A roadmap for bridging basic and applied research in forensic entomology

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 56, Issue , 2011, Pages 401-421

  Tomberlin, J K ^a   Mohr, R ^a   Benbow, M E ^b   Tarone, A M ^a   Vanlaerhoven, S ^c  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

community assembly; conceptual framework; Daubert standard; functional genomics; quantitative genetics; succession

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; FORENSIC SCIENCE; INSECT; METHODOLOGY; ZOOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ENTOMOLOGY; FORENSIC SCIENCES; INSECTS;

EID: 78650883418     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-051710-103143     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Abbott I, Abbott LK, Grant PR. 1977. Comparative ecology of Galapagos ground finches (Geospiza-Gould)-evaluation of importance of floristic diversity and inter-specific competition. Ecol. Monogr. 47:151-84
2. Alessandrini F, Mazzanti M, Onofri V, Turchi C, Tagliabracci A. 2008. MtDNA analysis for genetic identification of forensically important insects. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser. 1:584-85
3. Alexandersson R, Agren J. 2000. Genetic structure in the nonrewarding, bumblebee-pollinated orchid Calypso bulbosa. Heredity 85:401-9
4. Amendt J, Campobasso CP, Gaudry E, Reiter C, LeBlanc HN, Hall MJR. 2007. Best practice in forensic entomology-standards and guidelines. Int. J. Legal Med. 121:90-104
5. Amendt J, Zehner R, Reckel F. 2007. The nocturnal oviposition behavior of blowflies (Diptera: Cal-liphoridae) in Central Europe and its forensic implications. Forensic Sci. Int. 175:61-64
6. Ames C, Turner B. 2003. Low temperature episodes in development of blowflies: implications for postmortem interval estimation. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17:178-86
7. Anderson AR, Hoffmann AA, McKechnie SW, Umina PA, Weeks AR. 2005. The latitudinal cline in the In(3R)Payne inversion polymorphism has shifted in the last 20 years in Australian Drosophila melanogaster populations. Mol. Ecol. 14:851-58
8. Anderson GS. 2005. Effects of arson on forensic entomology evidence. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J. 38:49-67
9. Arbeitman MN, Furlong EE, Imam F, Johnson E, Null BH, et al. 2002. Gene expression during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 297:2270-75
10. Arnaldos MI, Garcia MD, Romera E, Presa JJ, Luna A. 2005. Estimation of postmortem interval in real cases based on experimentally obtained entomological evidence. Forensic Sci. Int. 149:57-65
11. Arnott S, Turner B. 2008. Post-feeding larval behaviour in the blowfly, Calliphora vicina: effects on postmortem interval estimates. Forensic Sci. Int. 177:162-67
12. Avise JC. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 684
13. Bergeret M. 1855. Infanticide, momification du cadaver. Decouverte du cadaver d'un enfant nouveau-ne dans une dheminee ou il setait momifie. Determination de l'epoque de la naissance par la presence de numphes et de larves d'insectes dans le cadaver et par l'etude de leurs metamorphoses. Ann. Hyg. Legal Med. 4:442-52
14. Blanckenhorn WU. 2002. The consistency of quantitative genetic estimates in field and laboratory in the yellow dung fly. Genetica 114:171-82
15. Bruce TJA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM. 2005. Insect host location: a volatile situation. Trends Plant Sci. 10:269-74
16. Burkepile DE, Parker JD, Woodson CB, Mills HJ, Kubanek J, et al. 2006. Chemically mediated competition between microbes and animals: microbes as consumers in food webs. Ecology 87:2821-31
17. Byrd JH, Butler JF. 1996. Effects of temperature on Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development. J. Med. Entomol. 33:901-5
18. Byrd JH, Butler JF. 1997. Effects of temperature on Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development. J. Med. Entomol. 34:353-58
