The metamorphosis of the functional synthesis: A continental european perspective on governance, law, and the political in the transnational space

Wisconsin Law Review

Volumn 2010, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 489-533

  Kjaer, Poul F ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 78650841862     PISSN: 0043650X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (166)

1. GEORG W.F. HEGEL, ELEMENTS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT 23 (Allen W. Wood ed., H.B. Nisbettrans., 1991) (1821).
2. The concept first emerged within the area of business administration in the 1930s. See Arthur Benz, Einleitung: Governance - Modebegriff oder nützliches sozialwissenschaftliches Konzept?, in GOVERNANCE - REGIEREN IN KOMPLEXEN REGELSYSTEMEN 11,15 (VS Verlag Fur Sozialwissenschaften 2004).
3. For what have almost become a classical critique, see R.A.W. Rhodes, The New Governance: Governing Without Government, 44 POL. STUD. 652 (1996).
4. For further reading on this, see Poul F. Kjaer, Three Forms of Governance and Three Forms of Power, in LAW, DEMOCRACY AND SOLIDARITY IN A POST-NATIONAL UNION 23 (Erik O. Eriksen et al. eds., 2008).
5. For the legal variant of double paradigm, see Joseph Weiler, The Community System: The Dual Character of Supranationalism, in 1 YEARBOOK OF EUROPEAN LAW 267 (F.G. Jacobs ed., 1981).
6. THOMAS S. KUHN, THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS 77 (1962).
7. Sociology is here understood as Gesellschaftstheorie ("general theory of society"). For the distinction between Gesellschaftstheorie and mainstream sociology, see 1 JÜRGEN HABERMAS, THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTION: REASON AND THE RATIONALIZATION OF SOCIETY 3-4 (Thomas McCarthy trans., 1984) (1981).
8. See POUL F. KJAER, BETWEEN GOVERNING AND GOVERNANCE: ON THE EMERGENCE, FUNCTION AND FORM OF EUROPE'S POST-NATIONAL CONSTELLATION (2010) [hereinafter KJAER, BETWEEN GOVERNING AND GOVERNANCE];
9. Poul F. Kjaer, Integration/Desintegration als Code des europäischen Verfassungswandels, in EUROPÄISCHE GESELLSCHAFTSVERFASSUNG: ZUR KONSTITUTIONALISIERUNG SOZIALIER DEMOKRATIE IN EUROPA 395 (Andreas Fischer-Lescano et al. eds., Nomos Verlag 2009);
10. Poul F. Kjaer, Constitutionalizing Governing and Governance in Europe, 9 COMP. SOC. 86 (2010);
11. Poul F. Kjaer, The Societal Function of European Integration in the Context of World Society, 13 SOZIALE SYSTEME 369, 369 (2007).
12. KJAER, BETWEEN GOVERNING AND GOVERNANCE, supra note 8
13. Neil Walker, Beyond Boundary Disputes and Basic Grids: Mapping the Global Disorder of Normative Orders, 6 INT'L J. CONST. L. 373 (2008).
14. For elaborations on the concept of meaning components, see Rudolf Stichweh, Transfer in Sozialsystemen: Theoretische Überlegungen, available at http://www.unilu.ch/files/6stwtransfer.pdf (last visited Apr. 12, 2010).
15. Marc Amstutz, In-Between Worlds: Marleasing and die Emergence of Interlegality in Legal Reasoning, 11 EUR. L.J. 766, 766 (2005).
16. For the classical works, see EMILE DURKHEIM, THE DIVISION OF LABOR IN SOCIETY (W.D. Halls trans., 1984) (1933);
17. HEGEL, supra note 1; NIKLAS LUHMANN, DIE GESELLSCHAFT DER GESELLSCHAFT (Suhrkamp Verlag 1997);
18. TALCOTT PARSONS, THE SYSTEM OF MODERN SOCIETIES (1971);
19. GEORG SIMMEL, Über sociale Differenzierung: Sociologische und pschologische Untersuchungen, in AUFSÄTZE 1887 BIS 1890: ÜBER SOCIALE DIFFERENZIERUNG DIE PROBLEME DER GESCHICHTSPHILOSOPHIE 109 (Suhrkamp Verlag 1989) (1892).
