Oral microflora as a cause of endocarditis and other distant site infections

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 833-850

  Lockhart, P B ^a   Durack, D T ^a  

^a CAROLINAS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ACTINOBACILLUS; ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTEROIDES; FUSOBACTERIUM; INFECTION RISK; MOUTH FLORA; MOUTH INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PREVOTELLA; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS;

EID: 0032734019     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70111-2     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. G. Acs E. Cozzi Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with hydrocephalus shunts: Survey of pediatric dentistry and neurosurgery program directors Pediatr Dent 14 1992 246 250
2. D.A.P. Ainscow R.A. Denham The risk of haematogenous infection in total joint replacements J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 1984 580 582
3. W.C. Andersen H.L. Horton Parietal lobe abscess after routine peridontal recall therapy: Report of a case J Periodontol 61 1990 243 247
4. A.S. Baker R.G. Ojemann Swartz M.N. Richardson E.P. Jr Spinal epidural abscess N Engl J Med 293 1975 463 468
5. A.L. Baltch H.L. Pressman M.C. Hammer Bacteremia following dental extractions in patients with and without penicillin prophylaxis Am J Med Sci 283 1982 129 140
6. A.L. Baltch H.L. Pressman C. Schaffer Bacteremia in patients undergoing oral procedures: Study following parenteral antimicrobial prophylaxis as recommended by the American Heart Association Arch Intern Med 148 1988 1084 1088
7. A.L. Baltch C. Schaffer M.C. Hammer Bacteremia following dental cleaning in patients with and without penicillin prophylaxis Am Heart J 104 1982 1335 1339
8. C.T. Barco Prevention of infective endocarditis: A review of the medical and dental literature J Periodontol 62 1991 510 523
9. P.M.W. Bath Streptococcus viridans meningitis after dental treatment [unreviewed report] Br Med J 292 1986 802
10. J. Baumgartner J. Heggers J. Harrison Incidence of bacteremias related to endodontic procedures. II: Surgical endodontics Journal of Endodontics 3 1977 399 402
11. J.C. Baumgartner J.P. Heggers J.W. Harrison The incidence of bacteremias related to endodontic procedures. I: Nonsurgical endodontics Journal of Endodontics 2 1976 135 140
12. R. Bayliss C. Clarke C. Oakley The teeth and infective endocarditis Br Heart J 50 1983 506 512
13. R. Bayliss C. Clarke C.M. Oakley The microbiology and pathogenesis of infective endocarditis Br Heart J 50 1983 513 519
14. J. Beck R. Garcia G. Heiss Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease J Periodontol 67 1996 1123 1137
15. D. Beighton A.D. Carr B.A. Oppenheim Identification of viridans streptococci associated with bacteraemia in neutropenic cancer patients J Med Microbiol 40 1994 202 204
16. I.B. Bender I.J. Naidorf G.J. Garvey Bacterial endocarditis: A consideration for physician and dentist J Am Dent Assoc 109 1984 415 420
17. I.B. Bender R.S. Pressman Antibiotic treatment of the gingival sulcus in prevention of postextraction bacteremia J Oral Surg 14 1956 20 28
18. I.B. Bender R.S. Pressman S.G. Tashman Comparative effects of local and systemic antibiotic therapy in the prevention of postextraction bacteremia J Am Dent Assoc 57 1958 54 66
19. A. Bergqvist-Karlsson Delayed and immediate-type hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine Contact Dermatitis 18 1988 84 88
20. D.H. Bor D.U. Himmelstein Endocarditis prophylaxis for patients with mitral valve prolapse: A quantitative analysis Am J Med 76 1984 711 717
21. F. Boustany S.L. Brooks P. Duquette Curriculum guidelines for postdoctoral oral diagnosis/oral medicine J Dent Educ 56 1992 704 709
22. N.S. Brewer C.S. MacCarty W.E. Wellman Brain abscess: A review of recent experience Ann Intern Med 82 1975 571 576
23. A.T. Brown J.A. Shupe R.E. Sims In vitro effect of chlorhexidine and amikacin on oral gram-negative bacilli from bone marrow transplant recipients Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 70 1990 715 719
24. L.J. Brown R.C. Oliver H. Loe Evaluating periodontal status of U.S. employed adults J Am Dent Assoc 121 1990 226 232