19. Byrd JH, Castner JL, eds. 2010. Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. 681 pp. 2nd ed.
20. Byrne AL, Camann MA, Cyr TL, Catts EP, Espelie KE. 1995. Forensic implications of biochemical differences among geographic populations of the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen). J. Forensic Sci. 40:372-77
21. Calboli FCF, Gilchrist GW, Partridge L. 2003. Different cell size and cell number contribution in two newly established and one ancient body size cline of Drosophila subobscura. Evolution 57:566-73
22. Calboli FCF, Kennington WJ, Partridge L. 2003. QTL mapping reveals a striking coincidence in the positions of genomic regions associated with adaptive variation in body size in parallel clines of Drosophila melanogaster on different continents. Evolution 57:2653-58
23. Catts EP. 1992. Problems in estimating the postmortem interval in death investigations. J. Agric. Entomol. 9:245-55
24. Catts EP, Goff ML. 1992. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37:253-72
25. Catts EP, Haskell NH, eds. 1990. Entomology and Death: A Procedural Guide. Clemson, SC: Joyce's Print Shop, Inc. 182
26. Chapman RF. 2003. Contact chemoreception in feeding by phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48:455-84
27. Clark K, Evans L, Wall R. 2006. Growth rates of the blowfly, Lucilia sericata, on different body tissues. Forensic Sci. Int. 156:145-49
28. Conner JK, Hartl DL. 2004. A Primer of Ecological Genetics. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 304
29. Connor EF, Simberloff D. 1978. Species number and compositional similarity of 635 Galapagos flora and avifauna. Ecol. Monogr. 48:219-48
30. Coyne JA, Wicker-Thomas C, Jallon JM. 1999. A gene responsible for a cuticular hydrocarbon polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genet. Res. 73:189-203
31. Davies L. 1999. Seasonal and spatial changes in blowfly production from small and large carcasses at Durham in lowland northeast England. Med. Vet. Entomol. 13:245-51
32. De'ath G, Fabricius KE 2000. Classification and regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for ecological data analysis. Ecology 81 3178-92.
33. Dethier VG. 1947. Chemical Insect Attractants and Repellents. Philadelphia, PA: The Blakiston Co.
34. Demont M, Blanckenhorn WU, Hosken DJ, Garner TWJ. 2008. Molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation across Europe in yellow dung flies. J. Evol. Biol. 21:1492-503
35. Dorchin N, Scott ER, Clarkin CE, Luongo MP, Jordan S, Abrahamson WG. 2009. Behavioural, ecological and genetic evidence confirm the occurrence of host-associated differentiation in goldenrod gall-midges. J. Evol. Biol. 22:729-39
36. Etges WJ, de Oliveira CC, Ritchie MG, Noor MAF. 2009. Genetics of incipient speciation in Drosophila mojavensis: II. Host plants and mating status influence cuticular hydrocarbon QTL expression and G× E interactions. Evolution 63:1712-30
37. Faigman DL. 2002. Science and the law: Is science different for lawyers? Science 297:339-40
38. Falconer DS. 1989. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. New York: Longman Wiley. 438
39. Fauvergue X, Lo Genco A, Lo Pinto M. 2008. Virgins in the wild: Mating status affects the behavior of a parasitoid foraging in the field. Oecologia 156:913-20
40. Feder JL, Berlocher SH, Roethele JB, Dambroski H, Smith JJ, et al. 2003. Allopatric genetic origins for sympatric host-plant shifts and race formation in Rhagoletis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:10314-19
41. Florin AB, Gyllenstrand N. 2002. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the blowflies Lucilia illustris and Lucilia sericata. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2:113-16
42. Forrest AD, Hollingsworth ML, Hollingsworth PM, Sydes C, Bateman RM. 2004. Population genetic structure in European populations of Spiranthes romanzoffiana set in the context of other genetic studies on orchids. Heredity 92:218-27
43. Frechette B, Dixon AFG, Claude A, Jean L. 2004. Age and experience influence patch assessment for oviposition by an insect predator. Ecol. Entomol. 29:578-83
44. Gallagher MB, Sandhu S, Kimsey R. 2010. Variation in development time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata (Meigen). J. Forensic Sci. 55:438-42
45. Gião J, Godoy W. 2007. Ovipositional behavior in predator and prey blowflies. J. Insect Behav. 20:77-86