20. See HEGEL, supra note 1.
21. PIERRE BOURDIEU, DISTINCTION: A SOCIAL CRITIQUE OF THE JUDGMENT OF TASTE (Richard Nice trans., 1984) (1979).
22. NIKLAS LUHMANN, SOCIAL SYSTEMS (John Bednarz, Jr. with Dirk Baecker eds., 1995) (1984).
23. For a theoretical conceptualization of the concept of societal asymmetries, see Poul Kjaer, Systems in Context: On die Outcome of the Habermas/LuhmannDebate, 2006 ANCILLA IURIS 66 (2006), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1489908.
24. 2 JÜRGEN HABERMAS, THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTION: LIFEWORLD AND SYSTEM: A CRITIQUE OF FUNCTIONALIST REASON (Thomas McCarthy trans., 1987) (1981).
25. Id. at 544.
26. This is however not a new phenomenon. See, e.g., THEODOR W. ADORNO, THE CULTURE INDUSTRY: SELECTED ESSAYS ON MASS CULTURE (J.M. Bernstein ed., 1991) (1981);
27. MAX HORKHEIMER & THEODOR W. ADORNO, DIALECTIC OF ENLIGHTENMENT: PHILOSOPHICAL FRAGMENTS 120 (Gunzelin Schmid Noerr ed., Edmund Jephcott trans., 2002) (1987).
28. For the example of R&D in the European context, see Poul F. Kjaer, Formalization or De-Formalization Through Governance?, in CONFLICT OF LAWS AND LAWS OF CONFLICT IN EUROPE AND BEYOND: PATTERNS OF SUPRANATIONAL AND TRANSNATIONAL JURIDIFICATION 243 (Rainer Nickel ed., ARENA Rep. No. 1/09, RECON Rep. No. 7, 2009), available at http://www.reconproject.eu/main.php/ RECONreport0709.pdf?fileitem=29736995.
29. For the argument that this mainly is a perceived loss, see PAUL HIRST & GRAHAME THOMPSON, GLOBALIZATION IN QUESTION: THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF GOVERNANCE (2d ed. 1996).
30. Gunther Teubner, Justice Under Global Capitalism?, 19 LAW & CRITIQUE 329, 329 (2008).
31. See DAVID SCIULLI, THEORY OF SOCIETAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: FOUNDATIONS OF A NON-MARXIST CRITICAL THEORY (1992);
32. see also DAVID SCIULLI, CORPORATE POWER: AN APPLICATION OF SOCIETAL CONSTITUTIONALISM (2001).
33. See, e.g., EUGEN WEBER, PEASANTS INTO FRENCHMEN: THE MODERNIZATION OF RURAL FRANCE 1880-1914 (1976);
34. see also ERNEST GELLNER, NATIONS AND NATIONALISM (1983).
35. For the first elaborated ideology of nationalism under modern conditions, see JOHANN GOTTLIEB FITCHE, ADDRESSES TO THE GERMAN NATION 248-49, 253-54 (R.F. Jones & G.H. Turnbull trans., 1979) (1909).
36. The concept of territorial differentiation should be understood as a specifically modern form of differentiation which did not exist in pre-modern times. See MICHEL FOUCAULT, SECURITY, TERRITORY, POPULATION: LECTURES AT THE COLLEGE DE FRANCE 1977-78 (Arnold I. Davidson ed., Graham Burchell trans., 2007) (2004).
