Seasonal prevalence and incidence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis and associated diarrhoea in children attending pre-school in Kafue, Zambia

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 105, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 102-108

  Siwila, Joyce ^a   Phiri, Isaac G K ^a   Enemark, Heidi Larsen ^b   Nchito, Mbiko ^c   Olsen, Annette ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA   (Zambia)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^c Ministry of Education   (Zambia)

^d DANISH BILHARZIASIS LABORATORY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium spp.; Giardia duodenalis; Incidence; Pre school; Seasonal prevalence; Zambia

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; GIARDIA DUODENALIS; GIARDIASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; MORBIDITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEX RATIO; STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE; ZAMBIA;

ANIMALS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DIARRHEA; FECES; FEMALE; GIARDIA; GIARDIASIS; HUMANS; INTESTINAL DISEASES, PARASITIC; MALE; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; ZAMBIA;

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS;

EID: 78651476297     PISSN: 00359203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Buret A.G. Pathogenic mechanisms in giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Giardia and Cryptosporidium, from molecules to diseases 2009, 428-441. CAB I, Wallingford, UK. G. Ortega-Pierrea, S. Caccio, R. Fayer, MankTG, H.V. Smith, R.C.A. Thompson (Eds.).
2. Caccio S.M., Thompson R.C., McLauchlin J., Smith H.V. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol 2005, 21:430-437.
3. Fayer R. General biology. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis 2008, 1-42. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL. 2nd ed. R. Fayer, L. Xiao (Eds.).
4. Dillingham R.A., LimaAA, Guerrant R.L. Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes Infect 2002, 4:1059-1066.
5. Gatei W., Wamae C.N., Mbae C., Waruru A., Mulinge E., Waithera T., et al. Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 75:78-82.
6. Leav B.A., Mackay M., Ward H.D. Cryptosporidium species: new insights and old challenges. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:903-908.
7. Mølbak K., Højlyng N., Gottschau A., Sá J.C., Ingholt L., da Silva A.P., et al. Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. BMJ 1993, 307:417-420.
8. Current W.L., Garcia L.S. Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991, 4:325-358.
9. Eckmann L. Mucosal defences against Giardia. Parasite Immunol 2003, 25:259-270.
10. Warren C.A., Guerrant R.L. Clinical disease and pathology. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis 2008, 235-253. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL. 2nd ed. R. Fayer, L. Xiao (Eds.).
11. Xiao L., Ryan U.M. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004, 17:483-490.
12. Lane S., Lloyd D. Current trends in research into the waterborne parasite Giardia. Crit Rev Microbiol 2002, 28:123-147.
13. WHO The world health report 1996: fighting disease, fostering development 1996, World Health Organization, Geneva.
14. Thompson R.C.A. The impact of Giardia on science and society. Giardia and Cryptosporidium, from molecules to diseases 2009, 1-11. CABI, Wallingford, UK. G. Ortega- Pierrea, S. Caccio, R. Fayer, T.G. Mank, H.V. Smith, R.C.A. Thompson (Eds.).
15. Faubert G.M. The immune response to Giardia. Parasitol Today 1996, 12:140-145.
16. Williamson A.L., O'Donoghue P.J., Upcroft J.A., Upcroft P. Immune and pathophysiological responses to different strains of Giardia duodenalis in neonatal mice. Int J Parasitol 2000, 30:129-136.
17. Thompson R.C., Reynoldson J.A., Mendis A.H. Giardia and giardiasis. Adv Parasitol 1993, 32:71-160.
18. Cordell R.L., Addiss D.G. Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: a review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994, 13:310-317.
19. Rodriguez-Hernandez J., Canut-Blasco A., Martin-Sanchez A.M. Seasonal prevalences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in children attending day care centres in Salamanca (Spain) studied for a period of 15 months. Eur J Epidemiol. 1996, 12:291-295.
20. Menezes A.L., Lima V.M., Freitas M.T., Rocha M.O., Silva E.F., Dolabella S.S. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in children from public daycare centers in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 2008, 50:57-59.
21. Perch M., Sodemann M., Jakobsen M., Valentiner-Branth P., Steinsland H., Fischer T.K., et al. Seven years' experience with Cryptosporidium parvum in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 2001, 21:313-318.
22. Wongstitwilairoong B., Srijan A., Serichantalergs O., Fukuda C.D., McDaniael P., Bodhidatta L., et al. Intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in Sangkhlaburi, Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007, 76:345-350.
23. Republic of Zambia, Central Statistical Office. Census of population and housing summary report. Lusaka: Central Statistical Office (CSO) of Zambia, Republic of Zambia; 2003. [accessed 5 February 2010]. http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/census.php.
24. Siwila J., Phiri I.G.K., Enemark H.L., Nchito M., Olsen A. Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010, 104:122-128.
25. Gardner M.J., Altman D.G. Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines 1989, British Medical Journal, [UK], pp. 28-33.
26. Moodley D., Jackson T.F., Gathiram V., van den Ende J. Cryptosporidium infections in children in Durban. Seasonal variation, age distribution and disease status. S Afr Med J 1991, 79:295-297.
27. Tumwine J.K., Kekitiinwa A., Nabukeera N., Akiyoshi D.E., Rich S.M., Widmer G., et al. Cryptosporidium parvum in children with diarrhoea in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003, 68:710-715.
28. Walters I.N., Miller N.M., van den Ende J., Dees G.C., Taylor L.A., Taynton L.F., et al. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among young children attending a day-care centre in Durban. S Afr Med J 1988, 74:496-499.
29. Kaminsky R.G. Parasitism and diarrhoea in children from two rural communities and marginal barrio in Honduras. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991, 85:70-73.
30. Nchito M., Kelly P., Sianongo S., Luo N.P., Feldman R., Farthing M., et al. Cryptosporidiosis in urban Zambian children: an analysis of risk factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998, 59:435-437.
31. Torres D.M., Chieffi P.P., Costa W.A., Kudzielics E. Giardiasis in nurseries supported by the Sao Paulo Municipal Prefecture, 1982/1983. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 1991, 33:137-142.
32. Pickering L.K., Woodward W.E., DuPont H.L., Sullivan P. Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers. J Pediatric 1984, 104:522-526.
33. Varga L., Delage G. Giardia lamblia infestation at child day care centers. Nutritional impact in infested children. Arch Fr Pediatr 1990, 47:5-8.
34. USA. Environmental Protection Agency. Giardia: risk for infants and children. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water. Washington DC: EPA; 1999. EPA-823-R-99-011.
35. Núñez F.A., Hernandez M., Finlay C.M. Longitudinal study of giardiasis in three day care centres of Havana City. Acta Trop 1999, 73:237-242.
36. Pereira M.G., Atwill E.R., Barbosa A.P. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia lamblia infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiania, Goias State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 2007, 49:139-145.