Oral inflammatory process and general health Part 1: The focal infection and the oral inflammatory lesion

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 14, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1085-1095

  Somma, F ^a   Castagnola, R ^a   Bollino, D ^a   Marigo, Luca ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bacteremia; Endocarditis; Focal infection

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; BACTERIAL TOXIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; DNA POLYMERASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; AUTISM; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; LABORATORY TEST; LYMPHOCYTE; METASTASIS; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; MOUTH INFLAMMATION; MOUTH LESION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; NEOPLASM; PATHOGENESIS; PERIODONTITIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SARCOIDOSIS; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MOUTH DISEASES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79951830021     PISSN: 11283602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. EASLICK KA. An evaluation of the effect of dental foci of infection on health. J Am Dent Assoc 1951; 42: 617-699.
2. FRANCKE OC. William Hunter's "oral sepsis" and American odontology. Bull Hist Dent 1973; 21: 73-79.
3. GOADBY KW. The association of disease of the mouth with rheumatoid arthritis and certain other forms of rheumatism. Lancet 1911; 1: 639-649.
4. BILLINGS F Chronic focal infection as a causative factor in chronic arthritis. JAMA 1913; 61: 819-822.
5. MAYO CH. Mouth infection as a source of systemic disease. JAMA 1914; 63: 2025-2026.
6. DAVIS DJ. Bacteriological and experimental observations on focal infections. Arch Intern Med 1912; 9: 505-514.
7. DALAND J. Focal sepsis. New York Med J 1916; 103: 1159-1160.
8. ROSENOW EC. The relation of dental infection to systemic disease. Dental Cosmos 1917; 59: 485-491.
9. HOWE PR. To what degree are oral pathological conditions responsible for systemic disease? Dental Cosmos 1919; 61: 33-40.
10. RHOADS PS, DICK GF. Roentgenographically negative pulpless teeth as foci of infection: results of quantitative cultures. J Am Dent Assoc 1923; 157: 1884-1893.
11. CECIL RL, ANGEVINE MD. Clinical and experimental observations on focal infection with an analysis of 200 cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1938; 12: 577-584.
12. SHANDALOW SL. Oral focal sepsis in relation to systemic disease. Dental Cosmos 1928; 70: 609-618.
13. RHEIN ML, KRASNOW F, GIES W. A prolonged study of the electrical treatment of dental focal infections a preliminary report. Dental Cosmos 1926; 68: 971-981.
14. HOLMAN WL. Focal infection and elective localization. Arch Pathol and Lab Med 1928; 5: 68-136.
15. VALENTINE E, VAN METER M. The localization of streptococci in the tissues of rabbits. J Infect Dis 1930; 47: 56-82.
16. JONES NW, NEWSOM SJ. Experimentally produced focal infection in relation to cardiac structure. Arch Pathol 1931; 13: 392-414.
17. ABRAHAMSON L. Subacute bacterial endocarditis following removal of septic foci. Br Med J 1931; 2: 8-9.
18. REIMANN H, HAVENS WP. Focal infection and systemic disease: a critical appraisal. JAMA 1940; 114: 1-6.
19. SLOCUMB CH, BINGER MW, BARNES AR, WILLIAMS HL. Focal infection. JAMA 1941; 117: 2161-2164.
20. LAZANSKY JP, ROBINSON L, RODOFSKY L. Factors influencing the incidence of bacteremias following surgical procedures in the oral cavity. J Dent Res 1949; 28: 533-543.
21. FREYBERG RH. Focal infection in relation to rheumatic diseases: a critical appraisal. J Am Dent Assoc 1946; 33: 1101-1108.
22. MITCHELL DF, HELMAN EZ. The role of periodontal foci of infection in systemic disease: an evaluation of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc 1953; 46: 32-53.
23. KENNEDY DR, HAMILTON TR, SYVERTON JT. Effects on monkeys of introduction of haemolytic Streptococci into root canals. J Dent Res 1957; 36: 496-506.
24. COBE HM. Transitory bacteremia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 954; 7: 609-615.
25. EISENBUD L. Subacute bacterial endocarditis precipitated by non surgical dental procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1962; 15: 624-627.