37. See NORBERT ELIAS, THE CIVILIZING PROCESS: SOCIOGENETIC AND PSYCHOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS (Eric Dunning et al. eds., Edmund Jephcott trans., rev. ed., 2000) (1994);
38. IMMANUEL KANT, ETERNAL PEACE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ESSAYS (W. Hastie trans., 1914).
39. THOMAS HOBBES, LEVIATHAN 409-27 (C.B. MacPherson ed., 1968) (1651).
40. See HEGEL, supra note 1.
41. For the argument that such cultural processes are reflections of functionally differentiated processes in the sense that the conscious development of cultural segments under modern conditions tend to take place in order to increase the accessibility to resources produced within functional differentiated spheres, see Aldo Mascareno, La Cultura chilena como ficción real, in EL CHILE DEL BICENTENARIO 183 (Maximiliano Figueroa & Manuel Vicuña eds., 1st ed., Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales 2008).
42. For a reconstruction, see MARTTI KOSKENNIEMI, THE GENTLE CIVILIZER OF NATIONS: THE RISE AND FALL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1870-1960 (2001).
43. For a reconstruction of the debate on methodological nationalism, see DANIEL CHERNILO, A SOCIAL THEORY OF THE NATION-STATE: THE POLITICAL FORMS OF MODERNITY BEYOND METHODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM (2007);
44. see also Daniel Chernillo, Social Theory's Methodological Nationalism: Mydi and Reality, 9 EUR. J. Soc. THEORY 5, 6-9 (2006).
45. For a discussion of the entangled state of local, nation-state, and global processes, see SASKIA SASSEN, TERRITORY, AUTHORITY, RIGHTS: FROM MEDIEVAL TO GLOBAL ASSEMBLAGES (2006).
46. ULRICH HALTERN, WAS BEDEUTET SOUVERÄNITÄT? (Mohr Siebeck 2007);
47. ERNST H. KANTOROWICZ, THE KINGS Two BODIES: A STUDY IN MEDIAEVAL POLITICAL THEOLOGY (1997) (1957). For constitutions, see
48. REINHART KOSELLECK, BEGRIFFSGESCHICHTEN: STUDIEN ZUR SEMANTIK UND PRAGMATIK DER POLITISCHEN UND SOZIALEN SPRACHE 365 (Suhrkamp Verlag 2006).
49. ELIAS, supra note 28, at 239.
50. Rudolf Stichweh, Structure Formation in World Society: The Eigenstructures of World Society and the Regional Cultures of the World, WISSENSCHAFTSKOLLEG zu BERLIN (Dec. 13, 2005), available at http://www.unilu.ch/ files/5stwworldsociety .eigenstructures. 1 .pdf.
51. See, e.g., MARCELO NEVES, VERFASSUNG UND POSITIVITÄT DES RECHTS IN DER PERIPHEREN MODERNE (Duncker & Humblot 1992);
52. Leonardo Avritzer, Culture, Democracy and the Formation of the Public Space in Brazil, in IMAGINING BRAZIL (Jessé Souza & Valter Sinder eds., 2005) (regarding the two-dimensional societal organization in the case of Brazil).
53. As pointed out by Luhmann, southern Italy is an excellent place to observe this. See Niklas Luhmann, Kausalität im Süden, 1 SOZIALE SYSTEME: ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR SOZIOLOGISCHE THEORIE 7 (1995);
54. see also Poul. F. Kjaer, Embeddedness Through Networks: A Critical Appraisal of the Network Concept in the Oeuvre of Karl-Heinz Ladern, 10 GERMAN L.J. 483, 483-84 (2009).
55. Even though indigenous groups in these countries are so small that they hardly can be understood as constitutive segments of the society the way the relation between indigenous and non-indigenous segments of society is framed can however still be understood as a "test case" for the normative quality of constitutional structures of these states. See, e.g., JAMES TULLY, STRANGE MULTIPLICITY: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AN AGE OF DIVERSITY (1995);
56. see also Christoph Beat Graber, Wanjina and Wunggurr: The Propertisation of Aboriginal Rock Art under Australian Law, in SOZIOLOGISCHE JURISPRUDENZ: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR GUNTHER TEUBNER ZUM 65. GEBURTSTAG 275
57. (GralfPeter Callies et al. eds., de Gruyter 2009) (regarding the interaction between indigenous, national, and transnational laws). The American South moreover presents a special case. See, e.g., Wolfgang Knöbl, Of Contingencies and Breaks: The US American South as an Anomaly in the Debate on Multiple Modernities (I), 47 EUR. J. SOC. 125 (2006) (presenting the American South as a regional influence in American history).
