Portal Hypertensive Bleeding

Evidence-Based Gastroenterology and Hepatology: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 562-602

  Triantos, Christos ^a,c,d   Goulis, John ^b   Burroughs, Andrew K ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PATRAS   (Greece)

^b ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^c ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Pooled odds ratios (POR); Portal hypertensive bleeding; Prediction of the presence and development of esophageal varices; Prevention of the development and growth of varices; Randomized controlled trials for prevention of first variceal bleeding; Sclerotherapy versus non active treatment; Shunt surgery versus non active treatment; The hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG); Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS); Variceal ligation versus non active treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 79551550135     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444314403.ch36     Document Type: Chapter

References (389)

1. DerSimonian R,Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7(3):177-188.
2. D'Amico G,Luca A. Natural history. Clinical-haemodynamic correlations. Prediction of the risk of bleeding. Bailli ère's Clin Gastroenterol 1997;11(2):243-256.
3. Fleig WE. To scope or not to scope:still a question. Hepatology 2001;33(2):471-472.
4. Ong J. Clinical predictors of large esophageal varices:how accurate are they? Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94(11):3103-3105.
5. Pilette C,Oberti F,Aube C,Rousselet MC et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of esophageal varices in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 1999;31(5):867-873.
6. Schepis F,Camma C,Niceforo D et al. Which patients with cirrhosis should undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection? Hepatology 2001;33(2):333-338.
7. Burton JR,Jr,Liangpunsakul S,Lapidus J,Giannini E,Chalasani N,Zaman A. Validation of a multivariate model predicting presence and size of varices. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41(6):609-615.
8. Armonis A,Patch D,Burroughs A. Hepatic venous pressure measurement:an old test as a new prognostic marker in cirrhosis? Hepatology 1997;25(1):245-248.
9. Groszmann RJ,Garcia-Tsao G,Bosch J et al. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353(21):2254-2261.
10. Nevens F,Bustami R,Scheys I,Lesaffre E,Fevery J. Variceal pressure is a factor predicting the risk of a first variceal bleeding:a prospective cohort study in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1998;27(1):15-19.
11. Ripoll C,Groszmann R,Garcia-Tsao G et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007;133(2):481-488.
12. Eisen GM,Eliakim R,Zaman A et al. The accuracy of PillCam ESO capsule endoscopy versus conventional upper endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal varices:a prospective three-center pilot study. Endoscopy 2006;38(1):31-35.
13. Gralnek IM,Adler SN,Yassin K,Koslowsky B,Metzger Y,Eliakim R. Detecting esophageal disease with second-generation capsule endoscopy:initial evaluation of the PillCam ESO 2. Endoscopy 2008;40(4):275-279.
14. de Franchis R,Eisen GM,Laine L et al. Esophageal capsule endoscopy for screening and surveillance of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. Hepatology 2008;47(5):1595-1603.
15. Lapalus MG,Dumortier J,Fumex F et al. Esophageal capsule endoscopy versus esophagogastroduodenoscopy for evaluating portal hypertension:a prospective comparative study of performance and tolerance. Endoscopy 2006;38(1):36-41.
16. Feu F,Bordas JM,Garcia-Pagan JC,Bosch J,Rodes J. Double-blind investigation of the effects of propranolol and placebo on the pressure of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. Hepatology 1991;13(5):917-922.
17. Cales P,Oberti F,Payen JL et al. Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis:a randomized trial. French-Speaking Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11(7):741-745.
18. Merkel C,Marin R,Angeli P et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2004;127(2):476-484.
19. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. N Engl J Med 1988;319(15):983-989.
20. Merli M,Nicolini G,Angeloni S et al. Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38(3):266-272.
21. Grace ND,Groszmann RJ,Garcia-Tsao G et al. Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding:an AASLD single topic symposium. Hepatology 1998;28(3):868-880.
22. Conn HO,Lindenmuth WW. Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices:a progress report of a continuing study. N Engl J Med 1965;272:1255-1263.
23. Jackson FC,Perrin EB,Smith AG,Dagradi AE,Nadal HM. A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. II. Survival analysis of the prophylactic operation. Am J Surg 1968;115(1):22-42.
24. Resnick RH,Chalmers TC,Ishihara AM et al. A controlled study of the prophylactic portacaval shunt. A final report. Ann Intern Med 1969;70(4):675-688.
25. Conn HO,Lindenmuth WW,May CJ,Ramsby GR. Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis. Medicine(Baltimore)1972;51(1):27-40.
26. D'Amico G,Pagliaro L,Bosch J. The treatment of portal hypertension:a meta-analytic review. Hepatology 1995;22(1):332-354.
27. Inokuchi K. Improved survival after prophylactic portal nondecompression surgery for esophageal varices:a randomized clinical trial. Cooperative Study Group of Portal Hypertension of Japan. Hepatology 1990;12(1):1-6.
28. Paquet KJ. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerosing treatment of the esophageal wall in varices-a prospective controlled randomized trial. Endoscopy 1982;14(1):4-5.
29. Witzel L,Wolbergs E,Merki H. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices. A prospective controlled study. Lancet 1985;1(8432):773-775.
30. Koch H,Henning H,Grimm H,Soehendra N. Prophylactic sclerosing of esophageal varices-results of a prospective controlled study. Endoscopy 1986;18(2):40-43.
31. Kobe E,Zipprich B,Schentke KU,Nilius R. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices-a prospective randomized trial. Endoscopy 1990;22(6):245-248.
32. Wordehoff D,Spech HJ. Prophylactic sclerosing of esophageal varice. Results of a prospective randomized 7-year longitudinal study. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1987;112(24):947-951.
33. Santangelo WC,Dueno MI,Estes BL,Krejs GJ. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of large esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1988;318(13):814-818.
34. Sauerbruch T,Wotzka R,Kopcke W et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy before the first episode of variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1988;319(1):8-15.
35. Piai G,Cipolletta L,Claar M et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of high-risk esophageal varices:results of a multicentric prospective controlled trial. Hepatology 1988;8(6):1495-1500.
36. Potzi R,Bauer P,Reichel W,Kerstan E,Renner F,Gangl A. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices in liver cirrhosis. A multicentre prospective controlled randomised trial in Vienna. Gut 1989;30(6):873-879.
37. Russo A,Giannone G,Magnano A,Passanisi G,Longo C. Prophylactic sclerotherapy in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis:preliminary results of a prospective controlled randomized trial. World J Surg 1989;13(2):149-153.
38. Andreani T,Poupon RE,Balkau BJ et al. Preventive therapy of first gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis:results of a controlled trial comparing propranolol,endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo. Hepatology 1990;12(6):1413-1419.
39. Triger DR,Smart HL,Hosking SW,Johnson AG. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices:long-term results of a single-center trial. Hepatology 1991;13(1):117-123.
40. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in men with alcoholic liver disease. A randomized,single-blind,multicenter clinical trial. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group. N Engl J Med 1991;324(25):1779-1784.
41. de Franchis R,Primignani M,Arcidiacono PG et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy in high-risk cirrhotics selected by endoscopic criteria. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1991;101(4):1087-1093.
42. Saggioro A,Pallini P,Chiozzini G,Nardin M,Ancilotto F. Prophylactic sclerotherapy-a controlled-study(Abstract). Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:S504.
43. Fleig WE,Stange EF,Wordehoff D et al. Prophylactic(Ps)Vs therapeutic sclerotherapy(Ts)In cirrhotic patients with large esophageal varices and no previous hemorrhage-a randomized clinical trial(Abstract). Hepatology 1988;8:1242.
44. Strauss E,Desa MG,Albano A,Lacet CC,Leite MO,Maffei RA. A randomized controlled trial for the prevention of the 1st upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis-sclerotherapy or propranolol versus cintrol groups(Abstract). H epatology 1988;8:1395.
45. Planas R,Boix J,Dominguez M et al. Prophylactic sclerosis of esophageal varices(EV). Prospective trial(Abstract). J Hepatol 1989;9:S73.
46. Paquet KJ,Kalk JF,Klein CP,Gad HA. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in high-risk cirrhotic patients selected by endoscopic and hemodynamic criteria:a randomized,single-center controlled trial. Endoscopy 1994;26(9):734-740.
47. Van Buuren HR,Rasch MC,Batenburg PL et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy compared with no specific treatment for the primary prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices. A randomized controlled multicentre trial(ISRCTN03215899). BMC Gastroenterol 2003;3(1):22.
48. PROVA. Prophylaxis of first hemorrhage from esophageal varices by sclerotherapy,propranolol or both in cirrhotic patients:a randomized multicenter trial. The PROVA Study Group. Hepatology 1991;14(6):1016-1024.
49. Pagliaro L,D'Amico G,Sorensen TI et al. Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of nonsurgical treatment. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(1):59-70.
50. Laine L,Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995;123(4):280-287.
51. Chen C,Chang TT. Prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)for esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1997;112:A1240.
