy metals in NSW.
80. Oliva, S. R., & Espinosa, A. J. F. (2007). Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils, atmospheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources. Microchemical Journal, 86, 131-139.
81. Olmos, M.A. (2004). The nature and distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Upper Parramatta River catchment. Unpubl. MApplSci(Enviro) thesis, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.
82. Ordonez, A., Loredo, J., De Miguel, E., & Charlesworth, S. (2003). Distribution of heavy metals in the street dusts and soils of an industrial city in northern Spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44, 160-170. (Pubitemid 36138794)
83. Ouyang, Y., Ou, L. T., & Sigua, G. C. (2005). Characterization of the pesticide chlordane in estuarine river sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 544-551. (Pubitemid 40410767)
84. Palumbo, B., Angelone, M., Bellanca, A., Dazzi, C., Hauser, S., Neri, R. A., et al. (2000). Influence of inheritance and pedogenesis on heavy metal distribution of soils in Sicily, Italy. Geoderma, 95, 247-266.
85. Pettigrove, V., & Hoffmann, A. (2003). Impact of urbanisation on heavy metal contamination in urban stream sediments: influence of catchment geology. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 9, 119-128.
86. Rieuwerts, J. S., Farago, M., Cikrt, M., & Bencko, V. (1999). Heavy metal concentrations in and around households near a secondary lead smelter. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 58(3), 317-335. (Pubitemid 29452912)
87. Riley, S. J., & Banks, R. G. (1996). The role of phosphorus and heavy metals in the spread of weeds in urban bushlands: an example from Lane Cove Valley, NSW, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment, 182, 39-52.
88. Rojo, P. A., Frances, F. S., Garcia-Sanchez, A., & Alvarez-Ayuso, E. (2004). Baseline concentrations of heavy metals in native soils of the Salamanca and Valladolid provinces, Spain. Arid Land Research and Management, 18(3), 241-250.
89. Rothwell, J. J., Evans, M. G., Daniels, S. M., & Allott, T. E. H. (2007). Baseflow and stormflow metal concentrations in streams draining contaminated peat moorlands in the Peak District National Park (UK). Journal of Hydrology, 341, 90-104. (Pubitemid 46990405)
90. Ruiz, F. (2001). Trace metals in estuarine sediments from the southwestern Spanish coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42 (6), 482-490.
91. Sabin, L. D., Lim, J. H., Stolzenbach, K. D., & Schiff, K. C. (2005). Contribution of trace metals from atmospheric deposition to stormwater runoff in a small impervious urban catchment. Water Research, 39, 3929-3937. (Pubitemid 41323971)
92. Sanchez-Martin, M. J., Sanchez-Camazano, M., & Lorenzo, L. F. (2000). Cadmium and lead contents in subrurban and urban soils from two medium-sized cities of Spain: influence of traffic intensity. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64, 250-257. (Pubitemid 30082553)
93. Shah, M. H., Shaheen, N., & Jaffar, M. (2006). Characterization, source identification and apportionment of selected metals in TSP in an urban atmosphere. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 114, 573-587.
94. Singh, B. (2001). Heavy metals in soils: sources, chemical reactions and forms. In D. W. Smith, S. G. Fityus, & M. A. Allman (Eds.), Environmental Geotechnics: Proceedings of the 2nd Australia and New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics-GeoEnvironment 2001, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia-28-30 November 2001 (pp. 77-93). Newcastle: Australian Geomechanics Society Incorporated.
95. Snowdon, R., & Birch, G. F. (2004). The nature and distribution of copper, lead, and zinc in soils of a highly urbanised sub-catchment (Iron Cove) of Port Jackson, Sydney. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 42, 329-338. (Pubitemid 38700086)
96. Sun, B., Zhao, F. J., Lombi, E., & McGrath, S. P. (2001). Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA. Environmental Pollution, 113, 111-120.
97. Sun, Y., Zhuang, G., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., & Zhuang, Y. (2006). Characteristics and sources of lead pollution after phasing out leaded gasoline in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 2973-2985.