25. A.D. Burden B.A. Oppenheim D. Crowther Viridans streptococcal bacteraemia in patients with haematological and solid malignancies Eur J Cancer 27 1991 409 411
26. D.C. Classen J.P. Burke C.D. Ford Streptococcus mitis sepsis in bone marrow transplant patients receiving oral antimicrobial prophylaxis Am J Med 89 1990 441 446
27. J.D. Clemens D.F. Ransohoff A quantitative assessment of pre-dental antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with mitral-valve prolapse J Chronic Dis 37 1984 531 544
28. H.M. Cobe Transitory bacteremia Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 7 1954 609 615
29. F. Coffin R.E.M. Thompson Factors influencing bacteraemia following dental extraction Lancet 2 1956 654 656
30. J.G. Collins M.A. Smith R.R. Arnold S. Offenbacher Effects of Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on pregnancy outcome in the golden hamster Infect Immun 62 1994 4652 4655
31. A. Colville W. Davies M. Heneghan A rare complication of dental treatment: Streptococcus oralis meningitis Br Dent J 175 1993 133 134
32. H.D. Conner S. Haberman C.K. Collings T.E. Winford Bacteremias following periodontal scaling in patients with healthy appearing gingiva J Periodontol 38 1967 466 472
33. W.A. Coulter A. Coffey I.D.F. Saunders A.M. Emmerson Bacteremia in children following dental extraction J Dent Res 69 1990 1691 1695
34. Council on Dental Therapeutics Preventing bacterial endocarditis: A statement for the dental professional J Am Dent Assoc 22 1991 87 92
35. J.S. Crippin K.K. Wang An unrecognized etiology for pyogenic hepatic abscesses in normal hosts: Dental disease Am J Gastroenterol 7 1992 1740 1743
36. G. Dahlén J.L. Wennström K. Gröndahl L. Heijl Microbiological observations at periodic subgingival antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal pockets J Dent Res 68 1989 1714 1715
37. G. Dahlén M. Wikstrom Occurrence of enteric rods, staphylococci and Candida in subgingival samples Oral Microbiol Immunol 10 1995 42 46
38. A.S. Dajani A.L. Bisno K.J. Chung Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: Recommendations by the American Heart Association JAMA 264 1990 2919 2922
39. A.S. Dajani A.L. Bisno K.J. Chung Prevention of bacterial endocarditis Circulation 83 1991 1174 1178
40. A.S. Dajani K.A. Taubert W. Wilson Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: Recommendations by the American Heart Association JAMA 277 1997 1794 1801
41. C. Daly D. Mitchell D. Grossberg Bacteraemia caused by periodontal probing Aust Dent J 42 1997 77 80
42. De Leo A.A. F.D. Schoenknecht M.W. Anderson J.C. Peterson The incidence of bacteremia following oral prophylaxis on pediatric patients Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 37 1974 36 45
43. D.W. Denning M. Cassidy A. Dougall W.S. Hillis Failure of single dose amoxycillin as prophylaxis against endocarditis Br Med J 289 1984 1499 1500
44. F. DeStefano R.F. Anda H.S. Kahn Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality Br Med J 306 1993 688 691
45. M.S. Dryden A. Samson H.A. Ludlam Infective complications associated with the use of the Quinton “Permcath” for long-term central vascular access in haemodialysis J Hosp Infect 19 1991 257 262
46. D.T. Durack Prevention of infective endocarditis N Engl J Med 332 1995 38 44
47. D.T. Durack Antibiotics for prevention of endocarditis during dentistry: Time to scale back? Ann Intern Med 129 1998 829 831
48. D.T. Durack E.L. Kaplan A.L. Bisno Apparent failures of endocarditis prophylaxis: Analysis of 52 cases submitted to a national registry JAMA 250 1983 2318 2322
49. D.T. Durack W.A. Littler Failure of “adequate” penicillin therapy to prevent bacterial endocarditis after tooth extraction Lancet 2 1974 846 847
50. Durack DT, Petersdorf RG: Changes in the epidemiology of endocarditis [52]. In Kaplan EL, Taranta AV (eds): Infective Endocarditis: An American Heart Association Symposium, Dallas, Texas, 1977, pp 3–8
51. A. Eldirini Effectiveness of epinephrine in local anesthetic solutions on the bacteremia following dental extraction Journal of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology 4 1968 317 326
52. R.H. Elliott J.M. Dunbar Streptococcal bacteraemia in children following dental extractions Arch Dis Child 43 1968 451 454