46. Gilbert GS. 2002. Evolutionary ecology of plant diseases in natural ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40:13-43
47. Gilchrist GW, Huey RB, Serra L. 2001. Rapid evolution of wing size clines in Drosophila subobscura. Genetica 112:273-86
48. Goff ML. 1992. Problems in estimation of postmortem interval resulting from wrapping of the corpse: a case study from Hawaii. J. Agric. Entomol. 9:237-43
49. Goff ML. 2000. A Fly for the Prosecution: How Insect Evidence Helps Solve Crimes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 225
50. Goff ML, Win BH. 1997. Estimation of postmortem interval based on colony development time for Anoplolepsis longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Forensic Sci. 42:1176-79
51. Gomes L, Godoy WA, Von Zuben CJ. 2006. A review of postfeeding larval dispersal in blowflies: implications for forensic entomology. Naturwissenschaften 93:207-15
52. Gomes L, Gomes G, Von Zuben CJ. 2009. The influence of temperature on the behavior of burrowing in larvae of the blowflies, Chrysomya albiceps and Lucilia cuprina, under controlled conditions. J. Insect. Sci. 9:14
53. Gomes L, Von Zuben CJ. 2005. Postfeeding radial dispersal in larvae of Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae): implications for forensic entomology. Forensic Sci. Int. 155:61-64
54. Goodbrod JR, Goff ML. 1990. Effects of larval population density on rates of development and interactions between two species of Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in laboratory culture. J. Med. Entomol. 27:338-43
55. Grant PR, Abbott I. 1980. Inter-specific competition, island biogeography and null hypotheses. Evolution 34:332-41
56. Grassberger M, Frank C. 2004. Initial study of arthropod succession on pig carrion in a central European urban habitat. J. Med. Entomol. 41:511-23
57. Grassberger M, Reiter C. 2001. Effect of temperature on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development with special reference to the isomegalen- and isomorphen-diagram. Forensic Sci. Int. 120:32-36
58. Greenberg B. 1990. Behavior of postfeeding larvae of some Calliphoridae and a muscid (Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83:1210-14
59. Greenberg B. 1991. Flies as forensic indicators. J. Med. Entomol. 20:565-77
60. Griffiths AM, Evans LM, Stevens JR. 2009. Characterization and utilization of microsatellite loci in the New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax. Med Vet. Entomol. 23(Suppl.)1: 8-13
61. Grünbaum D. 1998. Using spatially explicit models to characterize foraging performance in heterogeneous landscapes. Am. Nat. 151:97-113
62. Hahn DA, Ragland GJ, Shoemaker DD, Denlinger DL. 2009. Gene discovery using massively parallel pyrosequencing to develop ESTs for the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. BMC Genomics 10:234
63. Harvey PH, Colwell RK, Silvertown JW, May RM. 1983. Null models in ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 14:189-211
64. Haskell NH. 2007. Insect evidence distribution: tabulation of primary indicator species, the life stage, and the season of year used in final analysis from 100 random North American cases. Proc. Am. Acad. Forensic Sci., San Antonio, Tex., 2007, 13:220. Colorado Springs: Am. Acad. Forensic Sci.
65. Hengeveld GM, van Langevelde F, Groen TA, de Knegt HJ. 2009. Optimal foraging for multiple resources in several food species. Am. Nat. 174:102-10
66. Hobson RP. 1936. Sheep blow fly investigations. III. Obsrevations on the chemotropism of Lucilia sericata. Ann. Appl. Biol. 23:845-51
67. Hoffmann AA, Watson M. 1993. Geographical variation in the acclimation responses of Drosophila to temperature extremes. Am. Nat. 142:S93-113
68. Holsinger KE, Weir BS. 2009. Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting F(ST). Nat. Rev. Genet. 10:639-50
69. Huntington TE, Higley LG, Baxendale FP. 2007. Maggot development during morgue storage and its effect on estimating the post-mortem interval. J. Forensic Sci. 52:453-58
70. Introna F, Campobasso CP, Goff ML. 2001. Entomotoxicology. Forensic Sci. Int. 120:42-47
71. James AC, Azevedo RB, Partridge L. 1997. Genetic and environmental responses to temperature of Drosophila melanogaster from a latitudinal cline. Genetics 146:881-90