58. ROBERT KAGAN, DANGEROUS NATION (2006).
59. James Tully, The Imperialism of Modern Constitutional Democracy, in THE PARADOX OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 315 (Martin Loughlin & Neil Walker eds., 2007).
60. The Companhia de Moçambique, however, ruled parts of Mozambique until 1942.
61. The process leading to the establishment of the first public international organization, the Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin (CCNR), was initiated at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 thereby illustrating that the radical expansion of such structures since the mid-twentieth century have been underway for a long time. See Christian Walter, Constitutionalizing (International Governance Possibilities for and Limits to the Development of an International Constitutional Law, 44 GERMAN YEARBOOK OF INT'L L. 170, 176n.31 (2001).
62. ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER, A NEW WORLD ORDER (2004).
63. Andreas Fischer-Lescano & Gunther Teubner, Regime-Collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law, 25 MICH. J. INT'L L. 999(2004).
64. These problems are mainly in relation to environmental consequences but with a substantial amount of more general information concerning Shell's activities in Nigeria. See Amy Sinden, An Emerging Human Right to Security from Climate Change: The Case Against Gas Flaring in Nigeria, in ADJUDICATING CLIMATE CHANGE: SUB-NATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES 173 (William CG. Burns & Hari M. Osofsky eds., 2008).
65. For example, the average share of public social expenditure of GDP within OECD countries has increased from 16 percent in 1980 to 21 percent in 2005. See ORG. FOR ECON. CO-OPERATION & DEV., OECD FACTBOOK 2009: ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STATISTICS 222 (2009), available at http://puck.sourceoecd.org/vl=356778/cl=23/nw=1/rpsv/factbook2009/10/02/02/ index.htm.
66. TORBEN M. ANDERSEN & THOR T. HERBERTSSON, MEASURING GLOBALIZATION (IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 817, 2003), available at http://ssrn.com/ abstract=434540.
67. A good example is here the kind of "biopolitics" produced through antismoking and anti-obesity campaigns by national health authorities since such policies illustrates that the "disciplination" and recreation of subjects tends to take on new forms instead of disappearing. See, e.g., LARS THORUP LARSEN, KNOWLEDGE INTO ACTION: A GENEALOGY OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY IN DENMARK AND THE UNITED STATES 1975-2005 (VDM Verlag 2009).
68. CARL SCHMITT, THE NOMOS OF THE EARTH: IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE Jus PUBLICUM EUROPAEUM(G.L. Ulmen trans., 2003) (1950).
69. See, e.g., Tully, supra note 42, at 319.
70. RUDOLF STICHWEH, DIE WELTGESELLSCHAFT: SOZIOLOGISCHE ANALYSEN (Suhrkamp Verlag 2000).
71. Larry Cata Backer, Economic Globalization and the Rise of Efficient Systems of Global Private Lawmaking: Wal-Mart as Global Legislator, 39 CONN. L. REV. 1739(2007).
72. MAX WEBER, Bureaucracy, in FROM MAX WEBER: ESSAYS IN SOCIOLOGY 196 (H.H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills eds. & trans., 1946).
73. See, e.g., Backer, supra note 54, at 1753-54 (describing the case of WalMart).
74. A particularly clear example is the certification system for fair trade in foodstuffs operated by Flo-Cert. See Flo-Cert GmbH, ISO 65 Accreditation, http://www.flo-cert.net/flo-cert/main.php?id=16 (last visited Feb. 12, 2010).
75. In relation to private enterprises see, e.g., THE ROLE OF BUSINESS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: CORPORATIONS AS NORM-ENTREPRENEURS (Klaus Dieter Wolf & Lothar Rieth eds., 2010).