53. S.D. Elliott Bacteraemia and oral sepsis Proc R Soc Med 32 1939 747 754
54. H.S.M. Faden Dental procedures and bacteremia Ann Intern Med 81 1974 274
55. J.E. Felix S. Rosen G.R. App Detection of bacteremia after the use of an oral irrigation device in subjects with periodontitis J Periodontol 42 1971 785 787
56. I.N. Fernando J.S.K. Phipps Dangers of an uncomplicated tooth extraction: A case of Streptococcus sanguis meningitis Br Dent J 165 1988 220
57. Francis L.E. deVries J. D. Lang An oral antiseptic for the control of post-extraction bacteraemia J Can Dent Assoc 39 1973 55 57
58. D.M. Gallagher K. Erickson S.A. Hollin Fatal brain abscess following periodontal therapy: A case report Mt Sinai J Med 48 1981 158 160
59. J.E. Geraci W.R. Wilson Endocarditis due to gram-negative bacteria: Report of 56 cases Mayo Clin Proc 57 1982 145 148
60. R.S. Gibbs R. Romero S.L. Hillier A review of premature birth and subclinical infection Am J Obstet Gynecol 166 1992 1515 1528
61. J.A. Giglio R.W. Rowland H.P. Dalton D.M. Laskin Suture removal-induced bacteremia: A possible endocarditis risk J Am Dent Assoc 123 1992 65 70
62. I.S. Goldman P.D. Ellner E.L. Francke Infective endocarditis due to Kingella denitrificans Ann Intern Med 93 1980 152 153
63. D. Goteiner S.T. Sonis R. Fasciano Cavernous sinus thrombosis and brain abscess initiated and maintained by periodontally involved teeth J Oral Med 37 1982 80 83
64. G. Greenstein Effects of subgingival irrigation on periodontal status J Periodontol 58 1987 827 836
65. W.G. Guntheroth How important are dental procedures as a cause of infective endocarditis? Am J Cardiol 54 1984 797 801
66. G. Hall S.A. Hedström A. Heimdahl C.E. Nord Prophylactic administration of penicillins for endocarditis does not reduce the incidence of postextraction bacteremia Clin Infect Dis 17 1993 188 194
67. G. Hall A. Heimdahl New trends in antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis in patients undergoing surgery in the oral cavity Swed Dent J 13 1989 193 200
68. G. Hall C.E. Nord A. Heimdahl Elimination of bacteraemia after dental extraction: Comparison of erythromycin and clindamycin for prophylaxis of infective endocarditis J Antimicrob Chemother 37 1996 783 795
69. J.H. Hardy H.N. Newman J.D. Strahan Direct irrigation and subgingival plaque J Clin Periodontol 9 1982 57 65
70. T.W. Head K.C. Bentley Millar E.P. deVries J.A. A comparative study of the effectiveness of metronidazole and penicillin V in eliminating anaerobes from postextraction bacteremias Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 58 1984 152 155
71. Hedström S.A. Nord C.-E. B. Ursing Chronic meningitis in patients with dental infections Scand J Infect Dis 12 1980 117 121
72. A. Heimdahl G. Hall M. Hedberg Detection and quantitation by lysis-filtration of bacteremia after different oral surgical procedures J Clin Microbiol 28 1990 2205 2209
73. A. Heimdahl T. Mattsson G. Dahllöf The oral cavity as a port of entry for early infections in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 68 1989 711 716
74. B. Henderson M. Wilson Commensal communism and the oral cavity J Dent Res 77 1998 1674 1683
75. J. Henslee B. Bostrom D. Weisdorf Streptococcal sepsis in bone marrow transplant patients Lancet 393 1984
76. M.C. Herzberg M.W. Meyer Effects of oral flora on platelets: Possible consequences in cardiovascular disease J Periodontol 67 1996 1138 1142
77. J. Hess Y. Holloway J. Dankert Incidence of postextraction bacteremia under penicillin cover in children with cardiac disease Pediatrics 71 1983 554 558
78. H.L. Hirsh J.J. Vivino A. Merril H.F. Dowling Effect of prophylactically administered penicillin on incidence of bacteremia following extraction of teeth Arch Intern Med 81 1948 868 878
79. R.S. Hobson J.D. Clark Infective endocarditis associated with orthodontic treatment: A case report Br J Orthod 20 1993 241 244
80. J.L. Hoecker L.K. Pickering D. Groschel S. Kohl Streptococcus salivarius sepsis in children with malignancies J Pediatr 92 1978 337 338
81. Hollanders G. De Scheerder I. De Buyzere M. A six years review on 53 cases of infective endocarditis: Clinical, microbiological and therapeutical features Acta Cardiol 43 1988 121 132
