Risk acceptance criterion for tanker oil spill risk reduction measures

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 116-127

  Psarros, George ^a   Skjong, Rolf ^a   Vanem, Erik ^a  

^a DNV GL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Environmental protection and the marine environment; Oil spill; Probabilistic modelling; Risk acceptance criteria; Risk informed decision making

Indexed keywords

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA; ANNUAL REPORTS; COST DATA; COST ESTIMATION MODELS; CURRENT ANALYSIS; DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS; ESTIMATION MODELS; LOG-NORMAL; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MARKET VALUES; MEAN VALUES; OPTIMAL ALLOCATION; PROBABILISTIC MODELLING; RISK ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA; RISK REDUCTION MEASURES; TARGET VALUES;

COSTS; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS; MARINE POLLUTION; NORMAL DISTRIBUTION; OIL SPILLS; OIL TANKERS; PETROLEUM REFINING; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; NUMERICAL MODEL; OIL SPILL; POLLUTION CONTROL; PROBABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TANKER SHIP;

ARTICLE; CRITERION VARIABLE; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; OIL SPILL; PROBABILITY; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEA POLLUTION; SHIPPING; UNCERTAINTY;

CHEMICAL HAZARD RELEASE; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION; PETROLEUM; RISK MANAGEMENT; SHIPS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL;

