Addressing the Citizenship and Democratic Deficits: The Potential of Deliberative Democracy for Public Administration

The American Review of Public Administration

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 376-399

  Nabatchi, Tina ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

bureaucratic ethos; citizenship deficits; deliberative democracy; democratic deficits; democratic ethos

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650870921     PISSN: 02750740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0275074009356467     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Ackerman, B., & Fishkin, J.S. (2004). Deliberation day. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2. Aman, A.C. (2004). The democracy deficit: Taming globalization through law reform. New York: New York University Press.
3. Appleby, P.H. (1945). Big democracy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
4. Arnstein, S.R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35, 216-224.
5. Barber, B. (1984). Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
6. Benhabib, S. (1996). Toward a deliberative model of democratic legitimacy. In S. Benhabib (Ed.), Democracy and difference: Contesting the boundaries of the political (pp. 67-94). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7. Bhabha, J. (2003). The citizenship deficit: On being a citizen child. Development, 46(3), 53-59.
8. Bingham, L.B. (2008). Legal frameworks for collaboration in governance and public management. In L. B. Bingham & R. O'Leary (Eds.), Big ideas in collaborative public management (pp. 247-269). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
9. Bingham, L.B., Nabatchi, T., & O’ Leary, R. (2005). The new governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. Public Administration Review, 65, 528-539.
10. Bingham, L.B., & O’ Leary, R. (2006). Parallel play, not collaboration: Missing questions, missing connections. Public Administration Review, 66(Suppl. 1), 161-167.
11. Bingham, L.B., & O’ Leary, R. (2008). Big ideas in collaborative public management. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
12. Bingham, L.B., O'Leary, R., & Carlson, C. (2008). Frameshifting: Lateral thinking for collaborative public management. In L. B. Bingham & R. O'Leary (Eds.), Big ideas in collaborative public management (pp. 3-16). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
13. Bingham, L.B., O'Leary, R., & Nabatchi, T. (2005). New governance processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. National Civic Review, 94(1), 54-61.
14. Bohman, J. (1998). The coming of age of deliberative democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 6, 400-425.
15. Buchanan, J.M., & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations of constitutional democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
16. Burstein, P. (1998). Discrimination, jobs, and politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Button, M., & Ryfe, D.M. (2005). What can we learn from the practice of deliberative democracy? In J. Gastil & P. Levine (Eds.), The deliberative democracy handbook: Strategies for effective civic engagement in the 21st century (pp. 20-34). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
18. Callahan, K., & Holzer, M. (1994). Rethinking governmental change: New ideas, new partnerships. Public Productivity & Management Review, 17, 201-216.
19. CDN. (2006). A call to scholars and teachers of public administration, public policy, planning, political science, and related fields. Public Administration Review, 66(Suppl. 1), 168-170.
20. Chambers, S. (2003). Deliberative democratic theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 6, 307-326.
21. Chanley, V.A., Rudolph, T.J., & Rahn, W.M. (2000). The origins and consequences of public trust in government: A time series analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 239-256.
22. Chomsky, N. (2006). Failed states: The abuse of power and the assault on democracy. New York: Metropolitan Books.
23. Cohen, J., & Fung, A. (2004). Radical democracy. Swiss Journal of Political Science, 10, 23-34.
24. Conrad, M. (2003). Addressing the democratic deficit: Women and political culture in Atlantic Canada. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://hdl.handle.net/1882/37
25. Cooke, M. (2000). Five arguments for deliberative democracy. Political Studies, 48, 947-969.
26. Cooper, T.L., Bryer, T.A., & Meek, J.W. (2006). Citizen-centered collaborative public management. Public Administration Review, 66(Suppl. 1), 76-88.
27. Cooper, T.L., Bryer, T.A., & Meek, J.W. (2008). Outcomes achieved through citizen-centered collaborative public management. In L. B. Bingham & R. O'Leary (Eds.), Big ideas in collaborative public management (pp. 211-229). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
28. Craig, S.C., Niemi, R.G., & Silver, G.E. (1990). Political efficacy and trust: A report on the NES pilot study items. Political Behavior, 12, 289-314.