76. Stephen D. Krasner, Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables, in INTERNATIONAL REGIMES 1 (Stephen D. Krasner ed., 1983).
77. See Timothy J. Sinclair, Global Monitor: Bond Rating Agencies, 8 NEW POL. ECON. 147, 147-49 (2003) (regarding rating agencies).
78. TOBIAS WERRON, DER WELTSPORT UND SEIN PUBLIKUM: ZUR AUTONOMIE UND ENTSTEHUNG DES MODERNEN SPORTS (Velbrueck Verlag 2009).
79. See, e.g., Reporters Without Borders, Press Freedom Index, http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html (last visited Feb. 12, 2010) (showing the 2009 Index as an example).
80. See, e.g., Academic Ranking of World Universities, http://www.arwu.org/ aboutARWU.jsp (last visited Feb. 12, 2010);
81. Times Higher Education, Rankings, http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/ (click on "Rankings") (last visited Feb. 12, 2010).
82. See Timothy J. Sinclair, The Problems of Growing Up and Getting Rich: How the Truly Obscure Became Very Important in Global Financial Market and to Us All, Paper Presented to the Workshop "Constitutionalization of the Global Corporate Sphere?" at the Copenhagen Business School (Sept. 18, 2009) (manuscript on file with author) (noting the constitutive role of rating agencies in relation to the global financial system).
83. Thus, we are faced with the central dilemma and theoretical challenge that states obviously remain central at the same time as the concept of state merely serves as an incantation which is of limited use when describing the contemporary world.
84. SLAUGHTER, supranots 45, at 12-13.
85. See ANTJE WIENER, THE INVISIBLE CONSTITUTION OF POLITICS: CONTESTED NORMS AND INTERNATIONAL ENCOUNTERS (2008).
86. Rudolf Stichweh, Centre and Periphery in a Global University System 4 (Aug. 2009) (unpublished manuscript), available at http://www.unilu.ch/deu/prof. -dr.-rudolf-stichwehpublikationen-38043.aspx.
87. For a skeptical view, see Pierre Legrand, The Impossibility of "Legal Transplants," A MAASTRICHT J. EUR. &COMP. L. Ill (1994).
88. See Damian Chalmers, "Food for Thought": Reconciling European Risks and Traditional Ways of Life, 66 MOD. L. REV. 532 (2003). The more than twentyyear-long battle concerning the development of standards for the production of chocolate in the EU illustrates this point very well.
89. Donald Slater, Would Chocolate by Any Other Name Taste As Sweet? A Brief History of the Naming of Generic Foodstuffs in the EC witii Regard to the Recent Chocolate Cases (Case C-12/00, Commission v. Spain and Case C-14/00, Commission v. Italy,), 4 GERMAN L.J. 571 (2003).
90. Poul Kjaer, Rationality within REACH? On Functional Differentiation as the Structural Foundation of Legitimacy in European Chemicals Regulation 18 (European Univ. Inst. Dep't of Law, Working Paper No. 2007/18, 2007), available at http://cadmus.eui.eu/dspace/bitstream/1814/6948/1/LAW-2007-18 .pdf.
91. For an empirical analysis, see Kjaer, supra note 21, at 246-52.
92. Martti Koskenniemi, Legal Fragmentations) - An Essay on Fluidity and Form, in SOZIOLOGISCHE JURISPRUDENZ: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR GUNTHER TEUBNER ZUM 65. GEBURTSTAG 795 (Gralf-Peter Callies et al. eds., de Gruyter 2009).
93. KJAER, BETWEEN GOVERNING AND GOVERNANCE, supra note 8, at 113.
94. For theoretical considerations on the concepts of "context" and "simultaneousness," see Kjaer, supra note 17.
95. KJAER, BETWEEN GOVERNING AND GOVERNANCE, supra note 8, at 87-88; see Kjaer, supra note 71.
96. SLAUGHTER, supranote 45, at 16.
97. Poul F. Kjaer, Post-Hegelian Networks: Comments on the Chapter by Simon Deakin, in NETWORKS: LEGAL ISSUES OF MULTILATERAL CO-OPERATION (Marc Amstutz & Gunther Teubner eds., 2009).
