메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 67, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 3854-3869

An ensemble cumulus convection parameterization with explicit cloud treatment

Author keywords

Convection; Cumulus clouds; Global climate models; Parameterization

Indexed keywords

CLOUD COVERAGE; CLOUD HEIGHTS; CONVECTION; CONVECTION PARAMETERIZATION; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; CONVECTIVE HEATING; CUMULUS CLOUD; CUMULUS CONVECTION; DIURNAL CYCLE; EXPLICIT INFORMATION; FULL SPECTRUM; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL; LAGRANGIAN; MIDLATITUDES; MIXED PHASE MICROPHYSICS; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM; SCHEME MODELS; SINGLE-COLUMN MODEL; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; TIME STEP; TROPICAL CONVECTION; VERTICAL VELOCITY;

EID: 78651062867     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3485.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (70)
  • 2
    • 0001241791 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I
    • Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 674-701
    • Arakawa, A.1    Schubert, W.H.2
  • 3
    • 0012409496 scopus 로고
    • The macroscopic behavior of simulated cumulus convection and semi-prognostic tests of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization
    • Seminar on Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Processes in Dynamical Models of Medium-Range Prediction and Global Climate, IITM, Pune, India, 6-10 August 1990, D. R. Sikka and S. Singh, Eds., John Wiley & Sons
    • Arakawa, A, and K.-M. Xu, 1992: The macroscopic behavior of simulated cumulus convection and semi-prognostic tests of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. Physical Processes in Atmospheric Models: Collection of Papers Presented at the Indo-U.S. Seminar on Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Processes in Dynamical Models of Medium-Range Prediction and Global Climate, IITM, Pune, India, 6-10 August 1990, D. R. Sikka and S. Singh, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, 3-18.
    • (1992) Physical Processes in Atmospheric Models: Collection of Papers Presented at the Indo-U.S , pp. 3-18
    • Arakawa, A.1    Xu, K.-M.2
  • 4
    • 0000366426 scopus 로고
    • Heat convection and buoyancy effects
    • doi:10.1002/qj.49708034504.
    • Batchelor, G. K., 1954: Heat convection and buoyancy effects. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 80, 339-358, doi:10.1002/qj.49708034504.
    • (1954) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 339-358
    • Batchelor, G.K.1
  • 5
    • 0000107970 scopus 로고
    • Cloud droplet growth by collection
    • Berry, E. X., 1967: Cloud droplet growth by collection. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 688-701.
    • (1967) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 688-701
    • Berry, E.X.1
  • 6
    • 0022849418 scopus 로고
    • A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis
    • doi:10.1002/qj.49711247307
    • Betts, A. K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-691, doi:10.1002/qj.49711247307.
    • (1986) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.112 , pp. 677-691
    • Betts, A.K.1
  • 7
    • 0022831164 scopus 로고
    • A new convective adjustment scheme, Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air-mass data sets
    • Betts, A. K, and M. J. Miller, 1986:A new convective adjustment scheme, Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 693-709.
    • (1986) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.112 , pp. 693-709
    • Betts, A.K.1    Miller, M.J.2
  • 8
    • 0029476116 scopus 로고
    • The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect
    • Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann, 1995: The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect. Tellus, 47B, 281-300.
    • (1995) Tellus , vol.47 B , pp. 281-300
    • Boucher, O.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 10
    • 0027789432 scopus 로고
    • A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, vertical momentum dynamics, and mesoscale effects
    • Donner, L. J., 1993: A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, vertical momentum dynamics, and mesoscale effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 889-906.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 889-906
    • Donner, L.J.1
  • 11
    • 0348018990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundary layer control on convective available potential energy: Implications for cumulus parameterization
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD003773.
    • Donner, L. J, and V. T. Phillips, 2003: Boundary layer control on convective available potential energy: Implications for cumulus parameterization. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4701, doi:10.1029/2003JD003773.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4701
    • Donner, L.J.1    Phillips, V.T.2
  • 12
    • 0001278001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, convective vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects: Thermodynamic and hydrological aspects in a general circulation model
    • Donner, L. J, C. J. Seman, R. S. Hemler, and S. Fan, 2001: A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, convective vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects: Thermodynamic and hydrological aspects in a general circulation model. J. Climate, 14, 3444-3463.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 3444-3463
    • Donner, L.J.1    Seman, C.J.2    Hemler, R.S.3    Fan, S.4
  • 14
    • 0003251111 scopus 로고
    • The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Emanuel, K. A, and D. J. Raymond, 1993: The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models. Meteor. Monogr., No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 246 pp.