29. Croly, H. (1914). Progressive democracy. New York: Macmillan.
30. Croly, H. (1963). The promise of American life. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. (Original work published 1909)
31. Dalton, R.J. (2002). The decline of party identifications. In: R. J. Dalton & M. P. Wattenberg (Eds.), Parties without partisans (pp. 19-36). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
32. Dalton, R.J. (2006). Citizen politics: Public opinion and political parties in advanced industrial democracies. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
33. Delli Carpini, M.X., Cook, F.L., & Jacobs, L.R. (2004). Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 315-344.
34. Denhardt, J.V., & Denhardt, R.B. (2007). The new public service: Serving, not steering. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
35. Denhardt, R.B., & Denhardt, J.V. (2008). The new public service: Serving rather than steering. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 63-77). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 2000)
36. Dennis, J., & Owen, D. (2001). Popular satisfaction with the party system and representative democracy in the United States. International Political Science Review, 22, 399-415.
37. Durant, R.F. (1995). The democracy deficit in America. Political Science Quarterly, 110, 25-47.
38. Easton, D. (1965). A systems analysis of political life. New York: Wiley.
39. Easton, D. (1975). A re-assessment of the concept of political support. British Journal of Political Science, 5, 435-457.
40. Elster, J. (1998). Introduction. In J. Elster (Ed.), Deliberative democracy (pp. 1-18). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
41. Epstein, P., Wray, L., Marshall, M., & Grifel, S. (2000). Engaging citizens in achieving results that matter: A model for effective 21st century governance. Paper presented at ASPA CAP's symposium on Results-Oriented Government.
42. Fearon, J.D. (1998). Deliberation as discussion. In J. Elster (Ed.), Deliberative democracy (pp. 44-68). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
43. Finkel, S.E. (1985). Reciprocal effects of participation and political efficacy: A panel analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 29, 891-913.
44. Fisher, R., & Ury, W. (1981). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
45. Follett, M.P. (2003). Dynamic administration: The collected papers of Mary Parker Follett (H. C. Metclaf & L. Urwick, Eds.). New York: Routledge. (Original work published 1942)
46. Frederickson, H.G. (1990). Public administration and social equity. Public Administration Review, 50, 228-237.
47. Frederickson, H.G. (1991). Toward a theory of the public for public administration. Administration & Society, 22, 395-417.
48. Frederickson, H.G. (1996). City and community life in America. National Civic Review, 85, 28-37.
49. Frederickson, H.G. (2008). The recovery of civism in public administration. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 26-37). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 1982 )
50. Fry, B.R., & Raadschelders, J.C.N. (2008). Mastering public administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
51. Fung, A. (2003). Recipes for public spheres: Eight institutional design choices and their consequences. Journal of Political Philosophy, 11, 338-367.
52. Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in democratic governance. Public Administration Review, 66(Suppl. 1), 66-75.
53. Gastil, J., & Levine, P. (2005). The deliberative democracy handbook: Strategies for effective civic engagement in the 21st century. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
54. Gaus, J.M. (1923-1924). The new problem of administration. Minnesota Law Review, 8, 217-231.
55. Gaus, J.M. (1950). Trends in the theory of public administration. Public Administration Review, 10, 161-168.
56. Gawthrop, L.C. (1998a). The human side of public administration. PS: Political Science and Politics, 31, 763-769.
57. Gawthrop, L.C. (1998b). Public service and democracy: Ethical imperatives for the 21st century. New York: Chatham House.
58. Golembiewski, R.T. (1996). The future of public administration: End of a short stay in the sun? Or a new day a-dawning? Public Administration Review, 56, 139-148.
59. Goodnow, F.J. (1900). Politics and administration. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of public administration (pp. 27-29). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
60. Gulick, L. (1937). Notes on the theory of organization: With special reference to government in the United States. In L. Gulick & L. Urwick (Eds.), Papers on the science of administration (pp. 3-13). New York: Institute of Public Administration.
61. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). Democracy and disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (2004). Why deliberative democracy? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
63. Habermas, J. (1984). Theory of communicative action (T. McCarthy, Trans., Vol. 1). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
64. Habermas, J. (1990). Moral consciousness and communicative action (C. Lenhardt & S. Weber Nicholsen, Trans.). Cambridge: MIT Press.