72. Janzen DH. 1977. Why fruits rot, seeds mold, and meat spoils. Am. Nat. 111:691-713
73. Johnson FM, Schaffer HE. 1973. Isozyme variability in species of the genus Drosophila. VII. Genotype-environment relationships in populations of D. melanogaster from the Eastern United States. Biochem. Genet. 10:149-63
74. Jones CD. 2005. The genetics of adaptation in Drosophila sechellia. Genetica 123:137-45
75. Kaneshrajah G, Turner B. 2004. Calliphora vicina larvae grow at different rates on different body tissues. Int. J. Legal Med. 118:242-44
76. KarlssonS,Mork J.2005. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and temporal instabilityinallele frequencies at microsatellite loci in a local population of Atlantic cod. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62:1588-96
77. Kennington WJ, Hoffmann AA, Partridge L. 2007. Mapping regions within cosmopolitan inversion In(3R)Payne associated with natural variation in body size in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 177:549-56
78. Koppl R. 2005. How to improve forensic science. Eur. J. Law Econ. 20:255-86
79. Koppl R. 2007. CSI for real: how to improve forensic science. Reason Found. Policy Study 364
80. Lam K, Babor D, Duthie B, Babor EM, Moore M, Gries G. 2007. Proliferating bacterial symbionts on house fly eggs affect oviposition behaviour of adult flies. Anim. Behav. 74:81-92
81. Levins R, Lewontin R. 1980. Dialectics and reductionism in ecology. Synthese 43:47-78
82. Loehle C. 1983. Evaluation of theories and calculation tools in ecology. Ecol. Model. 19:239-47
83. Lopez-Fanjul C, Fernandez A, Toro MA. 2003. The effect of neutral nonadditive gene action on the quantitative index of population divergence. Genetics 164:1627-33
84. Lynch M, Walsh B. 1998. Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 980
85. MacArthur RH, Pianka ER. 1966. On the optimal use of a patchy environment. Am. Nat. 100:603-9
86. Mackay TF. 2001. The genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35:303-39
87. Mégnin P. 1894. La faune des cadavres, application de l'entomologie a la médecine légale. In Volume 101B. Encyclopédie Scientifique des Aide-Mémoire. Paris: Masson, Francen
88. Merritt RW, Benbow ME. 2009. Forensic entomology. In Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, ed. A Jamieson, A Moenssens, pp. 1-12. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
89. Mittelstaedt H. 1962. Control systems of orientation in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 7:177-98
90. Motter MG. 1898. A contribution to the study of the fauna of the grave. A study of one hundred and fifty disinterments, with some additional experimental observations. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 6:201-31
91. Nabity PD, Higley LG, Heng-Moss TM. 2006. Effects of temperature on development of Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and use of developmental data in determining time intervals in forensic entomology. J. Med. Entomol. 43:1276-86
92. Natl. Res. Counc. (U.S.). Comm. DNA Forensic Sci.: An Update. 1996. The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press. 254
93. Natl. Res. Counc. (U.S.). Comm. Identifying Needs Forensic Sci. Community; Comm. Sci. Law Policy Glob. Aff.; Comm. Appl. Theor. Stat. Div. Eng. Phys. Sci. 2009. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. 352 pp. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
94. Olshen AB, Gold B, Lohmueller KE, Struewing JP, Satagopan J, et al. 2008. Analysis of genetic variation in Ashkenazi Jews by high density SNP genotyping. BMC Genet. 9:14
95. Oudman L, Van Delden W, Kamping A, Bijlsma R. 1991. Polymorphism at the Adh and alpha Gpdh loci in Drosophila melanogaster: effects of rearing temperature on developmental rate, body weight, and some biochemical parameters. Heredity 67(Pt. 1):103-15
96. Papaj DR. 2000. Ovarian dynamics and host use. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45:423-48
97. Parmenter RR, MacMahon JA. 2009. Carrion decomposition and nutrient cycling in a semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 79:637-61
98. Parsch J, Russell JA, Beerman I, Hartl DL, Stephan W. 2000. Deletion of a conserved regulatory element in the Drosophila Adh gene leads to increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity but also delays development. Genetics 156:219-27