52. Gameel K,Waked I,Saleh S,Sallam M,Abdel-Fatah S. Prophylactic endoscopic variceal band ligation(EVL)versus sclerotherapy(ES)for the prevention of variceal bleeding:an interim report of a prospective randomized controlled trial in schistosomal portal hypertension. Hepatology 1995;22:251A.
53. Lay CS,Tsai YT,Teg CY et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high-risk esophageal varices. Hepatology 1997;25(6):1346-1350.
54. Lo GH,Lai KH,Cheng JS,Lin CK,Hsu PI,Chiang HT. Prophylactic banding ligation of high-risk esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis:a prospective,randomized trial. J Hepatol 1999;31(3):451-456.
55. Omar MM,Attia MH,Mostafa IM. Prophylactic band ligation to prevent first bleeding from large esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:AB122.
56. Sarin SK,Guptan RK,Jain AK,Sundaram KR. A randomized controlled trial of endoscopic variceal band ligation for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8(4):337-342.
57. Triantos C,Vlachogiannakos J,Armonis A et al. Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotics unable to take blockers:a randomized trial of ligation. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005;21(12):1435-1443.
58. Schepke M,Kleber G,Nurnberg D et al. Ligation versus propranolol for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;40(1):65-72.
59. Triantos C,Vlachogiannakos J,Manolakopoulos S,Burroughs A,Avgerinos A. Prophylactic banding ligation for primary prevention of variceal bleeding as effective as beta-blockers,and is it safe? Hepatology 2006;43(1):196-197.
60. Svoboda P,Kantorova I,Ochmann J,Kozumplik L,Marsova J. A prospective randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy vs ligation in the prophylactic treatment of high-risk esophageal varices. Surg Endosc 1999;13(6):580-584.
61. Pascal JP,Cales P. Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1987;317(14):856-861.
62. Ideo G,Bellati G,Fesce E,Grimoldi D. Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics:a prospective,randomized study. Hepatology 1988;8(1):6-9.
63. Lebrec D,Poynard T,Capron JP et al. Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A randomized trial. J Hepatol 1988;7(1):118-125.
64. Propranolol prevents first gastrointestinal bleeding in non-ascitic cirrhotic patients. Final report of a multicenter randomized trial. The Italian Multicenter Project for Propranolol in Prevention of Bleeding. J Hepatol 1989;9(1):75-83.
65. Conn HO,Grace ND,Bosch J et al. Propranolol in the prevention of the first hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices:a multi center,randomized clinical trial. The Boston-New Haven-Barcelona Portal Hypertension Study Group. Hepatology 1991;13(5):902-912.
66. Colman J,Jones P,Finch C,Dudley F. Propranolol in the prevention of variceal hemorrhage in alcoholic cirrhotic patients(Abstract). H epatology 1990;8:1395A.
67. Perez-Ayuso RM,Pique JM,Bosch J et al. Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis. Lancet 1991;337(8755):1431-1434.
68. Poynard T,Cales P,Pasta L et al. Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. An analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials. Franco-Italian Multicenter Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991;324(22):1532-1538.
69. Abraczinskas DR,Ookubo R,Grace ND et al. Propranolol for the prevention of first esophageal variceal hemorrhage:a lifetime commitment? Hepatology 2001;34(6):1096-1102.
70. Chen C,Sheu M,Su S. Prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)with multiple band ligator for esophageal varices(Abstract). G astroenterology 1998;144(4):A1224.
71. Sarin SK,Lamba GS,Kumar M,Misra A,Murthy NS. Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 1999;340(13):988-993.
72. De BK,Ghoshal UC,Das T,Santra A,Biswas PK. Endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleed:preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;14(3):220-224.
73. De la Mora J,Farca-Belsaguy A,Uribe M,De Hoyos-Garza A. Ligation vs propranolol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding using a multiple band ligator and objective measurements of treatment adequacy:preliminary results. Gastroenterology 2000;1118(4):6512.
74. Song I,Shin J,Kim I et al. A prospective randomized trial between the prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation and propranolol administration for prevention of first bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high risk esophageal varices(Abstract). J Hepatol 2000;32(suppl. 2):41.
75. Lui HF,Stanley AJ,Forrest EH et al. Primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage:a randomized controlled trial comparing band ligation,propranolol,and isosorbide mononitrate. Gastroenterology 2002;123(3):735-744.
76. Gheorge C,Gheorge L,Vadan R,Hrehoret D,Popescu I. Prophylactic banding ligation of high risk esophageal varices in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation:an interim report(Abstact). J Hepatol 2002;36(suppl. 1):38.
77. Drastich P,Lata J,Petryl J et al. Endoscopic variceal band ligation in comparison with propranolol in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis(Abstract). J Hepatol 2005;42(suppl. 2):79.
78. Lo GH,Chen WC,Chen MH et al. Endoscopic ligation vs nadolol in the prevention of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59(3):333-338.
79. Jutabha R,Jensen DM,Martin P,Savides T,Han SH,Gornbein J. Randomized study comparing banding and propranolol to prevent initial variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotics with high-risk esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4):870-881.
80. Thuluvath PJ,Maheshwari A,Jagannath S,Arepally A. A randomized controlled trial of beta-blockers versus endoscopic band ligation for primary prophylaxis:a large sample size is required to show a difference in bleeding rates. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50(2):407-10.
81. Psilopoulos D,Galanis P,Goulas S et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation vs propranolol for prevention of first variceal bleeding:a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;17(10):1111-1117.
82. Lay CS,Tsai YT,Lee FY et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus propranolol in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;21(2):413-419.
83. Norberto L,Polese L,Cillo U et al. A randomized study comparing ligation with propranolol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in candidates for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007;13(9):1272-1278.
84. Merkel C,Marin R,Enzo E et al. Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale(GTIP). Lancet 1996;348(9043):1677-1681.
85. Merkel C,Marin R,Sacerdoti D et al. Long-term results of a clinical trial of nadolol with or without isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2000;31(2):324-329.
86. Garcia-Pagan JC,Morillas R,Banares R et al. Propranolol plus placebo versus propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the prevention of a first variceal bleed:a double-blind RCT. Hepatology 2003;37(6):1260-1266.
87. Wang HM,Lo GH,Chen WC et al. Comparison of endoscopic variceal ligation and nadolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the prevention of first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. J Chin Med Assoc 2006;69(10):453-460.
88. Gotoh Y,Iwakiri R,Sakata Y et al. Evaluation of endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylactic therapy for bleeding of oesophageal varices:a prospective,controlled trial compared with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;14(3):241-244.
89. de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005;43(1):167-176.
90. Garcia-Tsao G,Sanyal AJ,Grace ND,Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007;46(3):922-938.
91. McCormick PA,O'Keefe C. Improving prognosis following a first variceal haemorrhage over four decades. Gut 2001;49(5):682-685.
92. Burroughs AK,Mezzanotte G,Phillips A,McCormick PA,McIntyre N. Cirrhotics with variceal hemorrhage:the importance of the time interval between admission and the start of analysis for survival and re-bleeding rates. Hepatology 1989;9(6):801-807.
93. Vinel JP,Cassigneul J,Levade M,Voigt JJ,Pascal JP. Assessment of short-term prognosis after variceal bleeding in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis by early measurement of portohepatic gradient. Hepatology 1986;6(1):116-117.
94. Ready JB,Robertson AD,Goff JS,Rector WG,Jr. Assessment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure. Gastroenterology 1991;100(5 Pt 1):1403-1410.
95. Villanueva C,Ortiz J,Minana J et al. Somatostatin treatment and risk stratification by continuous portal pressure monitoring during acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2001;121(1):110-117.
96. Monescillo A,Martinez-Lagares F,Ruiz-Del-Arbol L et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2004;40(4):793.
97. Avgerinos A,Armonis A,Stefanidis G et al. Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy,but not band ligation,in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;39(6):1623-1630.
98. Vlachogiannakos J,Kougioumtzian A,Triantos C et al. Clinical trial:the effect of somatostatin vs octreotide in preventing post-endoscopic increase in hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotics with bleeding varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26(11-12):1479-1487.
99. Groszmann RJ,Wongcharatrawee S. The hepatic venous pressure gradient:anything worth doing should be done right. Hepatology 2004;39(2):280-282.
100. Ben Ari Z,Cardin F,McCormick AP,Wannamethee G,Burroughs AK. A predictive model for failure to control bleeding during acute variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 1999;31(3):443-450.
101. Lecleire S,Di Fiore F,Merle V et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and in noncirrhotic patients:epidemiology and predictive factors of mortality in a prospective multicenter population-based study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39(4):321-327.
102. Thomopoulos K,Theocharis G,Mimidis K,Lampropoulou-Karatza C,Alexandridis E,Nikolopoulou V. Improved survival of patients presenting with acute variceal bleeding. Prognostic indicators of short-and long-term mortality. Dig Liver Dis 2006;38(12):899-904.
103. Lo GH,Chen WC,Chen MH et al. The characteristics and the prognosis for patients presenting with actively bleeding esophageal varices at endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60(5):714-720.