65. Hall, T.E., & O’ Toole, L.J. (2004). Shaping formal networks through the regulatory process. Administration & Society, 36, 186-207.
66. Hartley, T., & Russett, B. (1992). Public opinion and the common defense: Who governs military spending in the United States? American Political Science Review, 86, 905-915.
67. Hibbing, J.R., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002). Stealth democracy: Americans’ beliefs about how government should work. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
68. Hummel, R.P., & Stivers, C. (1998). Government isn't us: The possibility of democratic knowledge in representative government. In C. S. King & C. Stivers (Eds.), Government is us: Public administration in an anti-government era (pp. 28-48). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
69. Innes, J.E., & Booher, D.E. (2003). Collaborative policymaking: Governance through dialogue. In M. A. Hajer & H. Wagenaar (Eds.), Deliberative policy analysis: Understanding governance in the network society (pp. 33-59). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
70. Irvin, R.A., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review, 64, 55-65.
71. Jacobs, L.R. (1993). The health of nations: Public opinion and the making of American and British health policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
72. Kamensky, J.M., & Burlin, T.A. (2004). Collaboration: Using networks and partnerships. Lanham, ND: Rowman & Littlefield.
73. Kettl, D.F. (1998). Reinventing government: A fifth-year repot card. Washington, DC: Brookings Institutions Center for Public Management.
74. Kettl, D.F. (2007). Managing boundaries in American administration: The collaboration imperative. Public Administration Review, 66(Suppl. 1), 10-19.
75. Keyssar, A. (2000). The right to vote: The contested history of democracy in the United States. New York, NY: Basic Books.
76. King, C.S., Feltey, K.M., & Susel, B.O. (2008). The question of participation: Toward authentic public participation in public administration. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 383-400). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 1998)
77. King, C.S., & Stivers, C. (1998). Conclusion: Strategies for an anti-government era. In C. S. King & C. Stivers (Eds.), Government is us: Public administration in an anti-government era (pp. 195-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
78. Kirlin, J.J. (1996). The big questions of public administration in a democracy. Public Administration Review, 56, 416-423.
79. Leib, E.J. (2004). Deliberative democracy in America: A proposal for a popular branch of government. University Park: Penn State University Press.
80. Levine, C.H. (2008). Citizenship and service delivery: The promise of coproduction. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 78-92). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 1984)
81. Levinson, M. (2002). Dilemmas of deliberative civic education. Philosophy of Education. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2002/262-levinson%2002.pdf
82. Lindblom, C.E. (1990). Inquiry and change: The troubled attempt to understand and shape society. Cambridge, MA: Yale University Press.
83. Lindblom, C.E., & Cohen, D.K. (1979). Usable knowledge: Social science and social problem solving. Cambridge, MA: Yale University Press.
84. Lippmann, W. (1955). The political philosopher. Boston: Little, Brown.
85. Lippmann, W. (1957). A preface to morals. New York: Time-Life Books. (Original work published 1929)
86. Lippmann, W. (1961). Drift and mastery: An attempt to diagnose the current unrest. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. (Original work published 1914)
87. Long, N.E. (1962). The polity. Chicago: Rand McNally.
88. Lukensmeyer, C.J., & Brigham, S. (2005). Taking democracy to scale: Large scale interventions for citizens. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41, 47-60.
89. Luskin, R.C., & Fishkin, J.S. (2003). Deliberation and “better citizens.” Unpublished manuscript, Center for Deliberative Democracy, Stanford. Retrieved November, 23, 2009, from http://cdd.stanford.edu/research/papers/2002/bettercitizens.pdf
90. Macedo, S., Alex-Assensoh, A., Berry, J.M., Brintnall, M., Campbell, D.E., Fraga, L.R., et al. (2005). Democracy at risk: How political choices undermine citizen participation, and what we can do about it. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
91. Mansbridge, J. (1980). Beyond adversary democracy. New York: Basic Books.
92. Mansbridge, J. (1995, February). Does participation make better citizens? Paper presented at the Conference on Citizen Competence and the Design of Democratic Institutions, Committee on the Political Economy of the Good Society. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://www.bsos.umd.edu/pegs/mansbrid.html
93. Manza, J., & Cook, F.L. (2002). A democratic polity? Three views of policy responsiveness to public opinion in the United States. American Politics Research, 30, 630-667.