26. BANDT CL, KORN NA, SCHAFFER EM. Bacteremias from ultrasonic and hand instrumentation. J Periodontal 1964; 35: 214-223.
27. RISE E, SMITH JF, BELL J. Reduction of bacteremia after oral manipulations. Arch Otolaryngol 1969; 90: 198-201.
28. DELEO AA, SCHOENKNECHT FD, ANDERSON MW, PETERSON JC. The incidence of bacteremia following oral prophylaxis on pediatric patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1974; 37: 36-45.
29. RAMADAN AE, ZAKI SA, NOUR ZMN. A study of transient bacteremia following the use of dental floss silk and interdental stimulators. Egypt Dent J 1975; 21: 19-28.
30. OTTEN JE, PELZ K, CHRISTMANN G. Anaerobic bacteremia following tooth extraction and removal of osteosynthesis plates. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987; 45: 477-480.
31. ROGOSA M, HAMPP EG, NEVIN TA, WAGNER HN, DRISCOLL EJ, BAER PN. Blood sampling and cultural studies in the detection of postoperative bacteremias. J Am Dent Assoc 1960; 60: 171-180.
32. HUGHES RA. Focal infection revisited. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33: 370-377.
33. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century - the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. World oral health report, 2003.
34. ILDIKÓ J. MÁRTON, GUNNAR BERGENHOLTZ. The periapical inflammatory process - systemic and local manifestations: introduction. Endodontic Topics 2004; 8: 1-2.
35. PALLASCH TJ, WAHL MJ. The focal infection theory: appraisal and reappraisal. Calif Dent Assoc J 2000; 28: 194-200.
36. LORBER B. Are all diseases infectious? Another look. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 989-90.
37. KUPER H, ADAMI HO, TRICHOPOULOS D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 2000; 289: 171-183.
38. PALLASCH TJ. A guide to evaluating epidemiological studies. Calif Dent Assoc J 2000; 28: 201-203.
39. PADILLA C, LOBOS O, HUBERT E, GONZÁLEZ C, MATUS S, PEREIRA M, HASBUN S, DESCOUVIERES C. Periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis, J Periodontal Res 2006; 41: 350-355.
40. ROMANO F, BARBUI A, AIMETTI M. Periodontal pathogens in periodontal pockets and in carotid atheromatous plaques. Minerva Stomatol 2007; 56: 169-179.
41. KINZER S, PFEIFFER J, BECKER S, RIDDER GJ. Severe deep neck space infections and mediastinitis of odontogenic origin: clinical relevance and implications for diagnosis and treatment. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129: 62-70.
42. ALBERT LJ, INMAN RD. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 2068-2074.
43. DEBELIAN GJ, OLSEN I, TRONSTAD L. Profiling of Propionibacterium acnes recovered from root canal and blood during and after endodontic treatment. Endod Dent Traumatol 1992; 8: 248-254.
44. GILBERTO J, DEBELIAN GJ, OLSEN I, TRONSTAD L. Electrophoresis of whole cell soluble proteins of microorganisms isolated from bacteremias in endodontic therapy. Europ J Oral Sci 1996; 104: 540-546.
45. LOCKHART PB, DURACK DT. Oral microflora as a cause of endocarditis and other distant site infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999; 13: 833-850.
46. FORNER L, LARSEN T, KILIAN M, HOLMSTRUP P. Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 401-407.
47. LUCAS VS, LYTRA V, HASSAN T, TATHAM H, WILSON M, ROBERTS GJ. Comparison of lysis filtration and an automated blood culture system (BACTEC) for detection, quantification, and identification of odontogenic bacteremia in children. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3416-3420.
48. ROBERTS GJ, JAFFRAY EC, SPRATT DA, PETRIE A, GREVILLE C, WILSON M, LUCAS VS. Duration, prevalence and intensity of bacteraemia after dental extractions in children. Heart 2006; 92: 1274-1277.
49. LOCKHART PB. An analysis of bacteremias during dental extractions: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Chlorhexidine. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 513-520.
50. LOCKHART PB, BRENNAN MT, KENT ML, NORTON HJ, WEINRIB DA. Impact of amoxicillin prophylaxis on the incidence, nature, and duration of bacteremia in children after intubation and dental procedures. Circulation 2004; 109: 2878-2884.