104. Amitrano L,Guardascione MA,Bennato R,Manguso F,Balzano A. MELD score and hepatocellular carcinoma identify patients at different risk of short-term mortality among cirrhotics bleeding from esophageal varices. J Hepatol 2005;42(6):820-825.
105. Lang BH,Poon RT,Fan ST,Wong J. Outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with variceal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99(11):2158-2165.
106. Bernard B,Grange JD,Khac EN,Amiot X,Opolon P,Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding:a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999;29(6):1655-1661.
107. Goulis J,Armonis A,Patch D,Sabin C,Greenslade L,Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1998;27(5):1207-1212.
108. Goulis J,Patch D,Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal bleeding. Lancet 1999;353(9147):139-142.
109. Hou MC,Lin HC,Liu TT,Kuo BI,Lee FY,Chang FY et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents re-bleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage:a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004;39(3):746-753.
110. Jun CH,Park CH,Lee WS et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis using third generation cephalosporins can reduce the risk of early re-bleeding in the first acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage:a prospective randomized study. J Korean Med Sci 2006;21(5):883-890.
111. Abraldes JG,Tarantino I,Turnes J,Garcia-Pagan JC,Rodes J,Bosch J. Hemodynamic response to pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension and long-term prognosis of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003;37(4):902-908.
112. Hubmann R,Bodlaj G,Czompo M et al. The use of self-expanding metal stents to treat acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Endoscopy 2006;38(9):896-901.
113. Orloff MJ,Bell RH,Jr. ,Hyde PV,Skivolocki WP. Long-term results of emergency portacaval shunt for bleeding esophageal varices in unselected patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1980;192(3):325-340.
114. Carbonell N,Pauwels A,Serfaty L,Fourdan O,Levy VG,Poupon R. Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 2004;40(3):652-659.
115. Terra C,Guevara M,Torre A et al. Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis unrelated to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:value of MELD score. Gastroenterology 2005;129(6):1944-1953.
116. Fernandez J,Escorsell A,Zabalza M et al. Adrenal insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis and septic shock:effect of treatment with hydrocortisone on survival. Hepatology 2006;44(5):1288-1295.
117. Sarin SK. Long-term follow-up of gastric variceal sclerotherapy:an eleven-year experience. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46(1):8-14.
118. Levacher S,Letoumelin P,Pateron D,Blaise M,Lapandry C,Pourriat JL. Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Lancet 1995;346(8979):865-868.
119. Moitinho E,Escorsell A,Bandi JC et al. Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1999;117(3):626-631.
120. Bosch J,Groszmann RJ,Garcia-Pagan JC et al. Association of transdermal nitroglycerin to vasopressin infusion in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage:a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hepatology 1989;10(6):962-968.
121. Conn HO,Ramsby GR,Storer EH et al. Intraarterial vasopressin in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage:a prospective,controlled clinical trial. Gastroenterology 1975;68(2):211-221.
122. Sonnenberg GE,Keller U,Perruchoud A,Burckhardt D,Gyr K. Effect of somatostatin on splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in normal subjects. Gastroenterology 1981;80(3):526-532.
123. Bosch J,Kravetz D,Rodes J. Effects of somatostatin on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis of the liver:comparison with vasopressin. Gastroenterology 1981;80(3):518-525.
124. Jenkins SA,Baxter JN,Corbett WA,Shields R. Effects of a somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on hepatic haemodynamics in the pig and on intravariceal pressure in man. Br J Surg 1985;72(12):1009-1012.
125. McCormick PA,Biagini MR,Dick R et al. Octreotide inhibits the meal-induced increases in the portal venous pressure of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension:a double-blind,placebo-controlled study. Hepatology 1992;16(5):1180-1186.
126. Escorsell A,Bandi JC,Andreu V et al. Desensitization to the effects of intravenous octreotide in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 2001;120(1):161-169.
127. Fogel MR,Knauer CM,Andres LL et al. Continuous intravenous vasopressin in active upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med 1982;96(5):565-569.
128. Mallory A,Schaefer JW,Cohen JR,Holt SA,Norton LW. Selective intra-arterial vasopression in fusion for upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage:a controlled trial. Arch Surg 1980;115(1):30-32.
129. Merigan TC,Jr. ,Plotkin GR,Davidson CS. Effect of intravenously administered posterior pituitary extract on hemorrhage from bleeding esophageal varices. A controlled evaluation. N Engl J Med 1962;266:134-135.
130. Tsai YT,Lay CS,Lai KH et al. Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology 1986;6(3):406-409.
131. Gimson AE,Westaby D,Hegarty J,Watson A,Williams R. A randomized trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1986;6(3):410-413.
132. Freeman JG,Cobden I,Record CO. Placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin(glypressin)in the management of acute variceal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11(1):58-60.
133. Patch D,Caplin M,Greenslade L,Burroughs A. Randomized double blind controlled trial of 5 day terlipressin vs placebo in acute variceal hemorrhage(Abstract). J Hepatol 1999;30:55.
134. Pauwels A,Florent C,Desaint B,Guivarch P,Van H,Levy VG. Terlipressin and somatostatin in the treatment of hemorrhages from rupture of esophageal varices. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994;18(4):388-389.
135. Soderlund C,Magnusson I,Torngren S,Lundell L. Terlipressin(triglycyl-lysine vasopressin)controls acute bleeding oesophageal varices. A double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25(6):622-630.
136. Walker S,Stiehl A,Raedsch R,Kommerell B. Terlipressin in bleeding esophageal varices:a placebo-controlled,double-blind study. Hepatology 1986;6(1):112-115.
137. Burroughs AK,McCormick PA,Hughes MD,Sprengers D,D'Heygere F,McIntyre N. Randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial of somatostatin for variceal bleeding. Emergency control and prevention of early variceal re-bleeding. Gastroenterology 1990;99(5):1388-1395.
138. Gøtzsche PC,Hróbjartsson A. Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 ,Issue 3. Art. No.:CD000193. DOI:10.1002/14651858. CD000193.pub3.
139. Valenzuela JE,Schubert T,Fogel MR et al. A multicenter,randomized,double-blind trial of somatostatin in the management of acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Hepatology 1989;10(6):958-961.
140. Flati G,Negro P,Flati D et al. Somatostatin. Massive upper digestive hemorrhage in portal hypertension. Results of a controlled study. Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig 1986;70(5):411-414.
141. Loperfido S,Godena F,Tosolini G et al. Somatostatin in the treatment of hemorrhaging esophago-gastric varices. Controlled clinical trial in comparison with ranitidine. Recenti Prog Med 1987;78(2):82-86.
142. Testoni PA,Masci E,Passaretti S et al. Comparison of somatostatin and cimetidine in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Curr Ther Res 1986;39:759-766.
143. Moitinho E,Planas R,Banares R et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing different schedules of somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2001;35(6):712-718.
144. Palazon JM,Such J,Sanchez-Paya J et al. A comparison of two different dosages of somatostatin combined with sclerotherapy for the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding:a prospective randomized trial. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006;98(4):249-254.
145. Villanueva C,Planella M,Aracil C et al. Hemodynamic effects of terlipressin and high somatostatin dose during acute variceal bleeding in nonresponders to the usual somatostatin dose. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100(3):624-630.
146. Burroughs A,International Octreotide Varices Study Group. Double blind RCT of 5 day octreotide versus placebo,associated with sclerotherapy for trial failures(Abstract). Hepatology 1996;24:352A.
147. Primignani M,Andreoni B,Carpinelli L et al. Sclerotherapy plus octreotide versus sclerotherapy alone in the prevention of early re-bleeding from esophageal varices:a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,multicenter trial. New Italian Endoscopic Club. Hepatology 1995;21(5):1322-1327.
148. D'Amico G,Politi F,Morabito A et al. Octreotide compared with placebo in a treatment strategy for early re-bleeding in cirrhosis. A double blind,randomized pragmatic trial. Hepatology 1998;28(5):1206-1214.
149. Colin R,Giuli N,Czernichow P,Ducrotte P,Lerebours E. Prospective comparison of glypressin,tamponade and their association in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. In:Lebrec D,Blei AT,eds. Vasopressin Analogs and Portal Hypertension. John Libbey Eurotext,Paris,1987.
150. Fort E,Sautereau D,Silvain C,Ingrand P,Pillegand B,Beauchant M. A randomized trial of terlipressin plus nitroglycerin vs balloon tamponade in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1990;11(4):678-681.
151. Blanc P,Bories J,Desprez D et al. Balloon tamponade with Linton-Michel tube versus terlipressin in the treatment of acute oesophageal and gastric variceal bleeding(Abstract). J Hepatol 1994;21:S133.
152. Jaramillo JL,de la MM,Mino G,Costan G,Gomez-Camacho F. Somatostatin versus Sengstaken balloon tamponade for primary haemostasia of bleeding esophageal varices. A randomized pilot study. J Hepatol 1991;12(1):100-105.
153. Avgerinos A,Klonis C,Rekoumis G,Gouma P,Papadimitriou N,Raptis S. A prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin,balloon tamponade and the combination of both methods in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 1991;13(1):78-83.