    • (1993) Meteor. Monogr. , Issue.46 , pp. 246
    • Emanuel, K.A.1    Raymond, D.J.2
  • 15
    • 0030377346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moist convective velocity and buoyancy scales
    • Emanuel, K. A, and M. Bister, 1996: Moist convective velocity and buoyancy scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3276-3285.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 3276-3285
    • Emanuel, K.A.1    Bister, M.2
  • 16
    • 0033759773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of single column model simulations of summertime midlatitude continental convection
    • Ghan, S., and Coauthors, 2000: A comparison of single column model simulations of summertime midlatitude continental convection. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D2), 2091-2124.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.D2 , pp. 2091-2124
    • Ghan, S.1
  • 17
    • 0035334760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP)
    • Grabowski, W. W., 2001: Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP). J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 978-997.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 978-997
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 18
    • 0000588399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRCP: A cloud resolving convection parameterization for modeling the tropical convecting atmosphere
    • Grabowski, W. W, and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1999: CRCP: A cloud resolving convection parameterization for modeling the tropical convecting atmosphere. Physica D, 133, 171-178.
    • (1999) Physica D , vol.133 , pp. 171-178
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Smolarkiewicz, P.K.2
  • 19
    • 1442330260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complex interaction of aerosols and clouds
    • Graf, H.-F., 2004: The complex interaction of aerosols and clouds. Science, 303, 1309-1311.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 1309-1311
    • Graf, H.-F.1
  • 20
    • 33846496315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a new convective cloud field model: Precipitation over the maritime continent
    • Graf, H.-F, and J. Yang, 2007: Evaluation of a new convective cloud field model: Precipitation over the maritime continent. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 409-421.
    • (2007) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.7 , pp. 409-421
    • Graf, H.-F.1    Yang, J.2
  • 21
    • 77950283719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation during the 1997 smoke episode in Indonesia
    • Graf, H.-F, J. Yang, and T. M. Wagner, 2009: Aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation during the 1997 smoke episode in Indonesia. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 743-756.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 743-756
    • Graf, H.-F.1    Yang, J.2    Wagner, T.M.3
  • 22
    • 0025590082 scopus 로고
    • A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure
    • Gregory, D., and P. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1483-1506
    • Gregory, D.1    Rowntree, P.2
  • 23
    • 0033861487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System
    • Gregory, D, J. Morcrette, C. Jakob, A. Beljaars, and T. Stockdale, 2000: Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1685-1710.
    • (2000) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.126 , pp. 1685-1710
    • Gregory, D.1    Morcrette, J.2    Jakob, C.3    Beljaars, A.4    Stockdale, T.5
  • 24
    • 0025592294 scopus 로고
    • A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization
    • Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 2784-2802
    • Kain, J.S.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 25
    • 0016928265 scopus 로고
    • Release of potential instability. Part I: A sequential plume model within a hydrostatic primitive equation model
    • Kreitzberg, C. W., and D. J. Perkey, 1976: Release of potential instability. Part I: A sequential plume model within a hydrostatic primitive equation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 456-475.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 456-475
    • Kreitzberg, C.W.1    Perkey, D.J.2
  • 26
    • 0002919765 scopus 로고
    • On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection
    • Kuo, H. L., 1965: On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 40-63.
    • (1965) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 40-63
    • Kuo, H.L.1
  • 27
    • 0001545604 scopus 로고
    • Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow
    • Kuo, H. L, 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1232-1240
    • Kuo, H.L.1
  • 28
    • 26244438182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracer transport in deep convective updrafts: Plume ensemble versus bulk formulations
    • Lawrence, M., and P. Rasch, 2005: Tracer transport in deep convective updrafts: Plume ensemble versus bulk formulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2880-2894.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 2880-2894
    • Lawrence, M.1    Rasch, P.2
  • 29
    • 42149133079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global anthropogenic aerosol effects on convective clouds in ECHAM5-HAM
    • Lohmann, U., 2008: Global anthropogenic aerosol effects on convective clouds in ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2115-2131.
    • (2008) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 2115-2131
    • Lohmann, U.1
  • 30
    • 0030377126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model
    • Lohmann, U, and E. Roeckner, 1996: Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 12, 557-572.
    • (1996) Climate Dyn. , vol.12 , pp. 557-572
    • Lohmann, U.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 31
    • 16444364373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global indirect aerosol effects: A review
    • Lohmann, U, and J. Feichter, 2005: Global indirect aerosol effects: A review. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715-737.
    • (2005) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 715-737
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2
  • 32
    • 0020372930 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part III: Semi-prognostic test of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization
    • Lord, S. J., 1982: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part III: Semi-prognostic test of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 88-103.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 88-103
    • Lord, S.J.1
  • 33
    • 0019101650 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part II
    • Lord, S. J, and A. Arakawa, 1980: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part II. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2677-2692.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2677-2692
    • Lord, S.J.1    Arakawa, A.2
  • 34
    • 0000860969 scopus 로고
    • Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment
    • Manabe, S., and R. F. Strickler, 1964: Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 361-385.