98. SLAUGHTER, supra note 45, at 58.
99. For the complexity of giving gifts, see MARCEL MAUSS, THE GIFT: THE FORM AND REASON FOR EXCHANGE IN ARCHAIC SOCIETIES (W.D. Halls trans., 1990) (1950).
100. Joseph H.H. Weiler, Epilogue: "Comitology" as Revolution Infranationalism, Constitutionalism and Democracy, in EU COMMITTEES: SOCIAL REGULATION, LAW AND POLITICS 339, 342 (Christian Joerges & Ellen Vos eds., 1999).
101. Karl-Heinz Ladeur, Towards a Legal Theory of Supranationality - The Viability of the Network Concept, 3 EUR. L.J. 33, 47 (1997).
102. For the shortcomings of input/outcome models, see NIKLAS LUHMANN, ZWECKBEGRIFF UND SYSTEMRATIONALITÄT: ÜBER DIE FUNKTION VON ZWECKEN IN SOZIALEN SYSTEMEN (Suhrkamp Verlag 1991) (1968).
103. Kjaer, supra note 4.
104. Ladeur, supra note 82, at 48.
105. For further elaboration on network governance, see Kjaer, supra note 39.
106. David M. Trubek & M. Patrick Cottrell, Robert Hudec and the Theory of International Economic Law: The Law of the Global Space 47-50 (Soc'y of Int'l Econ. Law, Working Paper No. 02/08, 2008), available at http://ssrn.com/ abstract= 1144724.
107. Gunther Teubner, Hybrid Laws: Constitutionalizing Private Governance Networks, in LEGALITY AND COMMUNITY 311 (Robert Kagan & Kenneth Winston eds., 2002).
108. See Amstutz, supra nots 12, at 783.
109. Poul F. Kjaer, The Structural Transformation of Embeddedness, in THE SOCIAL EMBEDDENESS OF TRANSNATIONAL MARKETS (Christian Joerges & Josef Falke eds., forthcoming 2010).
110. Fischer-Lescano & Teubner, supra note 46, at 1000.
111. PHILIP C. JESSUP, TRANSNATIONAL LAW 2 (1956).
112. See Trubek & Cottrell, supra note 87, at 2-4.
113. See Christian Joerges, Constitutionalism in Postnational Constellations: Contrasting Social Regulation in ne EU and in ne WTO, in CONSTITUTIONALISM, MULTILEVEL TRADE GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL REGULATION 491 (Christian Joerges & Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann eds., 2006);
114. Christian Joerges, Rethinking European Law's Supremacy (European Univ. Inst. Dep't of Law, Working Paper No. 2005/12, 2005), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=838110.
115. See Fischer-Lescano & Teubner, supra note 46, at 1033; Fischer-Lescano & Teubner, supra note 91.
116. For this dimension, see especially the work of Marc Amstutz and Vaios Karavas. See, e.g., Marc Amstutz & Vaios Karavas, Weltrecht: Ein Derridasches Monster, in SOZIOLOGISCHE JURISPRUDENZ: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR GUNTHER TEUBNER ZUM 65. GEBURTSTAG 645 (Gralf-Peter Callies et al. eds., de Gruyter 2009) [hereinafter Amstutz & Karavas, Weltrecht];
117. Marc Amstutz & Vaios Karavas, Rechtsmutation Zu Genese und Evolution des Rechts im transnationalen Raum, 8 RECHTSGESCHICHTE 365 (2007).
118. For an intercontextuality perspective, see Amstutz & Karavas, Weltrecht, supra note 96.
119. See Martti Koskenniemi & Päivi Leino, Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties, 15 LEIDEN J. INT'L L. 553 (2002);
120. see also generally Mark Dawson, Transforming into What? New Governance in the EU and the "Managerial Sensibility" in Modern Law, 2010 Wis. L. REV. 389.