EID: 78751626576     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.003     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Aksu, S., Vassalos, D., Tuzcu, C., Mikelis, N., Swift, P., 2004. A risk-based design methodology for pollution prevention and control. In: Proc. RINA Int. Conf. on Double Hull Tankers, London.
2. American Steamship Owners Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association Inc. (American-Club), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.american-club.com.
3. Assuranceforeningen Skuld (Skuld) (Gjensidig), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.skuld.com.
4. Burgherr P. In-depth analysis of accidental oil spills from tankers in the context of global spill trends from all sources. J. Hazard Mater. 2007, 140:245-256.
5. Clarke, S., Starling, M., 2007. Research Project 591: Environmental Risk Criteria. BMT Cordah Ltd. and BMT Isis Ltd. Report No. 50012/D0137/Issue 2, Southampton.
6. Committee on Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (Committee OPA90) (Section 4115), 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. National Academy Press, Washington.
7. Danish Maritime Authority and Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography (DMA & RDANH), 2002. Risk Analysis of Navigational Safety in Danish Waters. Report No. P-054380-2, Lyngby.
8. Denmark, 2008a. Formal Safety Assessment: FSA - Crude Oil Tankers, London: IMO MEPC 58/17/2.
9. Denmark, 2008b. Formal Safety Assessment: FSA - Crude Oil Tankers, London: IMO MEPC 58/INF.2.
10. Dunford, R.W., Freeman, M.L., 2001. A statistical model for estimating natural resource damages from oil spills. In: Proc. Int. Oil Spill Conf., Tampa.
11. Eide M.S., Endresen Ø., Skjong R., Longva T., Alvik S. Cost-effectiveness assessment of CO2 reducing measures in shipping. Marit. Pol. Mgmt. 2009, 36:367-384.
12. Etkin, D.S., 2000. Worldwide analysis of oil spill cleanup cost factors. In: Proc. of the 23rd Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Programme Technical Seminar, Ottawa.
13. Etkin, D.S., 2001. Comparative methodologies for estimating on-water response costs for marine oil spills. In: Proc. Int. Oil Spill Conf., Tampa.
14. European Central Bank (ECB), 2009. Statistical Data Warehouse: Inflation Rate. Frankfurt. Available from: <> (accessed 25.11.09). http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/.
15. Evans M., Hastings N., Peacock B. Statistical Distributions 2000, A Wiley Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. third ed.
16. Friis-Hansen P., Ditlevsen O. Nature preservation acceptance model applied to tanker oil spill simulations. Struct. Saf. 2003, 25:1-34.
17. García Negro M.C., Villasante C.S., Carballo Penela A. Compensating system for damages caused by oil spill pollution: background for the Prestige assessment damage in Galicia, Spain. Ocean Coast Manage. 2007, 50:57-66.
18. Gard AS, 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.gard.no.
19. Greece, 2008. Formal Safety Assessment: Report of the Correspondence Group on Environmental Risk Evaluation Criteria, London: IMO MEPC 58/17.
20. Grey, C.J., 1999. The cost of oil spills from tankers: an analysis of IOPC Fund incidents. In: Proc. Int. Oil Spill Conf., Seattle, 1999.
21. Harper, J., Godon, A., Allen, A.A., 1995. Costs associated with the cleanup of marine oil spills. In: Proc. Int. Oil Spill Conf., Long Beach.
22. Helton, D., Penn, T., 1999. Putting response and natural resource damage costs in perspective. In: Proc. Int. Oil Spill Conf., Seattle, 1999.
23. Hørte, T., Skjong, R., Friis-Hansen, P., Teixeira, A.P., Francisco, V., 2007. Probabilistic methods applied to structural design and rule development. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Developments in Classification and International Regulations, London, RINA.
24. IACS (International Association of Classification Societies), 2006. Goal-Based New Ship Construction Standards: Linkage Between FSA and GBS, London: IMO MSC 81/INF.6.
25. IMO, 2004. Consolidated Text of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 and its Protocol of 1988: Articles, Annexes and Certificates, fourth ed. IMO, London.
26. IMO, 2006. MARPOL Consolidated Edition 2006: Articles, Protocols, Annexes, Unified Interpretations of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto. IMO, London.
27. IMO, 2007. Formal Safety Assessment: Consolidated Text of the Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for Use in the IMO Rule-Making Process (MSC.Circ.1023-MEPC.Circ.392), London: MSC 83.INF.2.
28. IMO, 2008. Maritime Knowledge Centre, International Shipping and World Trade, Facts and Figures, London.
29. Inflation Data, 2009. Inflation Rate Calculator in the US. Available from: < (accessed 27.11.09). http://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Calculators/Inflation_Rate_Calculator.asp.
30. International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2009. World Economic Outlook Database, Washington. Available from: <> (accessed 25.11.09). http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/index.aspx.
31. IOPCF, 2009. Annual Report 2008: Report on the Activities of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds in 2008, London.
32. ITOPF, 2009. ITOPF Information Services, Geographical Information System Map, London. Available from: <> (accessed 19.11.09). http://www.itopf.com/information%2Dservices/data%2Dand%2Dstatistics/gis%2Dmap/.
33. Ivarsen, V., 2007. Skyhøy fortjeneste i forsikring, Dagens Næringsliv, 24/25 March, pp. 110-111 (in Norwegian).
34. Japan, 2008. Formal Safety Assessment: Relevant Information in Relation to the Draft Environmental Risk Evaluation Criteria, London: IMO MEPC 58/17/1.
35. Kontovas, C.A, Psaraftis, H.N., 2008. Marine environment risk assessment: a survey on the disutility cost of oil spills. In: Proc. SNAME Second Int. Symp. on Ship Operations, Management and Economics, Athens.