154. McKee R. A study of octreotide in oesophageal varices. Digestion 1990;45(Suppl. 1):60-64.
155. Desaint B,Florent C,Levy VG. A randomized trial of triglycyl-lysine vasopressin versus lysine vasopressin in active cirrhotic variceal hemorrhage. In:Lebrec D,Blei AT,eds. John Libbey Eurotext,Paris,1987.
156. Lee FY,Tsai YT,Lai KH et al. A randomized controlled study of triglycyl-vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Chin J Gastroenterol 1988;5:131-138.
157. Chiu KW,Sheen IS,Liaw YF. A controlled study of glypressin versus vasopressin in the control of bleeding from oesophageal varices. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;5(5):549-553.
158. D'Amico G,Traina M,Vizzini G et al. Terlipressin or vasopressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin in a treatment strategy for digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. A randomized clinical trial. Liver Study Group of V. Cervello Hospital. J Hepatol 1994;20(2):206-212.
159. Kravetz D,Bosch J,Teres J,Bruix J,Rimola A,Rodes J. Comparison of intravenous somatostatin and vasopressin infusions in treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1984;4(3):442-446.
160. Jenkins SA,Baxter JN,Corbett W,Devitt P,Ware J,Shields R. A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing somatostatin and vasopressin in controlling acute variceal haemorrhage. Br Med J(Clin Res Ed)1985;290(6464):275-278.
161. Bagarani M,Albertini V,Anza M et al. Effect of somatostatin in controlling bleeding from esophageal varices. Ital J Surg Sci 1987;17(1):21-26.
162. Cardona C,Vida F,Balanzo J,Cusso X,Farre A,Guarner C. Therapeutic efficiency of somatostatin versus vasopressin in nitroglycerin in more active bleeding esophagogastric varices. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1989;12:30-34.
163. Hsia HC,Lee FY,Tsai YT et al. Comparison of somatostatin and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. A randomized,controlled study. Chin J Gastroenterol 1990;7:71-78.
164. Saari A,Klvilaakso E,Inberg M et al. Comparison of somatostatin and vasopressin in bleeding esophageal varices. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85(7):804-807.
165. Rodriguez-Moreno F,Santolaria F,Gles-Reimers E et al. A randomized trial of somatostatin vs vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding(Abstract). J Hepatol 1991;13:S162.
166. Feu F,Ruiz del Arbol L,Banares R,Planas R,Bosch J. Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing terlipressin and somatostatin for acute variceal hemorrhage. Variceal Bleeding Study Group. Gastroenterology 1996;111(5):1291-1299.
167. Walker S,Kreichgauer HP,Bode JC. Terlipressin(glypressin)versus somatostatin in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices-final report of a placebo-controlled,double-blind study. Z Gastroenterol 1996;34(10):692-698.
168. Hwang SJ,Lin HC,Chang CF,Lee FY,Lu CW,Hsia HC et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 1992;16(3):320-325.
169. Silvain C,Carpentier S,Sautereau D et al. Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin vs octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices:a multicenter randomized trial. Hepatology 1993;18(1):61-65.
170. Freeman JG,Cobden I,Lishman AH,Record CO. Controlled trial of terlipressin("Glypressin ")versus vasopressin in the early treatment of oesophageal varices. Lancet 1982;2(8289):66-68.
171. Lee HY,Lee HJ,Lee SM et al. A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the effects of somatostatin and vasopressin for control of acute variceal bleeding in the patients with liver cirrhosis. Korean J Intern Med 2003;18(3):161-166.
172. Chelarescu D,Gabor O,Lunca C. Terlipressin vs somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding:a prospective,randomized trial. J Hepatol 2001;34(Suppl. 1):78.
173. Huang CC,Sheen IS,Chu CM et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of sandostatin and vasopressin in the management of acute bleeding esophageal varices. Changing Yi Xue Za Zhi 1992;15(2):78-83.
174. Rallabandi SM,Batra Y,Gulati G,Madan K,Sharma S,Acharya SK. Somatostatin versus somatostatin plus nitroglycerine infusion in the control of acute variceal bleeding and prevention of re-bleeding in cirrhotics(Abstract). Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2006;21(suppl. 6):A458.
175. Bosch J,Thabut D,Albillos A et al. recombinant factor VIIa(RFVIIa)for active variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis:a multi-centre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Hepatol 2007;46(suppl. 1):295.
176. Bosch J,Thabut D,Albillos A et al. Recombinant factor VIIa for variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis:A randomized,controlled trial. Hepatology 2008;47(5):1604-1614.
177. Hartigan PM,Gebhard RL,Gregory PB. Sclerotherapy for actively bleeding esophageal varices in male alcoholics with cirrhosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46(1):1-7.
178. Prindiville T,Trudeau W. A comparison of immediate versus delayed endoscopic injection sclerosis of bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 1986;32(6):385-388.
179. Shemesh E,Czerniak A,Klein E,Pines A,Bat L. A comparison between emergency and delayed endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of bleeding esophageal varices in nonalcoholic portal hypertension. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990;12(1):5-9.
180. De Franchis R,Banares R,Silvain C. Emergency endoscopy strategies for improved outcomes. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1998;226:25-36.
181. Larson AW,Cohen H,Zweiban B et al. Acute esophageal variceal sclerotherapy. Results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1986;255(4):497-500.
182. Soderlund C,Ihre T. Endoscopic sclerotherapy . conservative management of bleeding oesophageal varices. A 5-year prospective controlled trial of emergency and long-term treatment. Acta Chir Scand 1985;151(5):449-456.
183. Villanueva C,Ortiz J,Sabat M et al. Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding:a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology 1999;30(2):384-389.
184. Alexandrino P,Alves P,Fidalgo M et al. Is sclerotherapy the first choice treatment for active oesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients? Final report of a randomized controlled trial(Abstract). J.Hepatol 1990;11:S1.
185. Novella M,Villanueva C,Ortiz J et al. Octreotide vs sclerotherapy and octreotide for acute variceal bleeding. A pilot study(Abstract). H epatology 1996;24:207A.
186. Villanueva C,Minana J,Ortiz J et al. Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2001;345(9):647-655.
187. Bildozola M,Kravetz D,Argonz J et al. Efficacy of octreotide and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. A prospective,multicentric,and randomized clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35(4):419-425.
188. Escorsell A,Ruiz DA,Planas R et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of terlipressin versus sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding:the TEST study. Hepatology 2000;32(3):471-476.
189. Freitas DS,Sofia C,Pontes JM et al. Octreotide in acute bleeding esophageal varices:a prospective randomized study. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47(35):1310-1314.
190. Jenkins SA,Shields R,Davies M et al. A multicentre randomised trial comparing octreotide and injection sclerotherapy in the management and outcome of acute variceal haemorrhage. Gut 1997;41(4):526-533.
191. Planas R,Quer JC,Boix J et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding. Hepatology 1994;20(2):370-375.
192. Ramires RP,Zils CK,Mattos AA. Sclerotherapy versus somatostatin in the treatment of upper digestive hemorrhage caused by rupture of esophageal varices. Arq Gastroenterol 2000;37(3):148-154.
193. Shields R,Jenkins SA,Baxter JN et al. A prospective randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of somatostatin with injection sclerotherapy in the control of bleeding oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 1992;16(1-2):128-137.
194. Sivri B,Oksuzoglu G,Bayraktar Y,Kayhan B. A prospective randomized trial from Turkey comparing octreotide versus injection sclerotherapy in acute variceal bleeding. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47(31):168-173.
195. Sung JJ,Chung SC,Lai CW et al. Octreotide infusion or emergency sclerotherapy for variceal haemorrhage. Lancet 1993;342(8872):637-641.
196. Westaby D,Hayes PC,Gimson AE,Polson RJ,Williams R. Controlled clinical trial of injection sclerotherapy for active variceal bleeding. Hepatology 1989;9(2):274-277.
197. Yousuf M,Rauf A,Baig I,Akram M,Rizwan Z. Initial management of acute variceal haemorrhage.Comparison of octreotide and sclerotherapy. J Coll Phys Surg Pak 2000;10:95-97.
198. Di Fedo G,Siringo S,Vacirca M et al. Somatostatin(SMS)and urgent sclerotherapy(US)in active oesophageal variceal bleeding(Abstract). Gastroenterology 1990;98:583A.
199. El-Jackie A,Rowaisha I,Waked I,Saleh S,Abdel Ghaffar Y. Octreotide vs Sclerotherapy in the control of acute variceal bleeding in schistosomal portal hypertension:a randomized trial(Abstract). Hepatology 1998;28(4):553.
200. Lopez F,Vargas R,Margarita G,Rizo T,Arguelles D. Octreotide vs sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding(Abstract). H epatology 1999;30:574A.
201. Poo J,Bosques S,Guarduno R et al. Octreotide versus emergency sclerotherapy in acute variceal hemorrhage in liver cirrhosis. A randomized multicenter study(Abstract). Gastroenterology 1996;110:A1297.
202. Besson I,Ingrand P,Person B et al. Sclerotherapy with or without octreotide for acute variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 1995;333(9):555-560.