121. NIKLAS LUHMANN, DAS RECHT DER GESELLSCHAFT 131 (Suhrkamp Verlag 1993).
122. For the EU context, see David M. Trubek et al., "Son Law, " "Hard Law, " and EU Integration, in LAW AND NEW GOVERNANCE IN THE EU AND THE US 65 (Gráinne de Burea & Joanne Scott eds., 2006);
123. see also Joanne Scott & David M. Trubek, Mind the Gap: Law and New Approaches to Governance in the European Union, 8 EUR. L.J. 1 (2002);
124. David M. Trubek & Louise G. Trubek, The Open Method of Co-Ordination and the Debate over "Hard" and "Soft" Law, in THE OPEN METHOD OF CO-ORDINATION IN ACTION: THE EUROPEAN EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL INCLUSION STRATEGIES 83 (Jonathan Zettlin & Philippe Pochet eds., 2005).
125. Inger-Johanne Sand, Hybrid Law - Law in a Global Society of Differentiation and Change, in SOZIOLOGISCHE JURISPRUDENZ: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR GUNTHER TEUBNER ZUM 65. GEBURTSTAG 871 (Gralf-Peter Calliess et al. eds., de Gruyter2009).
126. For multinationals, see, e.g., Backer, supra note 54.
127. See Fischer-Lescano & Teubner, supra note 46.
128. See LUHMANN, supra note 13, at 757;
129. see also Amstutz & Karavas, Weltrect, supra note 96, at 652.
130. The question of the acceleration of social time has gained increased interest in recent decades. For a German critical theory perspective, see HARTMUT ROSA, BESCHLEUNIGUNG: DIE VERÄNDERUNG DER ZEITSTRUKTUREN IN DER MODERNE (Suhrkamp Verlag 2005).
131. For a French poststructuralist perspective, see generally PAUL VIRILIO, SPEED AND POLITICS: AN ESSAY ON DROMOLOGY (Mark Polizzotti trans., 1986) (1977). For an American critical theory perspective,
132. see WILLIAM E. SCHEUERMAN, LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND THE SOCIAL ACCELERATION OF TIME (2004).
133. For a systems theory perspective see LUHMANN, supra note 13, at 997.
134. See Joanne Scott & Susan P. Sturm, Courts as Catalysts: Rethinking the Judicia Role in New Governance, 13 COLUM. J. EUR. L. 565 (2007).
135. The level of conflictuality might however differ in relation to different national legal systems. For example, it might be easier to accommodate transnational legal elements within national common law systems than within national civil law systems.
136. For a pessimistic view on the future of continental European national configurations under the condition of Europeanization and globalization, see WOLFGANG STREECK, RE-FORMING CAPITALISM: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN THE GERMAN POLITICAL ECONOMY (2009).
137. See Christian Joerges, The Rechtsstaat and Social Europe: How a Classical Tension Resurfaces in the European Integration Process, in RULE OF LAW AND DEMOCRACY: INQUIRIES INTO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ISSUES (Gianluigi Palombella & Leonardo Morlino eds., forthcoming 2010).
138. JÜRGEN HABERMAS, FAKTIZITÄT UND GELTUNG: BEITRÄGE ZUR DISKURSTHEORIE DES RECHTS UND DES DEMOKRATISCHEN RECHTSSTAATS 167 (Suhrkamp Verlag 1992) (author's translation).
139. See Luhmann, supra note 13, at 153 (author's translation).
140. For the category of proceduralization, see generally Rudolf Wiethölter, Materialization and Proceduralization in Modern Law, in DILEMMAS OF LAW IN THE WELFARE STATE 221 (Günther Teubner ed., 1985).
141. See Luhmann, supra note 13, at 407.
142. See also Poul F. Kjaer, The Under-Complexity of Democracy, in SOZIOLOGISCHE JURISPRUDENZ: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR GUNTHER TEUBNER ZUM 65. GEBURTSTAG 531 (Gralf-Peter Calliess et al. eds., de Gruyter 2009).
