The liver as an immunological organ;Die Leber als immunologisches Organ

Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 54-62

  Benseler, V ^a   Schlitt, H J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

liver; T cells; tolerance

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ARTICLE; CELL TYPE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; LIVER; PHENOTYPE; STELLATE CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; LIVER; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 78651383370     PISSN: 00442771     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245947     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Schmidt R F., Lang F, Heckmann M. Die Physiologie des Menschen: Mit Pathophysiologie. Berlin Springer 2007 30. Auflage
2. Jelkmann W. The role of the liver in the production of thrombopoietin compared with erythropoietin. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001 13 791-801
3. Murphy K M., Travers P, Walport M. Janeway Immunologie. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 2009 7. Auflage
4. Benseler V, McCaughan G W., Schlitt H J. et al. The liver: a special case in transplantation tolerance. Semin Liver Dis 2007 27 194-213
5. Calne R Y., Sells R A., Pena J R. et al. Induction of immunological tolerance by porcine liver allografts. Nature 1969 223 472-476
6. Qian S, Demetris A J., Murase N et al. Murine liver allograft transplantation: tolerance and donor cell chimerism. Hepatology 1994 19 916-924
7. Zimmermann F A., Davies H S., Knoll P P. et al. Orthotopic liver allografts in the rat. The influence of strain combination on the fate of the graft. Transplantation 1984 37 406-410
8. Lang M, Kahl A, Bechstein W et al. Combined liver-kidney transplantation: long-term follow up in 18 patients. Transpl Int 1998 11 (Suppl 1) S155-S159
9. Rasmussen A, Davies H F., Jamieson N V. et al. Combined transplantation of liver and kidney from the same donor protects the kidney from rejection and improves kidney graft survival. Transplantation 1995 59 919-921
10. Takatsuki M, Uemoto S, Inomata Y et al. Weaning of immunosuppression in living donor liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001 72 449-454
11. Bastani B. Selective disappearance of donor-specific antibodies and absence of acute rejection after liver transplantation in a patient with a strongly positive lymphocyte crossmatch. Arch Iran Med 2006 9 163-164
12. Gordon R D., Fung J J., Markus B et al. The antibody crossmatch in liver transplantation. Surgery 1986 100 705-715
13. Colvin R B., Smith R N. Antibody-mediated organ-allograft rejection. Nat Rev Immunol 2005 5 807-817
14. Bolton E M., Gracie J A., Briggs J D. et al. Cellular requirements for renal allograft rejection in the athymic nude rat. J Exp Med 1989 169 1931-1946
15. Liu Z, Sun Y K., Xi Y P. et al. Contribution of direct and indirect recognition pathways to T cell alloreactivity. J Exp Med 1993 177 1643-1650
16. Hornick P I., Mason P D., Baker R J. et al. Significant frequencies of T cells with indirect anti-donor specificity in heart graft recipients with chronic rejection. Circulation 2000 101 2405-2410
17. Bowen D G., Zen M, Holz L et al. The site of primary T cell activation is a determinant of the balance between intrahepatic tolerance and immunity. J Clin Invest 2004 114 701-712
18. Crispe I N. The liver as a lymphoid organ. Annu Rev Immunol 2009 27 147-163
19. Sulzberger M B. Arsphenamine hypersensitiveness in guinea pigs. II. Experiments demonstrating the role of the skin, both as originator and as site of the hypersensitiveness. Arch Dermatol Syph 1930 22 839-849
20. Chase M W. Inhibition of experimental drug allergy by prior feeding of the sensitizing agent. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1919 46 257-259
21. Wu H Y., Weiner H L. Oral tolerance. Immunol Res 2003 28 265-284
22. Cantor H M., Dumont A E. Hepatic suppression of sensitization to antigen absorbed into the portal system. Nature 1967 215 744-745
23. Yang R, Liu Q, Grosfeld J L. et al. Intestinal venous drainage through the liver is a prerequisite for oral tolerance induction. J Pediatr Surg 1994 29 1145-1148
24. Yu S, Nakafusa Y, Flye M W. Portal vein administration of donor cells promotes peripheral allospecific hyporesponsiveness and graft tolerance. Surgery 1994 116 229-234; discussion 234 - 225
25. Dhanireddy K K., Bruno D A., Weaver T A. et al. Portal venous donor-specific transfusion in conjunction with sirolimus prolongs renal allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant 2009 9 124-131
26. Lee W Y., Moriarty T J., Wong C H. et al. An intravascular immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi involves Kupffer cells and iNKT cells. Nat Immunol 2010 11 295-302
27. Friedman S L. Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev 2008 88 125-172
28. Racanelli V, Rehermann B. The liver as an immunological organ. Hepatology 2006 43 S54-S62
29. Norris S, Collins C, Doherty D G. et al. Resident human hepatic lymphocytes are phenotypically different from circulating lymphocytes. J Hepatol 1998 28 84-90