203. Signorelli S,Negrini F,Paris B,Bonelli M,Girola M. Sclerotherapy with or without somatostatin or octreotide in the treatment of acute variceal haemorrhage:our experience. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1326A.
204. Signorelli S,Paris B,Negrini F,Cesareni P,Minola E,Auriemma L. Octreotide and endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage(Abstract). Endoscopy 1999;31:E66.
205. Avgerinos A,Nevens F,Raptis S,Fevery J. Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute oesophageal variceal bleeds:the European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes(ABOVE)randomised trial. Lancet 1997;350(9090):1495-1499.
206. Zuberi BF,Baloch Q. Comparison of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy alone and in combination with octreotide in controlling acute variceal hemorrhage and early re-bleeding in patients with low-risk cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95(3):768-771.
207. Farooqi J,Farooqi R,Haq N,Siddiq-u-Rehman,Mahmood S. Treatment and outcome of variceal bleeding-a comparison of two methods. JCPSP 2000;10(4):131-133.
208. Cales P,Masliah C,Bernard B et al. Early administration of vapreotide for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. French Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension. N Engl J Med 2001;344(1):23-28.
209. Gimson AE,Ramage JK,Panos MZ et al. Randomised trial of variceal banding ligation versus injection sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices. Lancet 1993;342(8868):391-394.
210. Hou MC,Lin HC,Kuo BI,Chen CH,Lee FY,Lee SD. Comparison of endoscopic variceal injection sclerotherapy and ligation for the treatment of esophageal variceal hemorrhage:a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology 1995;21(6):1517-1522.
211. Laine L,el Newihi HM,Migikovsky B,Sloane R,Garcia F. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Ann Intern Med 1993;119(1):1-7.
212. Lo GH,Lai KH,Cheng JS et al. A prospective,randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the management of bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology 1995;22(2):466-471.
213. Lo GH,Lai KH,Cheng JS et al. Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices. Hepatology 1997;25(5):1101-1104.
214. Sarin SK,Govil A,Jain AK et al. Prospective randomized trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal band ligation for esophageal varices:influence on gastropathy,gastric varices and variceal recurrence. J Hepatol 1997;26(4):826-832.
215. Shafqat F,Khan AA,Alam A et al. Band ligation vs endoscopic sclerotherapy in esophageal varices:a prospective randomized comparison. J Pak Med Assoc 1998;48(7):192-196.
216. Stiegmann GV,Goff JS,Michaletz-Onody PA et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1992;326(23):1527-1532.
217. Fakhry S,Omar M,Mustafa A,El-Behairy N,Hunter S,Bilharz T. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of bleeding esophageal varices:a final report of a prospective randomized study in schistosomal heaptic fibrosis(Abstract). Hepatology 1997;26(4(Pt 2)):137A.
218. Jain AK,Ray RP,Gupta J. Management of acute variceal bleed:randomized trial of variceal ligation and sclerotherapy(Abstract). H epatology 1996;23(1):I-51.
219. Jensen D,Kovacs T,Jutabha R et al. Randomized,blinded prospective study of banding vs. sclerotherapy for preventing recurrent variceal hemorrhage for patients without active bleeding at endoscopy(Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1993;41:315A.
220. Salem S,Shiha G. A prospective randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus saeed six-shooter multiband ligation in the control of acute bleeding from oesophageal varices(Abstract). Gut 1999;44(Suppl. 1):A19.
221. Villanueva C,Piqueras M,Aracil C et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2006;45(4):560-567.
222. Djurdjevic D,Janosevic S,Dapcevic B et al. Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for eradication of bleeding esophageal varices:a randomized and prospective trial. Endoscopy 1999;31(4):286-290.
223. Cho SB,Lee CH,Park CH et al. Comparison of terlipressin and octreotide as a combination therapy with endoscopic variceal ligation in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding:a randomized controlled trial(Abstract).J Hepatol 2006;44(Suppl. 2):S91.
224. Cello JP,Crass R,Trunkey DD. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus esophageal transection of Child's class C patients with variceal hemorrhage. Comparison with results of portacaval shunt:preliminary report. Surgery 1982;91(3):333-338.
225. Huizinga WK,Angorn IB,Baker LW. Esophageal transection versus injection sclerotherapy in the management of bleeding esophageal varices in patients at high risk. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985;160(6):539-546.
226. Teres J,Baroni R,Bordas JM,Visa J,Pera C,Rodes J. Randomized trial of portacaval shunt,stapling transection and endoscopic sclerotherapy in uncontrolled variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 1987;4(2):159-167.
227. Burroughs AK,Hamilton G,Phillips A,Mezzanotte G,McIntyre N,Hobbs KE. A comparison of sclerotherapy with staple transection of the esophagus for the emergency control of bleeding from esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1989;321(13):857-862.
228. Cello JP,Grendell JH,Crass RA,Weber TE,Trunkey DD. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus portacaval shunt in patient with severe cirrhosis and acute variceal hemorrhage. Long-term follow-up. N Engl J Med 1987;316(1):11-15.
229. Orloff MJ,Bell RH,Jr.Orloff MS,Hardison WG,Greenburg AG. Prospective randomized trial of emergency portacaval shunt and emergency medical therapy in unselected cirrhotic patients with bleeding varices. Hepatology 1994;20(4 Pt 1):863-872.
230. Soehendra N,Grimm H,Nam VC,Berger B. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate:a supplement to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Endoscopy 1987;19(6):221-224.
231. Maluf-Filho F,Sakai P,Ishioka S,Matuguma SE. Endoscopic sclerosis versus cyanoacrylate endoscopic injection for the first episode of variceal bleeding:a prospective,controlled,and randomized study in Child-Pugh class C patients. Endoscopy 2001;33(5):421-427.
232. Feretis C,Dimopoulos C,Benakis P,Kalliakmanis B,Apostolidis N. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate(Histoacryl)plus sclerotherapy versus sclerotherapy alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices:a randomized prospective study. Endoscopy 1995;27(5):355-357.
233. Thakeb F,Salama Z,Salama H,Abdel RT,Abdel KS,Abdel HH. The value of combined use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethanolamine oleate in the management of bleeding esophagogastric varices. Endoscopy 1995;27(5):358-364.
234. Sung JY,Lee YT,Suen R,Chung SC. Banding is superior to cyanoacrylate for the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding:a prospective randomized study(Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:210.
235. Duvall GA,Haber G,Kortan P et al. A prospective randomized trial of cyanoacrylate(CYA)vs endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)for acute esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage(Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:172.
236. Zimmer T,Rucktaschel F,Stolzel U et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy with fibrin glue as compared with polidocanol to prevent early esophageal variceal re-bleeding. J Hepatol 1998;28(2):292-297.
237. Zimmer T,Faiss T,Liehr RM et al. Fibrin glue versus variceal ligation for acute hemostasis and prevention of re-bleeding from esophageal varices. Results of a German multi-centre trial. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4 suppl. 2):A681.
238. Ferguson JW,Tripathi D,Hayes PC. Review article:the management of acute variceal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18(3):253-262.
239. Zhang CQ,Liu FL,Liang B et al. A modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic ligation in esophageal variceal bleeding management:randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53(8):2258-2267.
240. Shim CS,Cho JY,Park YJ et al. Mini-detachable snare ligation for the treatment of esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50(5):673-676.
241. Naga MI,Okasha HH,Foda AR et al. Detachable endoloop vs elastic band ligation for bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59(7):804-809.
242. Jensen DM,Kovacs T,Randall GM et al. Initial results of a randomized prospective study of emergency banding vs sclerotherapy for bleeding gastric or esophageal varices(Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1993;39:128A.
243. Mundo F,Mitrani C,Rodriguez G,Farca A. Endoscopic variceal treatment,is band ligation taking over sclerotherapy?(Abstract). Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1493A.
244. Young MF,Sanowski RA,Rasche R. Comparison and characterization of ulcerations induced by endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices versus endoscopic sclerotherapy. Gastrointest Endosc 1993;39(2):119-122.
245. Mostafa I,Omar M,Fakhry S et al. Prospective randomized comparative study of injection sclerotherapy and band ligation for bleeding esophageal varices(Abstact). Hepatology 1996;23(1):I-63.
246. Baroncini D,Milandri GL,Borioni D et al. A prospective randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the elective treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Endoscopy 1997;29(4):235-240.
247. Masci E,Norberto L,D'Imperio N et al. Prospective multicentric randomized trial comparing banding ligation with sclerotherapy of esophageal varices(Abstract). Gastrointest,Endosc 1997;45:847A.
248. Avgerinos A,Armonis A,Manolakopoulos S et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal ligation in the long-term management of patients with cirrhosis after variceal bleeding. A prospective randomized study. J Hepatol 1997;26(5):1034-1041.
249. Shiha GE,Farag FM. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for the management of bleeding varices(Abstract). H epatology 1997;26:136A.
250. de la Pena J,Brullet E,Sanchez-Hernandez E et al. Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophylaxis of variceal re-bleeding:a multicenter trial. Hepatology 2005;41(3):572-578.