51. BAUMGARTNER JC, HEGGERS JP, HARRISON JW. The incidence of bacteremias related to endodontic procedures I. Non surgical endodontics. J Endod 1976; 2: 135-140.
52. BAUMGARTNER JC, HEGGERS JP, HARRISON JW. Incidence of bacteremias related to endodontic procedures II. Surgical endodontics. J Endod 1977; 3: 399-402.
53. BENDER IB, NAIDORF IJ, GARVEY GJ. Bacterial endocarditis: a consideration for physicians and dentists. J Am Dent Assoc 1984; 109: 415-420.
54. BENDER IB, SELTZER S, YERMISH M. The incidence of bacteremia in endodontic manipulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1960; 13: 353-360.
55. DEBELIAN GJ, OLSEN I, TRONSTAD L. Bacteremia in conjunction with endodontic therapy. Endod Dent Traumatol 1995; 11: 142-149.
56. DEBELIAN GJ, ERIBE ER, OLSEN I, TRONSTAD L. Ribotyping of bacteria from root canal and blood of patients receiving endodontic therapy. Anaerobe 1997; 3: 237-243.
57. DEBELIAN GJ, OLSEN I, TRONSTAD L. Anaerobic bacteremia and fungemia in patients undergoing endodontic therapy: an overview. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3: 281-287.
58. DEBELIAN GJ, OLSEN I, TRONSTAD L. Bacteremia in conjunction with endodontic therapy. Endod Dent Traumatol 1995; 11: 142-149.
59. SEYMOUR RA, LOWRY R, WHITWORTH JM, MARTIN MV. Infective endocarditis, dentistry and antibiotic prophylaxis: time for a rethink? Br Dent J 2000; 189: 610-606.
60. DANESH J, COLLINS R, PETO R. Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet 1997; 350: 430-436.
61. HARASZTHY VI, ZAMBON JJ, TREVISAN M, ZEID M, GENCO RJ. Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques. J Periodontal 2000 1997; 71: 1554-1560.
62. FINEGOLD SM. Aspiration pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: S737-742.
63. GARROUSTE-OREGAS M, CHEVRET S, ARLET G, MARIE O, ROUVEAU M, POPOFF N, SCHLEMMER B. Oropharyngeal or gastric colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients: a prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1647-1655.
64. SABETI M, SLOTS J. Herpesviral-bacterial coinfection in periapical pathosis. J Endod 2004; 30: 69-72.
65. ERICSON P, HERZBERG M. Evidence for covalent linkage of carbohydrate polymers to a glycoprotein from Streptococcus sanguis. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 23780-23783.
66. LIUZZO G, BIASUCCI LM, GALLIMORE JR, GRILLO RL, REBUZZI AG, PEPYS MB, MASERI A. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 417-424.
67. RIDKER PM, BURING JE, SHIH J, MATIAS M, HENNEKENS CH. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998; 98: 731-733.
68. EBERSOLE JL, MACHEN RL, STEFFEN MJ, WILLMANN DE. Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin, in adult periodontitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107: 347-352.
69. D'AIUTO F, NIBALI L, PARKAR M, SUVAN J, TONETTI MS. Short-term effects of intensive periodontal therapy on serum inflammatory markers and cholesterol. J Dent Res 2005; 84: 269-273.
70. SCHONFELD SE, GREENING AB, GLICK DH, FRANK AL, SIMON JH, HERLES SM. Endotoxic activity in periapical lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982; 53: 82-87.
71. WILSON M, REDDI K, HENDERSON B. Cytokine-inducing components of periodontopathogenic bacteria. Periodontal Res 1996; 31: 393-407.
72. SABETI M, DANESHMAND A, SIMON JH, SLOTS J. Cytomegalovirus-infected inflammatory cells in dental periapical lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009; 24: 434-436.
73. SLOTS J, SABETI M, SIMON JH. Herpesviruses in periapical pathosi: an etiopathogenic relationship? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96: 327-331.
74. LI H, CHEN V CHEN Y, BAUMGARTNER JC, MACHIDA CA. Herpesviruses in endodontic pathoses: association of Epstein-Barr virus with irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis. J Endod 2009; 35: 23-29.
75. BAUMANN H, GAULDIE J. The acute phase response. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 74-80.