94. Mathews, D. (1994). Politics for people: Finding a responsible public voice. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
95. May, S. (1998). Language and education rights for indigenous peoples. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 11, 272-296.
96. McGuire, M. (2006). Collaborative public management: Assessing what we know and how we know it. Public Administration Review, 66(Suppl. 1), 33-43.
97. Miller, A.H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964-1970. American Political Science Review, 68, 951-972.
98. Milward, H.B., & Provan, K.G. (2000). Governing the hollow state. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10, 359-380.
99. Milward, H.B., & Provan, K.G. (2006). A manager's guide to choosing and using networks. Washington, DC: IBM Center for the Business of Government.
100. Miroff, B., Seidelman, R., & Swanstrom, T. (1995). The democratic debate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
101. Mitchell, J. (2005). The European Union's “democratic deficit”: Bridging the gap between citizens and EU institutions. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef/mitchell/
102. Moravscik, A. (2004). Is there a “democratic deficit” in world politics? A framework for analysis. Government and Opposition, 39, 336-363.
103. Morrell, M.E. (1998). Broadening horizons: Can participation make better citizens? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University.
104. Morrell, M.E. (2005). Deliberation, democratic decision-making and internal political efficacy. Political Behavior, 27, 49-69.
105. Mosher, F.C. (1982). Democracy and the public service. New York: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1968)
106. Nalbandian, J. (2008). Facilitating community, enabling democracy: New roles for local government managers. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 49-62). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 1999)
107. O'Leary, R., & Bingham, L.B. (2007). A manager's guide to resolving conflicts in collaborative networks. Washington, DC: IBM Center for the Business of Government.
108. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons. New York: Cambridge University Press.
109. O'Toole, L.J. (1997). The implications for democracy in a networked bureaucratic world. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7, 443-459.
110. Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
111. Pugh, D.L. (1991). The origins of ethical frameworks in public administration. In J. S. Bowman (Ed.), Ethical frontiers in public management: Seeking new strategies for resolving ethical dilemmas (pp. 9-33). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
112. Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
113. Quirk, P., & Hinchliffe, J. (1998). The rising hegemony of mass opinion. Journal of Policy History, 10, 19-50.
114. Raadschelders, J.C.N. (2002). Public administration: Toward a study of government or public affairs for civil society? Public lecture delivered at the Inaugural Event of the Henry Bellmon Chair of Public Service, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma.
115. Radcliff, B., & Wingenbach, E. (2000). Preference aggregation, functional pathologies, and democracy: A social choice defense of participatory democracy. Journal of Politics, 62, 977-998.
116. Ramos, A.G. (1981). The new science of organizations: A reconceptualization of the wealth of nations. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
117. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
118. Riker, W.H. (1982). Liberalism against populism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
119. Rimmerman, C.A. (2001). The new citizenship: Unconventional politics, activism, and service (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
120. Roberts, N.C. (2008a). The age of direct citizen participation. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
121. Roberts, N.C. (2008b). Direct citizen participation: Coming of age. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 491-500). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
122. Roberts, N.C. (2008c). Public deliberation: An alternative approach to crafting policy and setting direction. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 212-225). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
123. Roche, J. (1999). Children: Rights, participation and citizenship. Childhood, 6, 475-493.
124. Rohr, J. (1976). The study of ethics in the PA curriculum. Public Administration Review, 36, 398-405.
125. Rosenbloom, D.H. (2003). Administrative law for public managers. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
126. Rosener, J.B. (2008). Making bureaucrats responsive: A study of the impact of citizen participation and staff recommendations on regulatory decision making. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 374-382). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 1978)
127. Rosenstone, S.J., & Hansen, J.M. (1993). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
128. Rydin, Y., & Pennington, M. (2000). Public participation and local environmental planning: The collective action problem and the potential of social capital. Local Environment, 5, 153-169.
129. Ryfe, D.M. (2005). Does deliberative democracy work? Annual Review of Political Science, 8, 49-71.
130. Salamon, L.M. (2002). The tools of government: A guide to the new governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
131. Samuelson, R.J. (1995). The good life and its discontents: The American dream in the age of entitlement 1945-1995. New York: Random House.