251. Chau TN,Patch D,Chan YW,Nagral A,Dick R,Burroughs AK. "Salvage "transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts:gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1998;114(5):981-987.
252. Sarin SK,Lahoti D,Saxena SP,Murthy NS,Makwana UK. Prevalence,classification and natural history of gastric varices:a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992;16(6):1343-1349.
253. Ramond MJ,Valla D,Mosnier JF et al. Successful endoscopic obturation of gastric varices with butyl cyanoacrylate. Hepatology 1989;10(4):488-493.
254. Oho K,Iwao T,Sumino M,Toyonaga A,Tanikawa K. Ethanolamine oleate versus butyl cyanoacrylate for bleeding gastric varices:a nonrandomized study. Endoscopy 1995;27(5):349-354.
255. Sarin SK,Jain AK,Jain M,Gupta R. A randomized controlled trial of cyanoacrylate versus alcohol injection in patients with isolated fundic varices. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(4):1010-1015.
256. Tan PC,Hou MC,Lin HC et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal hemorrhage:N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation. Hepatology 2006;43(4):690-697.
257. Lo GH,Lai KH,Cheng JS,Chen MH,Chiang HT. A prospective,randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology 2001;33(5):1060-1064.
258. Williams SG,Peters RA,Westaby D. Thrombin-an effective treatment for gastric variceal haemorrhage. Gut 1994;35(9):1287-1289.
259. Ninoi T,Nishida N,Kaminou T et al. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices with gastrorenal shunt:long-term follow-up in 78 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184(4):1340-1346.
260. Cho SK,Shin SW,Lee IH et al. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices:outcomes and complications in 49 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189(6):W365-W372.
261. Lo GH,Liang HL,Chen WC et al. A prospective,randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal re-bleeding. Endoscopy 2007;39(8):679-685.
262. Vlavianos P,Gimson AE,Westaby D,Williams R. Balloon tamponade in variceal bleeding:use and misuse. BMJ 1989;298(6681):1158.
263. Vangeli M,Patch D,Burroughs AK. Salvage tips for uncontrolled variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2002;37(5):703-704.
264. Azoulay D,Castaing D,Majno P et al. Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for uncontrolled variceal bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2001;35(5):590-597.
265. Sanyal AJ,Freedman AM,Luketic VA et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy. Gastroenterology 1996;111(1):138-146.
266. Patch D,Nikolopoulou V,McCormick A et al. Factors related to early mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for failed endoscopic therapy in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 1998;28(3):454-460.
267. Samonakis DN,Triantos CK,Thalheimer U,Patch DW,Burroughs AK. Management of portal hypertension. Postgrad Med J 2004;80(949):634-641.
268. Garcia-Pagan JC,Caca K,Bureau C et al. An early decision for PTFE-TIPS improves survival in high risk cirrhotic patients admitted with an acute variceal bleeding. a multicenter RCT(Abstract). J Hepatol 2008;48:S371.
269. Burroughs AK,Triantos CK. Predicting failure to control bleeding and mortality in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2008;48(2):185-188.
270. Feu F,Garcia-Pagan JC,Bosch J et al. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995;346(8982):1056-1059.
271. McCormick PA,Patch D,Greenslade L,Chin J,McIntyre N,Burroughs AK. Clinical vs haemodynamic response to drugs in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1998;28(6):1015-1019.
272. Villanueva C,Aracil C,Colomo A,et al. Clinical trial:a randomized controlled study on prevention of variceal rebleeding comparing nadolol and ligation vs hepatic vanous pressure gradient guided pharmacological therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29(4):397-408.
273. Burroughs AK,Jenkins WJ,Sherlock S et al. Controlled trial of propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1983;309(25):1539-1542.
274. Cerbelaud P,Lavignolle A,Perrin D et al. Propranolol et prevention des recidives de rupture de varice oesophagienne du cirrhotique(Abstract). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1986;18:A10.
275. Colombo M,de Franchis R,Tommasini M,Sangiovanni A,Dioguardi N. Beta-blockade prevents recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in well-compensated patients with alcoholic cirrhosis:a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1989;9(3):433-438.
276. Garden OJ,Mills PR,Birnie GG,Murray GD,Carter DC. Propranolol in the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. A controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1990;98(1):185-190.
277. Gatta A,Merkel C,Sacerdoti D et al. Nadolol for prevention of variceal re-bleeding in cirrhosis:a controlled clinical trial. Digestion 1987;37(1):22-28.
278. Kobe E,Schentke KU. Unsichere rezidivprophylaxe von osophagusvarizenblutungen durch Propranolol bei Leberzirrhotikern:eine prospektive kontrolliertr studie. Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Medizin-Zkm. Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Medizin-Zkm 1987;42:507-510.
279. Lebrec D,Poynard T,Hillon P,Benhamou JP. Propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis:a controlled study. N Engl J Med 1981;305(23):1371-1374.
280. Queuniet AM,Czernichow P,Lerebours E,Ducrotte P,Tranvouez JL,Colin R. Controlled study of propranolol in the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1987;11(1):41-47.
281. Rossi V,Cales P,Burtin P et al. Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in alcoholic cirrhotic patients:prospective controlled trial of propranolol and sclerotherapy. J Hepatol 1991;12(3):283-289.
282. Sheen IS,Chen TY,Liaw YF. Randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent esophageal varices bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Liver 1989;9(1):1-5.
283. Villeneuve JP,Pomier-Layrargues G,Infante-Rivard C et al. Propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage:a controlled trial. Hepatology 1986;6(6):1239-1243.
284. Colman J,Jones P,Finch C,Dudley F. Propranolol in the prevention of variceal hemorrhage in alcoholic cirrhotic patients(Abstract). H epatology 1990;12:851.
285. Bernard B,Lebrec D,Mathurin P,Opolon P,Poynard T. Beta-adrenergic antagonists in the prevention of gastrointestinal re-bleeding in patients with cirrhosis:a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1997;25(1):63-70.
286. Lebrec D,Poynard T,Bernuau J et al. A randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis:a final report. Hepatology 1984;4(3):355-358.
287. Thalheimer U,Bosch J,Burroughs AK. How to prevent varices from bleeding:shades of grey-the case for nonselective beta blockers. G astroenterology 2007;133(6):2029-2036.
288. Garcia-Pagan JC,Feu F,Bosch J,Rodes J. Propranolol compared with propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. A randomized controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1991;114(10):869-873.
289. Gonzalez-Abraldes J,Albillos A,Banares R et al. Randomized comparison of long-term losartan versus propranolol in lowering portal pressure in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2001;121(2):382-388.
290. Albillos A,Garcia-Pagan JC,Iborra J et al. Propranolol plus prazosin compared with propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the treatment of portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1998;115(1):116-123.
291. Abecasis R,Kravetz D,Fassio E et al. Nadolol plus spironolactone in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleed in nonascitic cirrhotic patients:a preliminary study. Hepatology 2003;37(2):359-365.
292. Gournay J,Masliah C,Martin T,Perrin D,Galmiche JP. Isosorbide mononitrate and propranolol compared with propranolol alone for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding. Hepatology 2000;31(6):1239-1245.
293. Patti R,D'Amico G,Pasta H et al. Isosorbite mononitrate with nadolol compared to nadolol alone for prevention of recurrent bleeding in cirrhosis. Double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial(Abstract). J Hepatol 1999;30:81.
294. Bureau C,Peron JM,Alric L et al. "A La Carte "treatment of portal hypertension:Adapting medical therapy to hemodynamic response for the prevention of bleeding. Hepatology 2002;36(6):1361-1366.
295. Terblanche J,Bornman PC,Kahn D et al. Failure of repeated injection sclerotherapy to improve long-term survival after oesophageal variceal bleeding. A five-year prospective controlled clinical trial. Lancet 1983;2(8363):1328-1332.
296. Sclerotherapy after first variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. A randomized multicenter trial. The Copenhagen Esophageal Varices Sclerotherapy Project. N Engl J Med 1984;311(25):1594-1600.
297. Westaby D,Macdougall BR,Williams R. Improved survival following injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices:final analysis of a controlled trial. Hepatology 1985;5(5):827-830.
298. Korula J,Balart LA,Radvan G et al. A prospective,randomized controlled trial of chronic esophageal variceal sclerotherapy. Hepatology 1985;5(4):584-589.
299. Burroughs AK,McCormick PA,Siringo S,Phillips A,McIntyre N. Prospective randomized trial of long term sclerotherapy for variceal re-bleeding,using the same protocol to treat re-bleeding in all patients. Final report(Abstract). J Hepatol 1989;9:S12.
300. Alexandrino PT,Alves MM,Pinto CJ. Propranolol or endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of recurrence of variceal bleeding. A prospective,randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 1988;7(2):175-185.
301. Dollet JM,Champigneulle B,Patris A,Bigard MA,Gaucher P. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus propranolol after hemorrhage caused by rupture of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosi. Results of a 4-year randomized study. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1988;12(3):234-239.
