Confounders in the association between exercise and femur bone in postmenopausal women

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 80-89

  Beck, Thomas J ^a   Kohlmeier, Lynn A ^b   Petit, Moira A ^c   Wu, Guanglin ^d   Leboff, Meryl S ^e   Cauley, Jane A ^f   Nicholas, Skye ^d   Chen, Zhao ^d  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Spokane Medical Centers   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^e BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

BMD; hip geometry; hip structure analysis; periosteal apposition; Physical activity; section modulus

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; BONE DENSITY; COHORT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FEMUR; FEMUR NECK; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGED; PERIOSTEUM; PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY; PHYSIOLOGY; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; SELF REPORT; WALKING; WEIGHT BEARING;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; AGED; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY SIZE; BONE DENSITY; COHORT STUDIES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FEMUR; FEMUR NECK; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; PERIOSTEUM; SELF REPORT; WALKING; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 78650870330     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e57bab     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, et al. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(1):71-80.
2. Ainsworth BE, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS. Validity and reliability of self-reported physical activity status: the Lipid Research Clinics questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(1):92-8.
3. Ainsworth BE, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS, Richardson MT, Montoye HJ. Assessment of the accuracy of physical activity questionnaire occupational data. J Occup Med. 1993;35(10):1017-27.
4. Ainsworth BE, Leon AS, Richardson MT, Jacobs DR, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1403-11.
5. Alves de Lima A, Barrero C, Baratta S, et al. Validity, reliability, feasibility and satisfaction of the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) for cardiology residency training. Med Teach. 2007;29(8):785-90.
6. Barry DW, Kohrt WM. BMD decreases over the course of a year in competitive male cyclists. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(4):484-91.
7. Barry DW, Kohrt WM. Exercise and the preservation of bone health. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2008;28(3):153-62.
8. Beck TJ. Extending DXA beyond bone mineral density: understanding Hip Structure Analysis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2007;5(2): 49-55.
9. Beck TJ, Oreskovic TL, Stone KL, et al. Structural adaptation to changing skeletal load in the progression toward hip fragility: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(6): 1108-19.
10. Beck TJ, Petit MA, Wu G, LeBoff MS, Cauley JA, Chen Z. Does obesity really make the femur stronger? BMD, geometry, and fracture incidence in the women's health initiative-observational study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(8):1369-79.
11. Burr DB. Muscle strength, bone mass, and age-related bone loss. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(10):1547-51.
12. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-95.
13. De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005; 16(11):1330-8.
14. Forwood MR, Baxter-Jones AD, Beck TJ, Mirwald RL, Howard A, Bailey DA. Physical activity and strength of the femoral neck during the adolescent growth spurt: a longitudinal analysis. Bone. 2006;38(4):576-83.
15. Frost H. The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents. Bone Miner. 1987;2:73-85.
16. Janz KF, Burns TL, Levy SM, et al. Everyday activity predicts bone geometry in children: the Iowa Bone Development Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(7):1124-31.
17. Janz KF, Gilmore JM, Levy SM, Letuchy EM, Burns TL, Beck TJ. Physical activity and femoral neck bone strength during childhood: the Iowa Bone Development Study. Bone. 2007;41(2):216-22.
18. Kaptoge S, Jakes RW, Dalzell N, et al. Effects of physical activity on evolution of proximal femur structure in a younger elderly population. Bone. 2007;40(2):506-15.
19. Kurtze N, Rangul V, Hustvedt BE, Flanders WD. Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT 2). Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(6):379-87.
20. Martin RB, Burr DB. Non-invasive measurement of long bone cross-sectional moment of inertia by photon absorptiometry. J Biomech. 1984;17(3):195-201.
21. Moayyeri A. The association between physical activity and osteoporotic fractures: a review of the evidence and implications for future research. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18:827-35.
22. Neilson HK, Robson PJ, Friedenreich CM, Csizmadi I. Estimating activity energy expenditure: how valid are physical activity questionnaires? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(2):279-91.
23. Nguyen TV, Howard GM, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA. Bone mass, lean mass, and fat mass: same genes or same environments? Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(1):3-16.
24. Nurzenski MK, Briffa NK, Price RI, et al. Geometric indices of bone strength are associated with physical activity and dietary calcium intake in healthy older women. J Bone Miner Res. 2007; 22(3):416-24.
25. Paterson DH, Jones GR, Rice CL. Ageing and physical activity: evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. Can J Public Health. 2007;98(2 suppl):S69-108.
26. Resnick B, Galik E. The reliability and validity of the physical activity survey in long-term care. J Aging Phys Act. 2007;15(4): 439-58.
27. Robling AG, Castillo AB, Turner CH. Biomechanical and molecular regulation of bone remodeling. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2006;8:455-98.
28. Ruff CB. Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans. J Hum Evol. 2000;38(2):269-90.
29. Turner CH, Pavalko FM. Mechanotransduction and functional response of the skeleton to physical stress: the mechanisms and mechanics of bone adaptation. J Orthop Sci. 1998;3(6):346-55.
30. Wang XL, Deng FY, Tan LJ, et al. Bivariate whole genome linkage analyses for total body lean mass and BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(3):447-52.