30. Pradel G, Frevert U. Malaria sporozoites actively enter and pass through rat Kupffer cells prior to hepatocyte invasion. Hepatology 2001 33 1154-1165
31. Baer K, Roosevelt M, Clarkson A Jr B. et al. Kupffer cells are obligatory for Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite infection of the liver. Cell Microbiol 2007 9 397-412
32. Moretta A, Vitale M, Sivori S et al. Human natural killer cell receptors for HLA-class I molecules. Evidence that the Kp43 (CD94) molecule functions as receptor for HLA-B alleles. J Exp Med 1994 180 545-555
33. Lauwerys B R., Garot N, Renauld J C. et al. Cytokine production and killer activity of NK/T-NK cells derived with IL-2, IL-15, or the combination of IL-12 and IL-18. J Immunol 2000 165 1847-1853
34. Emoto M, Miyamoto M, Namba K et al. Participation of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 and NK cells in the homing of thymic CD 8 + NKT cells to the liver. Eur J Immunol 2000 30 3049-3056
35. Geissmann F, Cameron T O., Sidobre S et al. Intravascular immune surveillance by CXCR6 + NKT cells patrolling liver sinusoids. PLoS Biol 2005 3 e113
36. Bendelac A, Lantz O, Quimby M E. et al. CD1 recognition by mouse NK 1 + T lymphocytes. Science 1995 268 863-865
37. Bendelac A, Rivera M N., Park S H. et al. Mouse CD 1-specific NK 1T cells: development, specificity, and function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997 15 535-562
38. Behar S M., Dascher C C., Grusby M J. et al. Susceptibility of mice deficient in CD 1D or TAP1 to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Exp Med 1999 189 1973-1980
39. Kakimi K, Guidotti L G., Koezuka Y et al. Natural killer T cell activation inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Exp Med 2000 192 921-930
40. Jinushi M, Takehara T, Tatsumi T et al. Natural killer cell and hepatic cell interaction via NKG2A leads to dendritic cell-mediated induction of CD 4 CD 25T cells with PD-1-dependent regulatory activities. Immunology 2007 120 73-82
41. Wahl C, Bochtler P, Schirmbeck R et al. Type I IFN-producing CD 4 Valpha14i NKT cells facilitate priming of IL-10-producing CD 8T cells by hepatocytes. J Immunol 2007 178 2083-2093
42. Murakami J, Shimizu Y, Kashii Y et al. Functional B-cell response in intrahepatic lymphoid follicles in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1999 30 143-150
43. Sansonno D, Lauletta G, De Re V et al. Intrahepatic B cell clonal expansions and extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection. Eur J Immunol 2004 34 126-136
44. Tu Z, Bozorgzadeh A, Crispe I N. et al. The activation state of human intrahepatic lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2007 149 186-193
45. Mehal W Z., Juedes A E., Crispe I N. Selective retention of activated CD 8 + T cells by the normal liver. J Immunol 1999 163 3202-3210
46. Kuniyasu Y, Marfani S M., Inayat I B. et al. Kupffer cells required for high affinity peptide-induced deletion, not retention, of activated CD 8 + T cells by mouse liver. Hepatology 2004 39 1017-1027
47. Huang L, Soldevila G, Leeker M et al. The liver eliminates T cells undergoing antigen-triggered apoptosis in vivo. Immunity 1994 1 741-749
48. John B, Crispe I N. Passive and active mechanisms trap activated CD 8 + T cells in the liver. J Immunol 2004 172 5222-5229
49. Crispe I N., Dao T, Klugewitz K et al. The liver as a site of T-cell apoptosis: graveyard, or killing field? Immunol Rev 2000 174 47-62
50. Keating R, Yue W, Rutigliano J A. et al. Virus-specific CD 8 + T cells in the liver: armed and ready to kill. J Immunol 2007 178 2737-2745
51. Qian S, Lu L, Fu F et al. Apoptosis within spontaneously accepted mouse liver allografts: evidence for deletion of cytotoxic T cells and implications for tolerance induction. J Immunol 1997 158 4654-4661
52. Bertolino P, Bowen D G., Benseler V. T cells in the liver: there is life beyond the graveyard. Hepatology 2007 45 1580-1582
53. Holz L E., Benseler V, Bowen D G. et al. Intrahepatic murine CD 8 T-cell activation associates with a distinct phenotype leading to Bim-dependent death. Gastroenterology 2008 135 989-997
54. Bowen D G., McCaughan G W., Bertolino P. Intrahepatic immunity: a tale of two sites? Trends Immunol 2005 26 512-517
55. Bromley S K., Burack W R., Johnson K G. et al. The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 2001 19 375-396
56. Mellman I, Steinman R M. Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. Cell 2001 106 255-258
57. MacPhee P J., Schmidt E E., Groom A C. Intermittence of blood flow in liver sinusoids, studied by high-resolution in vivo microscopy. Am J Physiol 1995 269 G692-G698
58. Bertolino P, Schrage A, Bowen D G. et al. Early intrahepatic antigen-specific retention of naive CD 8 + T cells is predominantly ICAM-1 /LFA-1 dependent in mice. Hepatology 2005 42 1063-1071
59. Knolle P, Schlaak J, Uhrig A et al. Human Kupffer cells secrete IL-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. J Hepatol 1995 22 226-229
60. Bissell D M., Wang S S., Jarnagin W R. et al. Cell-specific expression of transforming growth factor-beta in rat liver. Evidence for autocrine regulation of hepatocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest 1995 96 447-455