302. Fleig WE,Stange EF,Schonborn W et al. Final analysis of a randomized trial of propranolol(P)Vs sclerotherapy(Eps)For the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage(Abstract). Hepatology 1988;8:1220.
303. Westaby D,Polson RJ,Gimson AE,Hayes PC,Hayllar K,Williams R. A controlled trial of oral propranolol compared with injection sclerotherapy for the long-term management of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 1990;11(3):353-359.
304. Liu JD,Jeng YS,Chen PH,Siauw CP,Lin KY. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy and propranolol in the prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding(Abstract). Gastroenterology World Congress Abstract Book 1990;FP:1181.
305. Martin T,Taupignon A,Lavignolle A,Perrin D,Le Bodic L. Prevention of recurrent hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Results of a controlled trial of propranolol versus endoscopic sclerotherapy. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991;15(11):833-837.
306. Andreani T,Poupon RE,Balkau BJ et al. Efficacite comparée du propranolol et des scleroses endoscopiques du varices oesophagiennes dans la prevention des recidives d'hemorragies digestives au cours des cirrhoces(Abstract). Etude controlee Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991;15:A215.
307. Dasarathy S,Dwivedi M,Bhargava DK,Sundaram KR,Ramachandran K. A prospective randomized trial comparing repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy and propranolol in decompensated(Child class B and C)cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1992;16(1):89-94.
308. Villanueva C,Balanzo J,Novella MT et al. Nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate compared with sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding. N Engl J Med 1996;334(25):1624-1629.
309. Teres J,Bosch J,Bordas JM et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy(ES)vs propranolol(Pr)In the elective treatment of variceal bleeding-preliminary results of a randomized controlled clinical-trial(Abstract). J Hepatol 1987;5:S210.
310. Acharya SK,Dasarathy S,Saksena S,Pande JN. A prospective randomized study to evaluate propranolol in patients undergoing long-term endoscopic sclerotherapy. J Hepatol 1993;19(2):291-300.
311. Avgerinos A,Rekoumis G,Klonis C et al. Propranolol in the prevention of recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis undergoing endoscopic sclerotherapy. A randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 1993;19(2):301-311.
312. Elsayed SS,Shiha G,Hamid M,Farag FM,Azzam F,Awad M. Sclerotherapy versus sclerotherapy and propranolol in the prevention of re-bleeding from oesophageal varices:a randomised study. Gut 1996;38(5):770-774.
313. Jensen LS,Krarup N. Propranolol in prevention of re-bleeding from oesophageal varices during the course of endoscopic sclerotherapy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24(3):339-345.
314. Lundell L,Leth R,Lind T,Lonroth H,Sjovall M,Olbe L. Evaluation of propranolol for prevention of recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices between sclerotherapy sessions. Acta Chir Scand 1990;156(10):711-715.
315. Vickers C,Rhodes J,Chesner I et al. Prevention of re-bleeding from oesophageal varices:two-year follow up of a prospective controlled trial of propranolol in addition to sclerotherapy. J Hepatol 1994;21(1):81-87.
316. Vinel JP,Lamouliatte H,Cales P et al. Propranolol reduces the re-bleeding rate during endoscopic sclerotherapy before variceal obliteration. Gastroenterology 1992;102(5):1760-1763.
317. Westaby D,Melia W,Hegarty J,Gimson AE,Stellon AJ,Williams R. Use of propranolol to reduce the re-bleeding rate during injection sclerotherapy prior to variceal obliteration. Hepatology 1986;6(4):673-675.
318. Bertoni G,Fornaciari G,Beltrami M et al. Nadolol for prevention of variceal re-bleeding during the course of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy:a randomized pilot study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990;12(3):364-365.
319. Gerunda GE,Neri D,Zangrandi F et al. Nadolol does not reduce early re-bleeding in cirrhotics undergoing endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy(Evs)-a multicenter randomized controlled trial(Abstract). H epatology 1990;12:988.
320. Villanueva C,Martinez FJ,Torras X et al. Nadolol as an adjuvant to sclerotherapy of esophageal varices for prevention of recurrent hemorrhaging. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1994;86(1):499-504.
321. Bertoni G,Sassatelli R,Fornaciari G et al. Oral isosorbide-5-mononitrate reduces the re-bleeding rate during the course of injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29(4):363-370.
322. Vorobioff JD,Gamen M,Kravetz D et al. Effects of long-term propranolol and octreotide on postprandial hemodynamics in cirrhosis:a randomized,controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2002;122(4):916-922.
323. Ink O,Martin T,Poynard T,Reville M et al. Does elective sclerotherapy improve the efficacy of long-term propranolol for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with severe cirrhosis? A prospective multicenter,randomized trial. Hepatology 1992;16(4):912-919.
324. Jensen DM,Kovacs T,Jutabha R,Randall G,Cheng S,Freeman M. Randomized,blinded prospective study of banding vs sclerotherapy for preventing recurrent variceal hemorrhage for patients without active bleeding at endoscopy(Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:315A.
325. Laine L,Stein C,Sharma V. Randomized comparison of ligation versus ligation plus sclerotherapy in patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1996;110(2):529-533.
326. de la Pena J,Rivero M,Hernandez ES et al. Variceal recurrence after ligation and endoscopic sclerotherapy(Abstract). Hepatology 1998;28:1173.
327. Argonz J,Kravetz D,Suarez A et al. Variceal band ligation and variceal band ligation plus sclerotherapy in the prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients:a randomized,prospective and controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51(2):157-163.
328. Saeed ZA,Stiegmann GV,Ramirez FC et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation is superior to combined ligation and sclerotherapy for esophageal varices:a multicenter prospective randomized trial. Hepatology 1997;25(1):71-74.
329. Al Triaf,I,Fachartz FS,Al Jumah A et al. Randomized trial of ligation versus combined ligation and sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50(1):1-6.
330. El Khayat HR,Omar MM,Moustafa I. Comparative evaluation of combined endoscopic variceal ligation together with low volume sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for bleeding esophageal varices(Abstract). Hepatology 1997;26:38.
331. Hou MC,Chen WC,Lin HC,Lee FY,Chang FY,Lee SD. A new "sandwich "method of combined endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding:a randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53(6):572-578.
332. Bobadilla-Diaz J,Castro-Narro G,Chavez El et al. Prospective study of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)plus endoscopic sclerotherapy vs EVL alone for the treatment of esophageal varices(Abstract). J Hepatol 2002;36:702A.
333. Bhargava DK,Pokharna R. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus endoscopic variceal ligation and endoscopic sclerotherapy:a prospective randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(6):950-953.
334. Lo GH,Lai KH,Cheng JS et al. The additive effect of sclerotherapy to patients receiving repeated endoscopic variceal ligation:a prospective,randomized trial. Hepatology 1998;28(2):391-395.
335. Singh P,Pooran N,Indaram A,Bank S. Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding:a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(3):623-629.
336. Jensen DM,Jutabha R,Kovacs TOG et al. Final results of a randomized prospective study of combination banding and sclerotherapy versus sclerotherapy alone for hemostasis of bleeding esophageal varices(Abstract). Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:184A.
337. Koutsomanis D. Endoscopic variceal ligation combined with sclerotherapy versus sclerotherapy alone:5-years follow-up(Abstract). Gastroenterology 1997;112:1308A.
338. Minyana J,Gallego A,Sola V et al. Endoscopic ligation versus nadolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding. A prospective and randomized trial. Hepatology 1999;30:214A.
339. Agrawall SR,Gupta R,Marthy NS et al. Comparable efficacy of propranolol plus isosorbide monitrate and endoscopic variceal ligation in prevention of variceal re-bleed(Abstract). J Hepatol 2002;36:631A.
340. Patch D,Sabin CA,Goulis J et al. A randomized,controlled trial of medical therapy versus endoscopic ligation for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2002;123(4):1013-1019.
341. Romero G,Kravetz D,Argonz J et al. Comparative study between nadolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate vs. endoscopic band ligation plus sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal re-bleeding in cirrhotic patients:a randomized controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24(4):601-611.
342. Lo GH,Chen WC,Lin CK et al. Improved survival in patients receiving medical therapy as compared with banding ligation for the prevention of esophageal variceal re-bleeding. Hepatology 2008;48(2):580-587.
343. Lo GH,Chen WC,Chen MH et al. Banding ligation versus nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of esophageal variceal re-bleeding. Gastroenterology 2002;123(3):728-734.
344. Evrard S,Dumonceau JM,Delhaye M,Golstein P,Deviere J,Le Moine O. Endoscopic histoacryl obliteration vs propranolol in the prevention of esophagogastric variceal re-bleeding:a randomized trial. Endoscopy 2003;35(9):729-735.
345. Lo GH,Lai KH,Cheng JS et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding:a prospective,randomized trial. Hepatology 2000;32(3):461-465.
346. Escorsell A,Banares R,Garcia-Pagan JC e t al. TIPS versus drug therapy in preventing variceal re-bleeding in advanced cirrhosis:a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2002;35(2):385-392.
