Interannual variability of North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water formation in the 1990s derived from a 4-dimensional variational ocean data assimilation experiment

Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans

Volumn 51, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 1-25

  Toyoda, T ^a   Awaji, T ^a,b   Masuda, S ^a   Sugiura, N ^a   Igarashi, H ^a   Mochizuki, T ^a,c   Ishikawa, Y ^b  

^a JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^b KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology   (Japan)

Author keywords

4D VAR; Data assimilation; Interannual variability; OGCM; Subtropical mode water; Subtropical North Pacific

Indexed keywords

4D-VAR; DATA ASSIMILATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC; OGCM; SUBTROPICAL MODE WATERS;

DATA PROCESSING; SURFACE PROPERTIES; TROPICS; VALUE ENGINEERING;

SALINE WATER;

ANNUAL VARIATION; CONVERGENCE; DATA ASSIMILATION; EKMAN TRANSPORT; FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; MIXED LAYER; MODE WATER; SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SUBTROPICAL CONVERGENCE;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 78651107603     PISSN: 03770265     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Alexander M.A., Blade I., Newman M., Lanzante J.R., Lau N.-C., Scott J.D. The atmosphere bridge: the influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global ocean. J. Clim. 2002, 15:2205-2231.
2. Awaji T., Masuda S., Ishikawa Y., Sugiura N., Toyoda T., Nakamura T. State estimation of the North Pacific Ocean by four-dimensional variational data assimilation experiment. J. Oceanogr. 2003, 59:931-943.
3. Conkright, M.E., Locamini, R.A., Garcia, H.E., O'Brien, T.D., Boyer, T.P., Stephens, C., Antonov, J.I., 2002. World Ocean Atlas 2001: Objective Analysis, Data Statistics, and Figures, [CD-ROM] Natl. Oceanogr. Data Cent., Silver Spring, MD.
4. Fukumori I., Wunsch C. Efficient representation of the North Atlantic hydrographic and chemical distributions. Prog. Oceanogr. 1991, 27:111-195.
5. Gent P.R., McWilliams J.C. Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1990, 20:150-155.
6. Gill A.E. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, International Geophysics, vol. 30 1982, Academic Press, 662.
7. Griffies S.M., Gnanadesikan A., Pacanowski R.C., Larichev V., Dukowicz J.K., Smith R.D. Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1998, 28:805-830.
8. Gu D.F., Philander S.G.H. Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics. Science 1997, 275:805-807.
9. Hanawa K., Kameda K. Variability of core layer temperature (CLT) of the North Pacific subtropical mode water. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:2229-2232.
10. Hanawa K., Talley L. Mode waters. Ocean Circulation and Climate, International Geophysical Series, vol. 77 2001, 373-400. Academic Press. G. Siedler, J. Church, J. Gould (Eds.).
11. Hautala S.L., Roemmich D.H. Subtropical mode water in the northeast Pacific Basin. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:13055-13066.
12. Hosoda S., Xie S.-P., Takeuchi K., Nonaka M. Eastern North Pacific subtropical mode water in a GCM: formation mechanism and salinity effects. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 2001, 106:19671-19681.
13. Huang R.X., Qiu B. Three-dimensional structure of the wind-driven circulation in the subtropical North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1994, 24:1608-1622.
14. Hurlburt H.E., Fox D.N., Metzger E.J. Statistical inference of weakly correlated subthermocline fields from satellite altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:11375-11409.
15. Ishii M., Kimoto M., Kakamoto K., Iwasaki S. Steric sea Level changes estimated from historical ocean subsurface temperature and salinity analyses. J. Oceanogr. 2006, 62:155-170.
16. Ishikawa Y., Awaji T., Akitomo K., Qiu B. Successive correction of the mean sea surface height by the simultaneous assimilation of drifting buoy and altimetric data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1996, 26:2381-2397.
17. Jin F.F. A theory of interdecadal climate variability of the North Pacific ocean-atmosphere system. J. Clim. 1997, 10:1821-1835.
18. Joyce T.M., Deser C., Spall M.A. The relation between decadal variability of subtropical mode water and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Clim. 2000, 13:2550-2569.
19. Kalnay E., et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996, 77:437-471.
20. Kanamitsu M., Kumar A., Juang H.-M.H., Schemm J.K., Wu W., Yang F., Hong S.-Y., Peng P., Chen W., Moorthi S., Ji M. NCEP Dynamical seasonal forecast system 2000. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2002, 83:1631-1643.
21. Kidwell, K.B., Poltar,D.R., 1988. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Suitland, MD. Available online at http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/isccp/intro.htm.
22. Klein B., Hogg N. On the interannual variability of 18 Degree Water formation as observed from moored instruments at 55°W. Deep-Sea Res. 1996, 43:1777-1806.
23. Klein S.A., Hartmann D.L., Norris J.R. On the relationships among low-cloud structure, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric circulation in the summertime northeast Pacific. J. Clim. 1995, 8:1140-1155.