82. S.A. Hollin H. Hayashi S.W. Gross Intracranial abscesses of odontogenic origin Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 23 1967 277 293
83. T.J. Horder Infective endocarditis with an analysis of 150 cases and with special reference to the chronic form of the disease Q J Med 2 1909 289 324
84. J.G. Hunter M. Padilla S. Cooper-Vastola Late Clostridium perfringens breast implant infection after dental treatment Ann Plast Surg 36 1996 309 312
85. O. Idsoe T. Guthe Willcox R.R. De Weck A.L. Nature and extent of penicillin side-reactions, with particular reference to fatalities from anaphylactic shock Bull World Health Organ 38 1968 159 188
86. T.F. Imperiale R.I. Horwitz Does prophylaxis prevent postdental infective endocarditis? A controlled evaluation of protective efficacy Am J Med 88 1990 131 136
87. H.R. Ingham R.M. Kalbag D. Tharagonnet Abscesses of the frontal lobe of the brain secondary to covert dental sepsis Lancet 1978 497 499
88. E.L. Kaplan B.F. Anthony A. Bisno Prevention of bacterial endocarditis Circulation 56 1977 139A 143A
89. E.L. Kaplan H. Rich W. Gersony J. Manning A collaborative study of infective endocarditis in the 1970s Circulation 59 1979 327 335
90. D. Kaye Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis: An update Ann Intern Med 104 1986 419 423
91. J. Keosian I. Weinman S. Rafel The effect of aqueous diatomic iodine mouthwashes on the incidence of postextraction bacteremia Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 9 1956 1337 1341
92. K. King J.L. Harkness Infective endocarditis in the 1980s. Part I: Aetiology and diagnosis Med J Aust 144 1986 536 540
93. L. Krishna W.J. Slizofski C.D. Katsetos Abnormal intracerebral thallium localization in a bacterial brain abscess J Nucl Med 33 1992 2017 2019
94. B. Kristensen H.C. Schonheyder N.A. Peterslund Capnocytophaga (Capnocytophaga ochracea group) bacteremia in hematological patients with profound granulocytopenia Scand J Dent Res 27 1995 153 155
95. F. Lacassin B. Hoen C. Leport Procedures associated with infective endocarditis in adults: A case control study Eur Heart J 16 1995 1968 1974
96. E.B. Larkin S.D. Scott Metastatic paraspinal abscess and paraplegia secondary to dental extraction Br Dent J 177 1994 340 342
97. J.P. Lazansky L. Robinson L. Rodofsky Factors influencing the incidence of bacteremias following surgical procedures in the oral cavity J Dent Res 28 1949 533 543
98. L.T. Lineberger T.J. DeMarco Evaluation of transient bacteremia following routine periodontal procedures J Periodontol 44 1973 757 762
99. Lockhart P, Lochary M, Calloen M: Incidence, nature, and duration of bacteremia from dental procedures in children randomized to amoxicillin versus placebo. Fourth International Symposium on Modern Concepts in Endocarditis and Cardiovascular Infections, May 22–24, 1997, La Marive, Yverdon-Les-Bains, Switzerland 1997; 188 abstract
100. P.B. Lockhart An analysis of bacteremias during dental extractions: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of chlorhexidine Arch Intern Med 156 1996 513 520
101. P.B. Lockhart D. Crist P.H. Stone The reliability of the medical history in the identification of patients at risk for infective endocarditis J Am Dent Assoc 119 1989 417 422
102. P.B. Lockhart M.A. Schmidtke Antibiotic considerations in medically compromised patients Dent Clin North Am 38 1994 381 402
103. F.M. Lucatorto C.F. Franker J. Maza Postscaling bacteremia in HIV-associated gingivitis and periodontitis Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 73 1992 550 554
104. E.G. Maderazo S. Judson H. Pasternak Late infections of total joint prostheses: A review and recommendations for prevention Clin Orthop 229 1988 131 142
105. K.L. Madsen Effect of chlorhexidene mouthrinse and periodontal treatment upon bacteremia produced by oral hygiene procedures Scand J Dent Res 82 1974 1 7
106. P.V. Marks K.S. Patel E.W. Mee Multiple brain abscesses secondary to dental caries and severe periodontal disease Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26 1988 244 247
107. K.J. Mattila Dental infections as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction Eur Heart J 14 1993 51 53