61. Rieder H, Ramadori G, Allmann K H. et al. Prostanoid release of cultured liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in response to endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor. Comparison with umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Hepatol 1990 11 359-366
62. You Q, Cheng L, Kedl R M. et al. Mechanism of T cell tolerance induction by murine hepatic Kupffer cells. Hepatology 2008 48 978-990
63. Callery M P., Mangino M J., Flye M W. Arginine-specific suppression of mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity by Kupffer cells - a basis of portal venous tolerance. Transplantation 1991 51 1076-1080
64. Knolle P A., Uhrig A, Hegenbarth S et al. IL-10 down-regulates T cell activation by antigen-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells through decreased antigen uptake via the mannose receptor and lowered surface expression of accessory molecules. Clin Exp Immunol 1998 114 427-433
65. Limmer A, Ohl J, Kurts C et al. Efficient presentation of exogenous antigen by liver endothelial cells to CD 8 + T cells results in antigen-specific T-cell tolerance. Nat Med 2000 6 1348-1354
66. Limmer A, Ohl J, Wingender G et al. Cross-presentation of oral antigens by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to CD 8T cell tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2005 35 2970-2981
67. Knolle P A., Schmitt E, Jin S et al. Induction of cytokine production in naive CD 4(+) T cells by antigen-presenting murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells but failure to induce differentiation toward Th1 cells. Gastroenterology 1999 116 1428-1440
68. Kruse N, Neumann K, Schrage A et al. Priming of CD 4 + T cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induces CD 25low forkhead box protein 3- regulatory T cells suppressing autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2009 50 1904-1913
69. Diehl L, Schurich A, Grochtmann R et al. Tolerogenic maturation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promotes B 7-homolog 1-dependent CD 8 + T cell tolerance. Hepatology 2008 47 296-305
70. Schildberg F A., Hegenbarth S I., Schumak B et al. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells veto CD 8T cell activation by antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2008 38 957-967
71. Winau F, Hegasy G, Weiskirchen R et al. Ito cells are liver-resident antigen-presenting cells for activating T cell responses. Immunity 2007 26 117-129
72. Yu M C., Chen C H., Liang X et al. Inhibition of T-cell responses by hepatic stellate cells via B 7-H1-mediated T-cell apoptosis in mice. Hepatology 2004 40 1312-1321
73. Morelli A E., Thomson A W. Tolerogenic dendritic cells and the quest for transplant tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2007 7 610-621
74. Kudo S, Matsuno K, Ezaki T et al. A novel migration pathway for rat dendritic cells from the blood: hepatic sinusoids-lymph translocation. J Exp Med 1997 185 777-784
75. De Creus A, Abe M, Lau A H. et al. Low TLR4 expression by liver dendritic cells correlates with reduced capacity to activate allogeneic T cells in response to endotoxin. J Immunol 2005 174 2037-2045
76. Warren A, Le Couteur D G., Fraser R et al. T lymphocytes interact with hepatocytes through fenestrations in murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 2006 44 1182-1190
77. Bertolino P, Trescol-Biemont M C., Rabourdin-Combe C. Hepatocytes induce functional activation of naive CD 8 + T lymphocytes but fail to promote survival. Eur J Immunol 1998 28 221-236
78. Bertolino P, Trescol-Biemont M C., Thomas J et al. Death by neglect as a deletional mechanism of peripheral tolerance. Int Immunol 1999 11 1225-1238
79. Bertolino P, Bowen D G., McCaughan G W. et al. Antigen-specific primary activation of CD 8 + T cells within the liver. J Immunol 2001 166 5430-5438
80. Thai N L., Li Y, Fu F et al. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-12 mediate distinct effector mechanisms of liver allograft rejection. Liver Transpl Surg 1997 3 118-129
81. Johnson C L., Owen D M., Gale M et al. Functional and therapeutic analysis of hepatitis C virus NS 3.4A protease control of antiviral immune defense. J Biol Chem 2007 282 10792-10803
82. Ferreon J C., Ferreon A C., Li K et al. Molecular determinants of TRIF proteolysis mediated by the hepatitis C virus NS 3 / 4A protease. J Biol Chem 2005 280 20483-20492
83. Tseng C T., Klimpel G R. Binding of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E 2 to CD 81 inhibits natural killer cell functions. J Exp Med 2002 195 43-49
84. Klein I, Crispe I N. Complete differentiation of CD 8 + T cells activated locally within the transplanted liver. J Exp Med 2006 203 437-447
85. Kiyono H, McGhee J R., Wannemuehler M J. et al. Lack of oral tolerance in C 3 H/HeJ mice. J Exp Med 1982 155 605-610
86. Komatsu S, Berg R D., Russell J M. et al. Enteric microflora contribute to constitutive ICAM-1 expression on vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000 279 G186-G191