347. Cabrera J,Maynar M,Granados R et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus sclerotherapy in the elective treatment of variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1996;110(3):832-839.
348. Cello JP,Ring EJ,Olcott EW et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy compared with percutaneous transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt after initial sclerotherapy in patients with acute variceal hemorrhage. A randomized,controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126(11):858-865.
349. Garcia-Villarreal L,Martinez-Lagares F,Sierra A et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding after recent variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1999;29(1):27-32.
350. Groupe d Etude des Anastomoses Intrahepatiques. TIPS vs sclerotherapy plus propranolol in the prevention of variceal re-bleeding-preliminary results of a multicenter randomized trial(Abstract). H epatology 1995;22:761.
351. Merli M,Salerno F,Riggio O et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis:a randomized multicenter trial. Gruppo Italiano Studio TIPS(GIST). Hepatology 1998;27(1):48-53.
352. Narahara Y,Kanazawa H,Kawamata H et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with endoscopic sclerotherapy in the long-term management of patients with cirrhosis after recent variceal hemorrhage. Hepatol Res 2001;21(3):189-198.
353. Rossle M,Deibert P,Haag K et al. Randomised trial of transjugular-intrahepatic-portosystemic shunt versus endoscopy plus propranolol for prevention of variceal re-bleeding. Lancet 1997;349(9058):1043-1049.
354. Sanyal AJ,Freedman AM,Luketic VA et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts compared with endoscopic sclerotherapy for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage. A randomized,controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126(11):849-857.
355. Sauer P,Theilmann L,Stremmel W,Benz C,Richter GM,Stiehl A. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt versus sclerotherapy plus propranolol for variceal re-bleeding. Gastroenterology 1997;113(5):1623-1631.
356. Jalan R,Forrest EH,Stanley AJ et al. A randomized trial comparing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt with variceal band ligation in the prevention of re-bleeding from esophageal varices. Hepatology 1997;26(5):1115-1122.
357. Pomier-Layrargues G,Dufresne MP,Bui B et al. TIPS versus endoscopic variceal ligation in the prevention of variceal re-bleeding in cirrhotic patients:a comparative randomized clinical trial(interim analysis)(Abstract). Hepatology 1997;26:35.
358. Gulberg V,Schepke M,Geigenberger G et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting is not superior to endoscopic variceal band ligation for prevention of variceal re-bleeding in cirrhotic patients:a randomized,controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37(3):338-343.
359. Sauer P,Hansmann J,Richter GM,Stremmel W,Stiehl A. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus propranolol vs. transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt:a long-term randomized trial. Endoscopy 2002;34(9):690-697.
360. Casado M,Bosch J,Garcia-Pagan JC et al. Clinical events after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt:correlation with hemodynamic findings. Gastroenterology 1998;114(6):1296-1303.
361. Tripathi D,Lui HF,Helmy A et al. Randomised controlled trial of long term portographic follow up versus variceal band ligation following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt for preventing oesophageal variceal re-bleeding. Gut 2004;53(3):431-437.
362. Bureau C,Garcia-Pagan JC,Otal P et al. Improved clinical outcome using polytetrafluoroethylene-coated stents for TIPS:results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology 2004;126(2):469-475.
363. Nakamura S,Mitsunaga A,Murata Y,Suzuki S,Hayashi N. Endoscopic induction of mucosal fibrosis by argon plasma coagulation(APC)for esophageal varices:a prospective randomized trial of ligation plus APC vs ligation alone. Endoscopy 2001;33(3):210-215.
364. Cipolletta L,Bianco MA,Rotondano G,Marmo R,Meucci C,Piscopo R. Argon plasma coagulation prevents variceal recurrence after band ligation of esophageal varices:preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56(4):467-471.
365. de Paulo GA,Ardengh JC,Nakao FS,Ferrari AP. Treatment of esophageal varices:a randomized controlled trial comparing endoscopic sclerotherapy and EUS-guided sclerotherapy of esophageal collateral veins. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63(3):396-402.
366. Reichle FA,Fahmy WF,Golsorkhi M. Prospective comparative clinical trial with distal splenorenal and mesocaval shunts. Am J Surg 1979;137(1):13-21.
367. Fischer JE,Bower RH,Atamian S,Welling R. Comparison of distal and proximal splenorenal shunts:a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 1981;194(4):531-544.
368. Langer B,Taylor BR,Mackenzie DR,Gilas T,Stone RM,Blendis L. Further report of a prospective randomized trial comparing distal splenorenal shunt with end-to-side portacaval shunt. An analysis of encephalopathy,survival,and quality of life. Gastroenterology 1985;88(2):424-429.
369. Millikan WJ,Jr. ,Warren WD,Henderson JM et al. The Emory prospective randomized trial:selective versus nonselective shunt to control variceal bleeding. Ten year follow-up. Ann Surg 1985;201(6):712-722.
370. Harley HA,Morgan T,Redeker AG et al. Results of a randomized trial of end-to-side portacaval shunt and distal splenorenal shunt in alcoholic liver disease and variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1986;91(4):802-809.
371. Grace ND,Conn HO,Resnick RH et al. Distal splenorenal vs portal-systemic shunts after hemorrhage from varices:a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1988;8(6):1475-1481.
372. Fernandez-Aguilar JL,Bondia Navarro JA,Santoyo SJ et al. Calibrated portacaval H-graft shunt in variceal hemorrhage. Long-term results. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;50(54):2000-2004.
373. Orozco H,Mercado MA,Chan C,Guillen-Navarro E,Lopez-Martinez LM. A comparative study of the elective treatment of variceal hemorrhage with beta-blockers,transendoscopic sclerotherapy,and surgery:a prospective,controlled,and randomized trial during 10 years. Ann Surg 2000;232(2):216-219.
374. Rikkers LF,Burnett DA,Volentine GD,Buchi KN,Cormier RA. Shunt surgery versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for long-term treatment of variceal bleeding. Early results of a randomized trial. Ann Surg 1987;206(3):261-271.
375. Teres J,Bordas JM,Bravo D et al. Sclerotherapy vs. distal splenorenal shunt in the elective treatment of variceal hemorrhage:a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1987;7(3):430-436.
376. Henderson JM,Kutner MH,Millikan WJ,Jr et al. Endoscopic variceal sclerosis compared with distal splenorenal shunt to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A prospective,randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112(4):262-269.
377. Spina GP,Santambrogio R,Opocher E et al. Distal splenorenal shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal re-bleeding. First stage of a randomized,controlled trial. Ann Surg 1990;211(2):178-186.
378. Spina GP,Henderson JM,Rikkers LF et al. Distal spleno-renal shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal re-bleeding. A meta-analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials. J Hepatol 1992;16(3):338-345.
379. Korula J,Yellin A,Yamada S,Weiner J,Cohen H,Reynolds TB. A prospective randomized controlled comparison of chronic endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and portalsystemic shunt for variceal hemorrhage in Child's class a cirrhotics(Abstract). Hepatology 1988;8:1242.
380. Planas R,Boix J,Broggi M,Cabre E,Gomes-Vieira MC,Morillas R et al. Portacaval shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the elective treatment of variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1991;100(4):1078-1086.
381. Rosemurgy AS,Goode SE,Zwiebel BR,Black TJ,Brady PG. A prospective trial of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunts versus small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunts in the treatment of bleeding varices. Ann Surg 1996;224(3):378-384.
382. Rosemurgy AS,Bloomston M,Zervos EE et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus H-graft portacaval shunt in the management of bleeding varices:a cost-benefit analysis. Surgery 1997;122(4):794-799.
383. Khaitiyar JS,Luthra SK,Prasad N,Ratnakar N,Daruwala DK. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus distal splenorenal shunt-a comparative study. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47(32):492-497.
384. Zacks SL,Sandler RS,Biddle AK,Mauro MA,Brown RS,Jr. Decision-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus distal splenorenal shunt for portal hypertension. Hepatology 1999;29(5):1399-1405.
385. Thalheimer U,Bosch J,Burroughs AK. How to prevent varices from bleeding:shades of grey-the case for nonselective beta blockers. G astroenterology 2007;133(6):2029-2036.
386. Senzolo M,Cholongitas E,Burra P,Leandro G,Thalheimer U,Patch D,et al. beta-Blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients:a meta-analysis. Liver Int 2009;29(8):1189-1193.
387. Abraldes JG,Tarantino I,Turnes J,Garcia-Pagan JC,Rodes J,Bosch J. Hemodynamic response to pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension and long-term prognosis of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003;37(4):902-908.
388. Villanueva C,Lopez-Balaguer JM,Aracil C,Kolle L,Gonzalez B,Minana J,et al. Maintenance of hemodynamic response to treatment for portal hypertension and influence on complications of cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004;40(5):757-765.
389. Triantos C,Samonakis D,Thalheimer U,Patch D,Burroughs A. The relationship between liver function and portal pressure:what comes first,the chicken or the egg? J Hepatol 2005;42(1):146-147.