108. M.G. McEntegart J.S. Porterfield Bacteraemia following dental extractions Lancet 2 1949 596 598 Abstract
109. D.A. McGowan A dental view of controversies in the prophylaxis of infective endocarditis J Antimicrob Chemother 20 1987 105 109
110. D.S. McKinsey T.E. Ratts A.L. Bisno Underlying cardiac lesions in adults with infective endocarditis: The changing spectrum Am J Med 82 1987 681 688
111. P.H.M. McWhinney S.H. Gillespie C.C. Kibbler Streptococcus mitis and ARDS in neutropenic patients Lancet 337 1991 429
112. A. Merril J.J. Vivino H.F. Dowling H.L. Hirsh Penicillin in the prevention of postextraction bacteremia J Am Dent Assoc 42 1951 395 400
113. M. Montejo K. Aguirrebengoe Streptococcus oralis meningitis after dental manipulation [letter] Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Endod 85 1998 126 127
114. M. Murray F. Moosnick Incidence of bacteriemia in patients with dental disease J Lab Clin Med 26 1941 801 802
115. Nelson C.L. Van Blaricum C.S. Physician and dentist compliance with American Heart Association guidelines for prevention of bacterial endocarditis J Am Dent Assoc 118 1989 169 173
116. M.A. Nieves P. Hartwig J.M. Kinyon D.H. Riedesel Bacterial isolates from plaque and from blood during and after routine dental procedures in dogs Vet Surg 26 1997 26 32
117. P.M. Northrup M.C. Crowley The prophylactic use of sulfathiazole in transient bacteremia following the extraction of teeth J Oral Surg 1 1943 19 29
118. S. Offenbacher V. Katz G. Fertik Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight J Periodontol 67 1996 1103 1113
119. K. Okabe K. Nakagawa E. Yamamoto Factors affecting the occurrence of bacteremia associated with tooth extraction Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24 1995 239 242
120. M. Okano M. Nomura S. Hata Anaphylactic symptoms due to chlorhexidine gluconate Arch Dermatol 125 1989 50 52
121. C.C. Okell S.D. Elliott Bacteraemia and oral sepsis Lancet 2 1935 869 872
122. J.E. Otten K. Pelz G. Christmann Anaerobic bacteremia following tooth extraction and removal of osteosynthesis plates J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45 1987 477 480
123. D.M. Parenti D.R. Snydman Capnocytophaga species: Infections in nonimmunocompromised and immunocompromised hosts J Infect Dis 151 1985 140 147
124. J.E. Parrillo G.C. Borst M.H. Mazur Endocarditis due to resistant viridans streptococci during oral penicillin chemoprophylaxis N Engl J Med 300 1979 296 300
125. C.G. Ramselaar A. Craenen R.T. Bijleveld Severe allergic reaction to an intraurethral preparation containing chlorhexidine Br J Urol 70 1992 451 452
126. E. Randall H.S. Brenman Local degerming with povidone-iodine. I: Prior to dental prophylaxis J Periodontol 45 1974 866 869
127. K.H. Rateitschak Color Atlas of Periodontology 1989 Thieme Publications New York City
128. P.S. Rhoads W.R. Schram D. Adair Bacteremia following tooth extraction: Prevention with penicillin and N U 445 J Am Dent Assoc 41 1950 55 61
129. J. Richards P.R. Sisson J.E. Hickman Microbiology, chemotherapy and mortality of brain abscess in Newcastle-upon-Tyne between 1979 and 1988 Scand J Infect Dis 22 1990 511 518
130. A. Rimola R. Soto F. Bory Reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in cirrhosis and its relation to bacterial infections and prognosis Hepatology 4 1984 53 58
131. E. Rise J.F. Smith J. Bell Reduction of bacteremia after oral manipulations Arch Otolaryngol 90 1969 106 109
132. G.R. Riviere K.S. Weisz D.F. Adams D.D. Thomas Pathogen-related oral spirochetes from dental plaque are invasive Infect Immun 59 1991 3377 3380
133. G.J. Roberts H.S. Holzel M.R.J. Sury Dental bacteremia in children Pediatr Cardiol 18 1997 24 27
134. G.J. Roberts P. Radford R. Holt Prophylaxis of dental bacteraemia with oral amoxycillin in children Br Dent J 162 1987 179 182
135. L. Robinson F.W. Kraus J.P. Lazansky Bacteremias of dental origin. II: A study of the factors influencing occurrence and detection Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 3 1950 923 936
136. C.J. Saal J.C. Mason S.L. Cheuk M.K. Hill Brain abscess from chronic odontogenic cause: Report of case J Am Dent Assoc 117 1988 453 455