    • (1964) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 361-385
    • Manabe, S.1    Strickler, R.F.2
  • 35
    • 0027065988 scopus 로고
    • Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models
    • Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002.
    • (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 978-1002
    • Moorthi, S.1    Suarez, M.J.2
  • 36
    • 0003863534 scopus 로고
    • Buoyant plumes in a moist atmosphere
    • Morton, B. R., 1957: Buoyant plumes in a moist atmosphere. J. Fluid Mech., 2, 127-144.
    • (1957) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.2 , pp. 127-144
    • Morton, B.R.1
  • 37
    • 0001848751 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources
    • Morton, B. R, G. Taylor, and J. S. Turner, 1956: Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources. Proc. Roy. Soc. London., 234A, 1-23.
    • (1956) Proc. Roy. Soc. London. , vol.234 A , pp. 1-23
    • Morton, B.R.1    Taylor, G.2    Turner, J.S.3
  • 38
    • 0043128740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A probabilistic description of convective mass fluxes and its relationship to extreme-value theory
    • doi:10.1256/qj.01.124.
    • Naveau, P., and M. W. Moncrieff, 2003: A probabilistic description of convective mass fluxes and its relationship to extreme-value theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 2217-2232, doi:10.1256/qj.01.124.
    • (2003) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.129 , pp. 2217-2232
    • Naveau, P.1    Moncrieff, M.W.2
  • 39
    • 56649113912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of events
    • Neale, R., J. Richter, and M. Jochum, 2008: The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of events. J. Climate, 21, 5904-5924.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 5904-5924
    • Neale, R.1    Richter, J.2    Jochum, M.3
  • 40
    • 27844512919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new convective cloud field model based on principles of self-organisation
    • Nober, F. J., and H.-F. Graf, 2005: A new convective cloud field model based on principles of self-organisation. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2749-2759.
    • (2005) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 2749-2759
    • Nober, F.J.1    Graf, H.-F.2
  • 41
    • 0038694813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the global circulation to the suppression of precipitation by anthropogenic aerosols
    • Nober, F. J, H.-F. Graf, and D. Rosenfeld, 2003: Sensitivity of the global circulation to the suppression of precipitation by anthropogenic aerosols. Global Planet. Change, 37, 57-80.
    • (2003) Global Planet. Change , vol.37 , pp. 57-80
    • Nober, F.J.1    Graf, H.-F.2    Rosenfeld, D.3
  • 42
    • 0004068626 scopus 로고
    • Extended versions of the convective parameterization schemeatECMWF and their impactonthe meanand transient activity of the model in the tropics
    • Nordeng, T. E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parameterization schemeatECMWF and their impactonthe meanand transient activity of the model in the tropics. ECMWF Tech. Memo. 206, 41 pp.
    • (1994) ECMWF Tech. Memo. , vol.206 , pp. 41
    • Nordeng, T.E.1
  • 43
    • 0031871622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cumulus parameterization with a prognostic closure
    • Pan, D., and D. Randall, 1998: A cumulus parameterization with a prognostic closure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 949-981.
    • (1998) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 949-981
    • Pan, D.1    Randall, D.2
  • 44
    • 0000408926 scopus 로고
    • Implementation of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization with a prognostic closure
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Randall, D., and D. Pan, 1993: Implementation of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization with a prognostic closure. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr., No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 137-144.
    • (1993) The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr. , Issue.46 , pp. 137-144
    • Randall, D.1    Pan, D.2
  • 46
    • 38849119288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate models and their evaluation
    • S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • Randall, D, and Coauthors, 2007: Climate models and their evaluation. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 589-662.
    • (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , pp. 589-662
    • Randall, D.1
  • 47
    • 0030357287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moist convective scaling: Some inferences from three-dimensional cloud ensemble simulations
    • Robe, F. R., and K. A. Emanuel, 1996: Moist convective scaling: Some inferences from three-dimensional cloud ensemble simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3265-3275.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 3265-3275
    • Robe, F.R.1    Emanuel, K.A.2
  • 48
    • 27744554324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I: Model description
    • Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 2003: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I: Model description. MPI Rep. 349, 140 pp. [Available online at http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/models/echam/mpi_report_349.pdf.]
    • (2003) MPI Rep. , vol.349 , pp. 140
    • Roeckner, E.1
  • 49
    • 0032458748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite-based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds
    • Rosenfeld, D., and I. M. Lensky, 1998: Satellite-based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 2457-2476.
    • (1998) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 2457-2476
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Lensky, I.M.2
  • 50
    • 0027532797 scopus 로고
    • Carbon dioxide and climate: The impact of cloud parameterization
    • Senior, C. A., and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1993: Carbon dioxide and climate: The impact of cloud parameterization. J. Climate, 6, 393-418.