132. Sayre, W. (1951). Trends of a decade in administrative values. Public Administration Review, 11, 1-9.
133. Schlesinger, A.M. (1992). The disuniting of America: Reflections on a multicultural society. New York: W. W. Norton.
134. Shapiro, I. (2003). The state of democratic theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
135. Simon, H. (1947). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organizations. New York: Free Press.
136. Stimson, J.A. (1998). Public opinion in America: Moods, cycles, and swings. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
137. Stimson, J.A. (2005). Tides of consent: How public opinion shapes American politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
138. Stivers, C. (1990). Active citizenship and public administration. In G. L. Wamsley, R. N. Bacher, C. T. Goodsell, P. S. Kronenberg, J. A. Rohr, C. M. Stivers, et al. (Eds.), Refounding public administration (pp. 246-273). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
139. Stivers, C. (2008). Governance in dark times: Practical philosophy for public service. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
140. Stolle, D., & Hooghe, M. (2004). Inaccurate, exceptional, one-sided or irrelevant? The debate about the alleged decline of social capital and civic engagement in western societies. British Journal of Political Science, 35, 149-167.
141. Sunstein, C.R. (2003). The law of group polarization. In J. S. Fishkin & P. Laslett (Eds.), Debating deliberative democracy (pp. 80-101). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
142. Talbot, C. (2005). Consilience and performance in the “art of state.” Public Policy and Administration, 20, 20-51.
143. Taylor, F.W. (1967). The principles of scientific management. New York: W. W. Norton.
144. Torres, L.H. (2003). Deliberative democracy: A survey of the field. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://www.americaspeaks.org/library/delib_field_report_no_table.pdf
145. Ventriss, C. (1987). Two critical issues of American public administration. Administration & Society, 19, 25-47.
146. Ventriss, C. (1998). New public management: An examination of its influence on contemporary public affairs, and its impact on shaping the intellectual agenda of the field. Administrative Theory and Praxis, 22, 500-518.
147. Ventriss, C. (2008). Toward a public philosophy of public administration: A civic perspective of the public. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 38-48). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 1989)
148. Ventriss, C., & Candler, G.G. (2005). Alberto Guerreiro Ramos, 20 years later: A new science still unrealized in an era of public cynicism and theoretical ambivalence. Public Administration Review, 65, 347-359.
149. Waldo, D. (1948). The administrative state: A study of the political theory of American public administration. New York: Ronald Press.
150. Waldo, D. (1980). The enterprise of public administration. Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp.
151. Wamsley, G.L., Bacher, R.N., Goodsell, C.T., Kronenberg, P.S., Rohr, J.A., Stivers, C.M., et al. (1990). Refounding public administration. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
152. Wattenberg, M. (2002). Where have all the voters gone? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
153. Weaver, R.K. (2000). Ending welfare as we know it. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
154. Weber, M. (1946). Bureaucracy. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of public administration (pp. 37-43). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace. (Original work published 1997)
155. Weeks, E.C. (2008). The practice of deliberative democracy: Results from four large-scale trials. In N. Roberts (Ed.), The age of direct citizen participation (pp. 296-313). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. (Original work published 2000)
156. Wildavsky, A. (1979). Speaking truth to power: The art and craft of policy analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
157. Willoughby, W.F. (1937). The science of public administration. In J. M. Matthew & J. Hart (Eds.), Essays in political science: In honor of Westel Woodbury Willoughby. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (pp. 39-63).
158. Wilson, E.O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
159. Wilson, W. (1887). The study of administration. Political Science Quarterly, 2. (Reprinted in J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of public administration (pp. 14-26). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace).
160. Wlezien, C. (1995). The public as thermostat: Dynamics of preferences for spending. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 981-1000.
161. Wlezien, C. (1996). Dynamics of representation: The case of U.S. spending on defense. British Journal of Political Science, 26, 81-103.
162. Yankelovich, D. (1991). Coming to public judgment: Making democracy work in a complex world. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
163. Young, I.M. (2000). Inclusion and democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
164. Young, I.M. (2003). Activist challenges to deliberative democracy. In J. S. Fishkin & P. Laslett (Eds.), Debating deliberative democracy (pp. 102-120). Malden, MA: Blackwell.