99. Payne JA. 1965. A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus. Ecology 46:592-602
100. Peters RH. 1976. Tautology in evolution and ecology. Am. Nat. 110:1-12
101. Picard CJ, Wells JD. 2009. Survey of the genetic diversity of Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. J. Med. Entomol. 46:664-70
102. Picard CJ, Wells JD. 2010. The population genetic structure of North American Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and the utility of genetic assignment methods for reconstruction of postmortem corpse relocation. Forensic. Sci. Int. 195:63-67
103. Piechnik DA, Lawler SP, Martinez ND. 2008. Food-web assembly during a classic biogeographic study: Species' "trophic breadth" corresponds to colonization order. Oikos 117:665-74
104. Prokopy RJ, Owens ED. 1983. Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28:337-64
105. Pyke GH. 1984. Optimal foraging theory: a critical review. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:523-75
106. Quicke DLJ. 1997. Parasitic Wasps. London: Chapman & Hall. 470
107. Quinn JF, Dunham AE. 1983. On hypothesis-testing in ecology and evolution. Am. Nat. 122:602-17
108. Rako L, Blacket MJ, McKechnie SW, Hoffmann AA. 2007. Candidate genes and thermal phenotypes: identifying ecologically important genetic variation for thermotolerance in the Australian Drosophila melanogaster cline. Mol. Ecol. 16:2948-57
109. Rako L, Hoffmann AA. 2006. Complexity of the cold acclimation response in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 52:94-104
110. Reim C, Teuschl Y, Blanckenhorn WU. 2006. Size-dependent effects of larval and adult food availability on reproductive energy allocation in the Yellow Dung Fly. Funct. Ecol. 20:1012-21
111. Riginos C, Nachman MW. 2001. Population subdivision in marine environments: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous habitat to genetic differentiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus. Mol. Ecol. 10:1439-53
112. Rosa GS, de Carvalho LR, dos Reis SF, Godoy WAC. 2006. The dynamics of intraguild predation in Chrysomya albiceps Wied. (Diptera: Calliphoridae): interactions between instars and species under different abundances of food. Neotropical Entomol. 35:775-80
113. Rozen DE, Engelmoer DJP, Smiseth PT. 2008. Antimicrobial strategies in burying beetles breeding on carrion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:17890-95
114. Saks MJ. 2001. Model prevention and remedy of erroneous convictions act. Ariz. State Law J. 33:665-718
115. Saks MJ, Koehler JJ. 2005. The coming paradigm shift in forensic identification science. Science 309:892-95
116. Saks MJ, Koehler JJ. 2008. The individualization fallacy in forensic science evidence. Vanderbilt Law Rev. 61:199-219
117. Schoenly K. 1992. A statistical analysis of successional patterns in carrion-arthropod assemblages: implications for forensic entomology and determination of the postmortem interval. J. Forensic Sci. 37:1489-513
118. Schröder R, Hilker M. 2008. The relevance of background odor in resource location by insects: a behavioral approach. BioScience 58:308-16
119. Schweitzer NJ, Saks MJ. 2007. The CSI effect: Popular fiction about forensic science affects the public's expectations about real forensic science. Jurimetrics 47:357-64
120. Shalaby OA, deCarvalho LM, Goff ML. 2000. Comparison of patterns of decomposition in a hanging carcass and a carcass in contact with soil in a xerophytic habitat on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. J. Forensic Sci. 45:1267-73
121. Simberloff D. 1980. Succession of paradigms in ecology: essentialism to materialism and probabilism. Synthese 43:3-39
122. Solomon SM, Hackett EJ. 1996. Setting boundaries between science and law: lessons from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 21:131-56
123. Statheropoulos M, Spiliopoulou C, Agapiou A. 2005. A study of volatile organic compounds evolved from the decaying human body. Forensic Sci. Int. 153:147-55
124. Strong DR, Szyska LA, Simberloff DS. 1979. Tests of community-wide character displacement against null hypotheses. Evolution 33:897-913
125. Tarone AM. 2007. Lucilia sericata Development: Plasticity, Population Differences, and Gene Expression. East Lansing: Mich. State Univ. 248
126. Tarone AM, Foran DR. 2006. Components of developmental plasticity in a Michigan population of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J. Med. Entomol. 43:1023-33