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 393-418
    • Senior, C.A.1    Mitchell, J.F.B.2
  • 51
    • 0000169380 scopus 로고
    • On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models
    • Simpson, J., 1971: On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 449-455.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 449-455
    • Simpson, J.1
  • 53
    • 0000990160 scopus 로고
    • Models of precipitating cumulus towers
    • Simpson, J., and V. Wiggert, 1969: Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 471-489.
    • (1969) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.97 , pp. 471-489
    • Simpson, J.1    Wiggert, V.2
  • 55
    • 70349687408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system
    • Stevens, B., and G. Feingold, 2009: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system. Nature, 461, 607-613.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.461 , pp. 607-613
    • Stevens, B.1    Feingold, G.2
  • 56
    • 17744381356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM
    • Stier, P., and Coauthors, 2005: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125-1156.
    • (2005) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 1125-1156
    • Stier, P.1
  • 57
    • 0001960501 scopus 로고
    • Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud
    • Stommel, H., 1947: Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud. J. Meteor., 4, 91-94.
    • (1947) J. Meteor. , vol.4 , pp. 91-94
    • Stommel, H.1
  • 58
    • 0001462593 scopus 로고
    • Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud II
    • Stommel, H, 1951: Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud II. J. Meteor., 8, 127-129.
    • (1951) J. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 127-129
    • Stommel, H.1
  • 59
    • 0024907516 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models
    • Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1779-1800
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 60
    • 0001872401 scopus 로고
    • The motion of buoyant elements in turbulent surroundings
    • Turner, J. S., 1963: The motion of buoyant elements in turbulent surroundings. J. Fluid Mech., 16, 1-16.
    • (1963) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.16 , pp. 1-16
    • Turner, J.S.1
  • 61
    • 0014856282 scopus 로고
    • On steady-state one-dimensional models of cumulus convection
    • Warner, J., 1970: On steady-state one-dimensional models of cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1035-1040.
    • (1970) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 1035-1040
    • Warner, J.1
  • 62
    • 78651097320 scopus 로고
    • Comments on "On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models", J
    • Warner, J, 1972: Comments on "On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models." J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 218-219.
    • (1972) Atmos. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 218-219
    • Warner, J.1
  • 63
    • 0014626760 scopus 로고
    • An isolated cumulus cloud modification project
    • Weinstein, A. I., and P. B. J. MacCready, 1969: An isolated cumulus cloud modification project. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 936-947.
    • (1969) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 936-947
    • Weinstein, A.I.1    Maccready, P.B.J.2
  • 64
    • 18444417109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions
    • Xie, S., and Coauthors, 2002: Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1095-1135.
    • (2002) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.128 , pp. 1095-1135
    • Xie, S.1
  • 65
    • 18344368805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intercomparison of cloud-resolving models with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement summer 1997 intensive observation period data
    • Xu, K.-M., and Coauthors, 2002: An intercomparison of cloud-resolving models with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement summer 1997 intensive observation period data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 593-624.
    • (2002) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.128 , pp. 593-624
    • Xu, K.-M.1
  • 66
    • 2042427139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimations of mass fluxes for cumulus parameterizations from high-resolution spatial data
    • Yano, J.-I., F. Guichard, J.-P. Lafore, J.-L. Redelsperger, and P. Bechtold, 2004: Estimations of mass fluxes for cumulus parameterizations from high-resolution spatial data. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 829-842.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 829-842
    • Yano, J.-I.1    Guichard, F.2    Lafore, J.-P.3    Redelsperger, J.-L.4    Bechtold, P.5
  • 67
    • 39549095502 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model
    • Zhang, G. J., and N. McFarlane, 1995: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 407-446.
    • (1995) Atmos.-Ocean , vol.33 , pp. 407-446
    • Zhang, G.J.1    Mcfarlane, N.2
  • 68
    • 25844487511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A microphysical parameterization for convective clouds in the ECHAM5 climate model: Single-column model results evaluated at the Oklahoma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program site
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD005128
    • Zhang, J., U. Lohmann, and P. Stier, 2005: A microphysical parameterization for convective clouds in the ECHAM5 climate model: Single-column model results evaluated at the Oklahoma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program site. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S07, doi:10.1029/2004JD005128.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Zhang, J.1    Lohmann, U.2    Stier, P.3
  • 69
    • 0000414161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constrained variational analysis of sounding data based on column-integrated budgets of mass, heat, moisture, and momentum: Approach and application to ARM measurements
    • Zhang, M. H., and J. L. Lin, 1997: Constrained variational analysis of sounding data based on column-integrated budgets of mass, heat, moisture, and momentum: Approach and application to ARM measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1503-1524.
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 1503-1524
    • Zhang, M.H.1    Lin, J.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.