24. Klinker E. Diagnosis of the ECMWF model performance over the tropical oceans. Proceedings of Seminar on Atmosphere-Surface Interaction 1997, 53-66.
25. Komori N., Awaji T., Ishikawa Y., Kuragano T. Short-range forecast experiments of the Kuroshio path variabilities south of Japan using TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric data. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108(C1):3010. doi:10.1029/2001JC001282.
26. Ladd C., Thompson L. Formation mechanisms for North Pacific central and eastern subtropical mode water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2000, 30:868-887.
27. Ladd C., Thompson L. Water mass formation in an isopycnal model of the North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001, 31:1517-1537.
28. Latif M., Barnett T. Decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America: dynamics and predictability. J. Clim. 1996, 9:2407-2423.
29. Liu Z. A simple model of the mass exchange between the subtropical and tropical ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1994, 24:1153-1165.
30. Masuda S., Awaji T., Sugiura N., Ishikawa Y., Baba K., Horiuchi K., Komori N. Improved estimates of the dynamical state of the North Pacific Ocean from a 4 dimensional variational data assimilation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30:1868. doi:10.1029/2003GL017604.
31. Masuda S., Awaji T., Sugiura N., Toyoda T., Ishikawa Y., Horiuchi K. Interannual variability of temperature inversions in the subarctic North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006.
32. McCartney M.S. The subtropical recirculation of mode water. J. Mar. Res. 1982, 40:427-464.
33. Mochizuki T., Miyama T., Awaji T. A simple diagnostic calculation of marine stratocumulus cloud cover for use in general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:D06113.
34. Nonaka M., Sasaki H. Formation mechanism for isopycnal temperature-salinity anomalies propagating from the eastern South Pacific to the equatorial region. J. Clim. 2007, 20:1305-1315.
35. Ohno Y., Kobayashi T., Iwasaka N., Suga T. The mixed layer depth in the North Pacific as detected by the Argo floats. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L11306. doi:10.1029/2004GL019576.
36. Pacanowski R.C., Griffies S.M. The MOM 3 Manual 1999, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, USA, p. 680.
37. Pedlosky J. Ocean circulation theory. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 1996, Springer-Vrelag, Berlin, Heidelberg, p. 453.
38. Peng G., Chassignet E.P., Kwon Y.-O., Riser S.C. Investigation of variability of the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water using profiling float data and numerical model output. Ocean Model. 2006, 13:65-85.
39. Philander S.G.H., Gu D., Halpern D., Lambert G., Lau N.C., Li T., Pacanowski R.C. Why the ITCZ is mostly north of equator. J. Clim. 1996, 9:2958-2972.
40. Qiu B., Chen S. Decadal variability in the formation of the North Pacific subtropical mode water: oceanic versus atmospheric control. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2006, 36:1365-1380.
41. Rosati A., Miyakoda K. A general circulation model for upper ocean simulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1988, 18:1601-1626.
42. Stammer D., Wunsch C., Giering R., Eckert C., Heimbach P., Marotzke J., Adcroft A., Hill C.N., Marshall J. Global ocean circulation during 1992-1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geopys. Res. 2002, 107. doi:10.1029/2001JC000888.
43. Suga T., Hanawa K. The mixed-layer climatology in the northwestern part of the North Pacific subtropical gyre and the formation area of Subtropical Mode Water. J. Mar. Res. 1990, 48:543-566.
44. Suga T., Hanawa K. Interannual variations of North Pacific subtropical mode water in the 137°E section. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1995, 25:1012-1017.
45. Suga T., Kato A., Hanawa K. North Pacific Tropical Water: its climatology and temporal changes associated with the climate regime shift in the 1970s. Prog. Oceanogr. 2000, 47:223-256.
46. Sugimoto S., Hanawa K. Why does reemergence of winter sea surface temperature anomalies not occur in eastern mode water areas?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L15608. doi:10.1029/2005GL022968.
47. Talley L.D., Raymer M.E. Eighteen degree water variability. J. Mar. Res. 1982, 40:757-775.
48. Tomita H., Kubota M. Increase in turbulent heat flux during the 1990s over the Kuroshio/Oyashio extension region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L09705. doi:10.1029/2004GL022075.
49. Toyoda T., Ishikawa Y., Nakamura T., Awaji T. Preconditioning of winter mixed layer in the formation of North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L17206. doi:10.1029/2004GL020677.
50. Wolter K., Timlin M.S. Measuring the strength of ENSO-how does 1997/98 rank?. Weather 1998, 53:315-324.
51. Worthington L.V. 18 degree water in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 1959, 5:297-305.
52. Yasuda T., Kitamura Y. Long-term variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water in response to spin-up of the subtropical gyre. J. Oceanogr. 2003, 59:279-290.