137. D. Sadowsky C. Kunzel Recommendations for prevention of bacterial endocarditis: Compliance by dental general practitioners Circulation 77 1988 1316 1318
138. D.D. Savage R.J. Garrison R.B. Devereux Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. I: Epidemiologic features: The Framingham study Am Heart J 106 1994 571 576
139. R.A. Schlein E.M. Kudlick C.A. Reindorf Toothbrushing and transient bacteremia in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 99 1991 466 472
140. J.R. Sconyers J.J. Crawford J.D. Moriarity Relationship of bacteremia to toothbrushing in patients with periodontitis J Am Dent Assoc 87 1973 616 622
141. R.E. Scully J.J. Galdabini B.U. McNeely Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 36-1977 N Engl J Med 297 1977 546 551
142. R.E. Scully E.J. Mark W.F. McNeely B.U. McNeely Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 10-1993 N Engl J Med 328 1993 717 725
143. R.E. Scully E.J. Mark W.F. McNeely B.U. McNeely Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 43-1993 N Engl J Med 329 1993 1335 1341
144. S. Selwyn H. Ellis Skin bacteria and skin disinfection reconsidered Br Med J 1 1972 136 139
145. D.C. Shanson P. Cannon M. Wilks Amoxycillin compared with penicillin V for the prophylaxis of dental bacteraemia J Antimicrob Chemother 4 1978 431 436
146. B.K. Shively Infective endocarditis Crawford M.H. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Cardiology 1995 Appleton & Lange Norwalk, CT 370 385
147. S.T. Shulman D.P. Amren A.L. Bisno Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Rheumatic Fever and Infective Endocarditis of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Circulation 70 1984 1123A 1127A
148. J.G. Silver A.W. Martin B.C. McBride Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with varying degrees of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation J Clin Periodontol 4 1977 92 99
149. S.S. Socransky A.D. Haffajee G.L.F. Smith J.L. Dzink Difficulties encountered in the search for the etiologic agents of destructive periodontal diseases J Clin Periodontol 14 1987 588 593
150. W.T. Speck S.S. Spear E. Kongrad Transient bacteremia in pediatric patients after dental extraction Am J Dis Child 130 1976 406 407
151. M. Starkebaum D. Durack P. Beeson The “incubation period” of subacute bacterial endocarditis Yale J Biol Med 50 1977 49 58
152. B.L. Strom E. Abrutyn J.A. Berlin Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis Ann Intern Med 129 1998 761 769
153. W. Thayer Studies on bacterial (infective) endocarditis Hopkins Hosp Rep 22 1926 1 185
154. M.P. Tornos B. Almirante A. Pahissa Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacilli of the HACEK group Am J Med 88 1990 1 64N
155. van der Meer J.T.M. J. Thompson H.A. Valkenburg M.F. Michel Epidemiology of bacterial endocarditis in the Netherlands. II: Antecedent procedures and use of prophylaxis Arch Intern Med 152 1992 1869 1873
156. van der Meer J.T.M. van Wijk W. J. Thompson Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of native-valve endocarditis Lancet 339 1992 135 139
157. B. Vargas C.K. Collings L. Polter S. Haberman Effects of certain factors on bacteremias resulting from gingival resection J Periodontol 30 1959 196 207
158. M.J. Wahl Myths of dental-induced endocarditis Arch Intern Med 154 1994 137 144
159. M.Y. Waki D.L. Jolkovsky J. Otomo-Corgel Effects of subgingival irrigation on bacteremia following scaling and root planing J Periodontol 61 1990 405 411
160. L. Weinstein J.L. Brusch Infective Endocarditis 1996 Oxford University Press New York
161. J.L. Wennström G. Dahlén K. Gröndahl L. Heijl Periodic subgingival antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal pockets. II: Microbiological and radiographical observations J Clin Periodontol 14 1987 573 580
162. J.L. Wennström L. Heijl G. Dahlén K. Gröndahl Periodic subgingival antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal pockets. I: Clinical observations J Clin Periodontol 14 1987 541 550
163. T. Witzenberger T.J. O'Leary W.B. Gillette Effect of a local germicide on the occurrence of bacteremia during subgingival scaling J Periodontol 53 1982 172 179
164. T.A. Wohl J.C. Kattah M.P. Kolsky Hemianopsia from occipital lobe abscess after dental care Am J Ophthalmol 112 1991 689 694