Combatting marine pollution from land-based activities: Australian initiatives

Ocean and Coastal Management

Volumn 33, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 87-112

  Williams, Caroline ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; MARINE POLLUTION FROM LAND BASED ACTIVITIES;

COASTAL ENGINEERING; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; MANAGEMENT; MARINE BIOLOGY; PUBLIC POLICY; RECYCLING; WATER POLLUTION CONTROL; WATER QUALITY;

WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 0030428445     PISSN: 09645691     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00046-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (62)

1. 1. In recent times the term marine pollution from land-based sources or activities has been replaced by degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities to ensure that erosion, sedimentation, habitat destruction, and the use of harmful technology and fishing practices are addressed, as well as harmful substances. Agenda 21 reflects this reformulation that is in harmony with the concept of integrated management. The effective prevention of marine pollution demands measures that go beyond a narrow sectoral focus. Refer to Kimball, L. A., The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a framework for marine conservation. In The Law of the Sea: Priorities and Responsibilities in Implementing the Convention. A Marine Conservation and Development Report, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1995, 155 pp.
2. 2. Dumping can also be considered a form of land-sourced pollution in that substances released or discharged into the sea from the ship or the aircraft comprise waste generated on land.
3. 3. GESAMP, The State of the Marine Environment, UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 39, UNEP, Nairobi, 1990.
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26. 24. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Adopted London, Mexico City, Moscow and Washington, D. C. on 13 November 1972.
27. 25. See note 5.
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30. 26. Meng, see note 12; Beyle, A. E., Land-based sources of marine pollution. Marine Policy, 16 (1992) 20-35 and Nollkaemper, A., Marine pollution from land-based sources: towards a global approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24 (1992) 8-12.
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33. 29. See note 9.
34. 30. See note 4.
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37. 33. Australia, Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment. AGPS, Canberra, 1992, Para 2.2.1(iii). The IGAE is a response to the fact that the environment has been the subject of damaging intergovernmental disputes in Australia. The agreement sets out the roles of the parties and establishes the 'ground rules' under which the Commonwealth, State, Territory and Local governments will interact on the environment. It also contains a broad set of principles to guide the development of environmental policies. It provides an important mechanisms for: a cooperative national approach to the environment; better definition of the roles of respective governments with respect to the environment; a reduction in intergovernmental environmental disputes; more certain government and business decision-making; and better environmental protection. For further information refer to URL:http://www.erin.gov.au/portfolio/ esd/nsesd/appndxa.html
38. 34. Senate Select Committee on Water Pollution, Water Pollution in Australia, Commonwealth Government Printing Office, Canberra, 1970.
39. 35. ANZECC, Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992. A water quality guideline is defined by the strategy as a 'numerical concentration limit or narrative statement recommended to support and maintain a designated water use'.
40. 36. ANZECC, Water Quality Management - an Outline of the Policies, 1994.
41. 37. In 1992 a 'National strategy for ecologically sustainable development' was released in response, amongst other things, to the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future. The Commonwealth government suggested the following definition of ESD in Australia - 'using, conserving and enhancing the community's resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased'. The core objectives of the ESD strategy are: to enhance individual and community well-being and welfare by following the path of economic development that safeguards the welfare of future generations; to provide for equity within and between generations; and to protect biological diversity and maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems. Refer to Australia, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, December 1992.
42. 37. In 1992 a 'National strategy for ecologically sustainable development' was released in response, amongst other things, to the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future. The Commonwealth government suggested the following definition of ESD in Australia - 'using, conserving and enhancing the community's resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased'. The core objectives of the ESD strategy are: to enhance individual and community well-being and welfare by following the path of economic development that safeguards the welfare of future generations; to provide for equity within and between generations; and to protect biological diversity and maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems. Refer to Australia, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, December 1992.
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45. 40. GESAMP, see note 3.
46. 41. CEPA, National Waste Minimisation and Recycling Strategy, June 1992.
47. 42. DEST, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories Profile. DEST, Canberra, 1995.
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49. 44. Refer also to Tsamenyi, B. M. & Blay, S. K. N., The Legal Aspects of Marine Pollution from Land-based Sources: Australian Perspectives and Strategies. Presented to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, February 1989.
50. 45. DEST, see note 19.
51. 46. Greenpeace International, The Precautionary Approach in the Context of Land-based Sources of Marine Pollution. Prepared for the Meeting of experts on control of marine pollution from land-based sources, 6-10 June 1994, Montreal, Canada, 1994.
52. 47. Greening Australia, Local Greening Plans: a Guide for Vegetation and Biodiversity Management. Greening Australia, Canberra, 1995.
53. 48. ABS, Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices. Commonwealth of Australia, 1993.
54. 49. Department of Housing and Regional Development, Green Cities, Strategy paper #3 prepared for the Australian Urban and Regional Development Review, Canberra, May 1995.
55. 50. Boelens, R. G. V., The London Dumping Convention - its development and significance to marine pollution control. In Canadian Conference on Marine Environmental Quality Proceedings, ed. P. G. Wells & J. Gratwick. 29 February-3 March 1988, IITOPS, Halifax; Nollkaemper, A., Land-based discharges of marine debris: from local to global regulation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28 (1994) 649-652 and Quinn, N., EPA, pers. comm., 11 April 1995.
56. 50. Boelens, R. G. V., The London Dumping Convention - its development and significance to marine pollution control. In Canadian Conference on Marine Environmental Quality Proceedings, ed. P. G. Wells & J. Gratwick. 29 February-3 March 1988, IITOPS, Halifax; Nollkaemper, A., Land-based discharges of marine debris: from local to global regulation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28 (1994) 649-652 and Quinn, N., EPA, pers. comm., 11 April 1995.
57. 50. Boelens, R. G. V., The London Dumping Convention - its development and significance to marine pollution control. In Canadian Conference on Marine Environmental Quality Proceedings, ed. P. G. Wells & J. Gratwick. 29 February-3 March 1988, IITOPS, Halifax; Nollkaemper, A., Land-based discharges of marine debris: from local to global regulation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28 (1994) 649-652 and Quinn, N., EPA, pers. comm., 11 April 1995.
58. 51. CEPA, see note 41; CEPA, Waste Minimisation: a Cleaner Australia 2001, pamphlet, date unknown.
59. 51. CEPA, see note 41; CEPA, Waste Minimisation: a Cleaner Australia 2001, pamphlet, date unknown.
60. 52. Pernetta, J. C. & Elder, D. L. E., Cross-sectoral, Integrated Coastal Area Planning: Guidelines and Principles for Coastal Areas Development. IUCN, A Marine Conservation and Development Report, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 63 pp.
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62. 54. Fisher, T. & Kinrade, P., Melbourne Water: Beyond 2000. Report prepared for Melbourne Water Environment Futures Project, June 1993.