127. Tarone AM, Foran DR. 2008. Generalized additive models and Lucilia sericata growth: assessing confidence intervals and error rates in forensic entomology. J. Forensic Sci. 53:942-49
128. Tarone AM, Foran DR. 2010. Gene expression during blow fly development: improving the precision of age estimates in forensic entomology. J. Forensic Sci. In press
129. Tarone AM, Jennings KC, Foran DR. 2007. Aging blow fly eggs using gene expression: a feasibility study. J. Forensic Sci. 52:1350-54
130. Tessmer JW, Meek CL. 1996. Dispersal and distribution of Calliphoridae (Diptera) immatures from animal carcasses in southern Louisiana. J. Med. Entomol. 33:665-69
131. Tinbergen N. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Z. Tierpsychol. 20:410-33
132. Tomberlin JK, Sheppard DC, Joyce JA. 2005. Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) colonization of pig carrion in south Georgia. J. Forensic Sci. 50:152-53
133. Tomberlin JK, Wallace JR, Byrd JH. 2006. Forensic entomology: myths busted! Forensic Mag. 3:10-14
134. Toolson EC, Kupersimbron R. 1989. Laboratory evolution of epicuticular hydrocarbon composition and cuticular permeability in Drosophila pseudoobscura: effects on sexual dimorphism and thermal-acclimation ability. Evolution 43:468-73
135. Trotta V, Calboli FC, Ziosi M, Guerra D, Pezzoli MC, et al. 2006. Thermal plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster: a comparison of geographic populations. BMC Evol. Biol. 6:67
136. Turner TL, Hahn MW, Nuzhdin SV. 2005. Genomic islands of speciation in Anopheles gambiae. PloS Biol. 3:e285
137. Ueno K, Ueno T. 2005. Effect of wasp size, physiological state, and prior host experience on host-searching behavior in a parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J. Ethol. 23:43-49
138. VanLaerhoven SL. 2010. Ecological theory and its application in forensic entomology. See Ref. 19, pp. 493-518
139. VanLaerhoven SL, Anderson GS. 1999. Insect succession on buried carrion in two biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. J. Forensic Sci. 44:32-43
140. Vass AA, Barshick SA, Sega G, Caton J, Skeen JT, et al. 2002. Decomposition chemistry of human remains: a new methodology for determining the postmortem interval. J. Forensic Sci. 47:542-53
141. Vet LEM, Dicke M. 1992. Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37:141-72
142. Via S. 1984. The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect herbivore. 1. Genotype-environment interaction in larval performance on different host plant-species. Evolution 38:881-95
143. Vinson SB. 1976. Host selection by insect parasitoids. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21:109-33
144. Vinson SB. 1985. The behavior of parasitoids. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology: Nervous System, ed. GA Kerkut, LI Gilbert, pp. 417-69. New York: Pergamon
145. Vinson SB. 1991. Chemical signals used by insect parasitoids. Redia, Geornale Zool. 124:15-42
146. Visser JH. 1986. Host odor perception in phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 31:121-44
147. Voss SC, Spafford H, Dadour IR. 2009. Annual and seasonal patterns of insect succession on decomposing remains at two locations in Western Australia. Forensic Sci. Int. 193:26-36
148. Watson EJ, Carlton CE. 2003. Spring succession of necrophilous insects on wildlife carcasses in Louisiana. J. Med. Entomol. 40:338-47
149. Watts JE, Merritt GC, Goodrich BS. 1981. The ovipositional response of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, to fleece-rot odours. Aust. Vet. J. 57:450-54
150. Wayne RK, Ostrander EA. 2007. Lessons learned from the dog genome. Trends Genet. 23:557-67
151. Wells JD, Lamotte LR. 2010. Estimating the postmortem interval. See Ref. 19, pp. 367-88
152. Wells JD, Stevens JR. 2008. Application of DNA-based methods in forensic entomology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 53:103-20
153. Williams H. 1984. A model for the aging of fly larvae in forensic entomology. Forensic Sci. Int. 25:191-99
154. Wright S. 1965. The interpretation of population-structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating. Evolution 19:395-420
155. Zhao K, Aranzana MJ, Kim S, Lister C, Shindo C, et al. 2007. An Arabidopsis example of association mapping in structured samples. PLoS Genet. 3:e4