36. Kristoffersen, M.O., Monnier, I., 1998. Statistical Analysis of Ship Incidents - Project SAFECO, DNV Report No. 97-2039, Høvik.
37. Lehmann, M., Sørgård, E., 1999. SAFECO II WP III.3 D22A - Consequence Database For Ship Accidents, DNV Report No. 99-2007, Høvik.
38. Lehmann, M.P., Sørgård, E., 2000. Consequence model for ship accidents. In: Proc. 10th Eur. Saf. Reliab. Assoc. Conf. (ESREL), Edinburgh.
39. Liu X., Wirtz K.W. Total oil spill costs and compensations. Marit. Pol. Mgmt. 2006, 33:49-60.
40. Liu X., Wirtz K.W. The economy of oil spills: direct and indirect costs as a function of spill size. J. Hazard Mater. 2009, 151:471-477.
41. LRFP, Lloyd's Register FairPlay Database, March Version, 2009.
42. McGregor, J.I., Moore, C.S., Downes, J., Aksu, S., 2009. Evaluation of the environmental risk of Aframax tankers. In: Proc. Third World Maritime Technology Conf., Mumbai.
43. Monnier, I., 1994. The Costs of Oil Spills after Tanker Incidents, DNV Research Report No. 94-2024, Høvik.
44. North of England P&I Association Limited (NEPIA), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.nepia.com.
45. Norway, 2000. Formal Safety Assessment: Decision Parameters Including Risk Acceptance Criteria, London: IMO MSC 72/16.
46. Norway, 2010. Formal Safety Assessment - Information on the Costs of Oil Spills in Norwegian Territorial Waters and Proposal for an Environmental Risk Criteria, London: IMO MEPC 60/17/1.
47. Psaraftis H.N. Environmental risk evaluation criteria. WMU J. Marit. Aff. 2008, 7:409-427.
48. Sames, P.C., Hamann, R., 2008. Towards environmental risk acceptance criteria. In: Proc. ASME 27th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Estoril, OMAE2008-57257.
49. Shahriari M., Frost A. Oil spill cleanup estimation-developing a mathematical model for marine environment. Process Saf. Environ. 2008, 86:189-197.
50. Sirkar J., Ameer P., Brown A., Goss P., Michel K., Nicastro F., Willis W. A framework for assessing the environmental performance on tankers in accidental groundings and collisions. Trans. Soc. Nav. Arch. Mar. Eng. 1997, 105:253-295.
51. Skjong, R., Gregersen, E.B., Cramer, E., Croker, A., Hagen, Ø., Korneliussen, G., Lacasse, S., Lotsberg, I., Nadim, F., Ronold, O., 1995. Guideline for Offshore Structural Reliability Analysis - General, DNV Report No. 95-2018, Høvik.
52. Skjong, R., Vanem, E., Endresen, Ø., 2007. Risk Evaluation Criteria, SAFEDOR Report: SAFEDOR-D-4.5.2-2007-10-24-DNV-RiskEvaluationCriteria-rev-3.0.
53. Slater D., Jones H. Environmental risk assessment and the environment agency. J. Hazard Mater. 1999, 65:77-91.
54. The Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Limited (Britannia P&I), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.britanniapandi.com.
55. The Japan Ship Owners' Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association (Japan P&I), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.piclub.or.jp.
56. The London Steam-ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association Limited (LSSO), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.lsso.com.
57. The Shipowners' Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association (Luxembourg) (Shipowners Club), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.shipownersclub.com.
58. The Standard Steamship Owners' Protection & Indemnity Association (Bermuda) Limited (Standard Club), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.standard-club.com.
59. The Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association (Bermuda) Limited (SIMSL), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.simsl.com.
60. The Swedish Club (Swedish Club), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.swedishclub.com.
61. The United Kingdom Mutual Steamship Assurance Association (Bermuda) Limited (UK P&I), 2009. Available from: > (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.ukpandi.com.
62. Tuler, S., Seager, T.P., Kay, R., Linkov, I., Satterstrom, F.K., 2006. Environmental Performance Metrics for Oil Spill Response, Social and Environmental Research Institute Inc. and Cambridge Environmental Inc., Project Number Report 05-983, Cambridge, MA.
63. US Coast Guard Commandant (USCGC), 2004. A Preliminary Evaluation of the Value of Preventing Oil Spills, Washington.
64. US Department of Transportation (USDoT), 2001. Research and Special Programs Administration, OPA 90 Programmatic Regulatory Assessment (PRA): Benefit, Cost, and Cost Effectiveness of Eleven Major Rulemakings of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, Washington.
65. Vanem, E., Eide, M.S., Gravir, G., Skjong, R., 2007a. Cost-effectiveness of preventing grounding with ECDIS. In: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Collision and Grounding of Ships, Hamburg, ICCGS2007.
66. Vanem, E., Endresen, Ø., Skjong, R., 2007b. CATS - cost-effectiveness in designing for oil spill prevention. In: Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures, Houston, 034PRADS2007-20059.
67. Vanem E., Eide M.S., Lepsøe A., Gravir G., Skjong R. Electronic chart display and information systems-navigational safety in maritime transportation. Eur. J. Navig. 2008, 6:28-36.
68. Vanem E., Endresen Ø., Skjong R. Cost-effectiveness criteria for marine oil spill preventive measures. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2008, 93:1354-1368.
69. Vose D. Risk Analysis: A Quantitative Guide 2001, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. second ed.
70. Talley, W.K., 1999. Determinants of the property damage costs of tanker accidents. Transport Res D-TR E. 4, 413-426.
71. West of England Ship Owners Mutual Insurance Association (West P&I), 2009. Available from: <> (accessed 09.11.09). http://www.westpandi.com.
72. White, I.C., Molloy, F.C., 2003. Factors that determine the cost of oil spills. In: Proc. Int. Oil Spill Conf., Vancouver.
73. Yamada Y. The cost of oil spills from tankers in relation to weight of spilled oil. Mar. Technol. 2009, 46:219-228.