98. Swennen, R., van der Sluys, J., Hindel, R., & Brusselmans, A. (1998). Geochemistry of overbank and high-order stream sediments in Belgium and Luxembourg: a way to assess environmental pollution. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 62, 67-79. (Pubitemid 29040740)
99. Thornton, I., et al. (1991). Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. In P. Bullock & P. J. Gregory (Eds.), Soils in the Urban Environment (pp. 47-75). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
100. Thuy, H. T. T., Tobschall, H. J., & An, P. V. (2000). Distribution of heavy metals in urban soils-a case study of Danang-Hoian Area (Vietnam). Environmental Geology, 39, 603-610.
101. Tijhuis, L., Brattli, B., & Saether, O. M. (2002). A geochemical survey of topsoil in the city of Oslo, Norway. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 24, 67-94.
102. Tiller, K. G. (1992). Urban soil contamination in Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 30, 937-957.
103. Tiller, K. G., Smith, L. H., Merry, R. H., & Clayton, P. M. (1987). The dispersal of automotive lead from metropolitan Adelaide into adjacent rural areas. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 25, 155-166.
104. Turer, D., Maynard, J. B., & Sansalone, J. J. (2001). Heavy metal contamination in soils of urban highways: comparison between runoff and soil concentrations at Cincinnati, Ohio. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 132, 293-314.
105. Ukonmaanaho, L., Starr, M., Hirvi, J.-P., Kokko, A., Lamhermo, J., Paukola, T., et al. (1998). Heavy metal concentrations in various aqueous and biotic media in Finnish integrated monitoring catchments. Boreal Environment Research, 3, 235-249. (Pubitemid 128539896)
106. Vanderhayden, M. (2007). The nature and distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Port Jackson catchment. Unpubl. BSc Honours thesis, School of Geosciences, Sydney University, NSW, Australia.
107. Wang, X. S., & Qin, Y. (2007). Some characteristics of the distribution of heavy metals in urban topsoil of Xuzhou, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 29, 11-19.
108. Wang, J., Ren, H., & Zhang, X. (2006). Distribution patterns of lead in urban soil and dust in Shenyang city, Northeast China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 28, 53-59.
109. Weimin, Y., Batley, G. E., & Ahsanullah, M. (1992). The ability of sediment extractants to measure the bioavailability of metals to three marine invertebrates. The Science of the Total Environment, 125, 67-84. (Pubitemid 23399011)
110. Whitelock, B., & Loughran, R. J. (1994). Sediment production and storage in an urbanizing basin, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia. In L. J. Olive, R. J. Loughran, & J. A. Kesby (Eds.), Variability in Stream Erosion and Sediment Transport (pp. 103-110). Wallingford: International Association of Hydrological Sciences.
111. Wilcke, W., Muller, S., Kanchanakool, N., & Zech, W. (1998). Urban soil contamination in Bangkok: heavy metal and aluminium partitioning in topsoils. Geoderma, 86, 211-228. (Pubitemid 28514569)
112. Williams, C. (1996). Combating marine pollution from landbases activities: Australian initiatives. Ocean and Coastal Management, 33(1-3), 87-112.
113. Williams, D. E., Vlamis, J., Pukite, A. H., & Corey, J. E. (1987). Metal movement in sludge-amended soils: a nine-year study. Soil Science, 143, 124-131.
114. Willmore, A., Sladden, T., Bates, L. and Dalton, C.B. (2006). Use of a geographic information system to track smelter-related lead exposures in children: North-Lake Macquarie, Australia, 1991-2002. International Journal of Health Geographics, 5:30, published online 2006 July 19.
115. Zhai, M., Kampunzu, H. A. B., Modisi, M. P., & Totolo, O. (2003). Distribution of heavy metals in Gaborone urban soils (Botswana) and its relationship to soil pollution and bedrock composition. Environmental Geology, 45, 171-180. (Pubitemid 38092430)
116. Zhang, X. Y., Lin, F. F., Wong, M. T. F., Feng, X. L., & Wang, K. (2009). Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154, 439-449.
117. Zhao, L. Y. L., Schulin, R., Weng, L., & Nowack, B. (2007). Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(14), 3407-3418. (Pubitemid 46995652)
118. Zupancic, N. (1999). Lead contamination in the roadside soils of Slovenia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21, 37-50.