143. See, e.g., Karl-Heinz Ladeur, Globalization and the Conversion of Democracy to Polycentric Networks: Can Democracy Survive the End of the Nation State?, in PUBLIC GOVERNANCE IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION 89 (Karl-Heinz Ladeur ed., 2004);
144. Ladeur, supra note 82.
145. See generally Gunther Teubner, Fragmented Foundations: Societal Constitutionalism Beyond the Nation-State, in THE TWILIGHT OF CONSTITUTIONALISM? (Petra Dobner & Martin Loughlin eds., forthcoming 2010).
146. For an illustrative example in relation to transnational private arbitration, see generally Moritz Renner, Towards a Hierarchy of Norms in Transnational Law?, 26 J. INT'L ARB. 533(2009).
147. HELMUT WILLKE, SYSTEMTHEORIE III: STEUERUNGSTHEORIE 109 (Lucius & Lucius 1998).
148. For useful operationalization of the problematique, see LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN POSTNATIONAL EUROPE: COMPLIANCE BEYOND THE NATION-STATE (Michael Zürn & Christian Joerges eds., 2005).
149. See KJAER, BETWEEN GOVERNING AND GOVERNANCE, supra note 8, at 138.
150. MICHEL FOUCAULT, "SOCIETY MUST BE DEFENDED": LECTURES AT THE COLLEGE DE FRANCE 1975-1976, at PIN (Arnold I. Davidson ed., David Macey trans., Picador 2003) (1997);
151. Niklas Luhmann, Die Zukunft der Demokratie, in 4 SOZIOLOGISCHE AUFKLÄRUNG: BEITRÄGE ZUR FUNKTIONALEN DIFFERENZIERUNG DER GESELLSCHAFT 126 (2d ed., Westdeutscher Verlag 1994).
152. JÜRGEN HABERMAS, THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE: AN INQUIRY INTO A CATEGORY OF BOURGEOIS SOCIETY (Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence trans., 1989) (1962).
153. Though for the European context, see Klaus Eder, Zur Transformation nationalstaatlicher Öffentlichkeit in Europa: Von der Sprachgemeinschaft zur issuespezifischen Kommunikationsgemeinschaft, 10 BERLINER J. FÜR SOZIOLOGIE 167 (2000);
154. see also Hans-Jörg Trenz & Klaus Eder, The Democratizing Dynamics of a European Public Sphere: Towards a Theory of Democratic Functionalism, 7 EUR. J. Soc THEORY 5 (2004).
155. For this perspective, see especially the work of Martin Herbeg. See, e.g., MARTIN HERBEG, GLOBALISIERUNG UND PRIVATE SELBSTREGULIERUNG: UMWELTSCHUTZ IN MULTINATIONALEN UNTERNEHMEN (Campus Verlag 2007);
156. see also Martin Herberg, Global Legal Pluralism and Interlegality: Environmental Self-Regulation in Multinational Enterprises as Global Law-Making, in RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS: SELFGOVERNANCE AND LAW IN TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS 17 (Olaf Dilling ed., 2008).
157. See Joshua Cohen & Charles F. Sabel, Global Democracy?, 37 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L.& POL. 763(2005).
158. See Jürgen Neyer, The Justice Deficit of the EU and other International Organisations, in TRANSNATIONAL STANDARDS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION: CONTRASTING EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE 199 (Christian Joerges & Poul F. Kjaer eds., ARENA Rep. No. 5/08, RECON Rep. No. 4, 2008), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1489926;
159. Jürgen Neyer, Justice, Not Democracy: Legitimacy in the European Union, 48 J. COMMON MKT. STUD, (forthcoming 2010);
160. see also generally RAINER FORST, DAS RECHT AUF RECHTFERTIGUNG: ELEMENTE EINER KONSTRUKTIVISTISCHEN THEORIE DER GERECHTIGKEIT (Suhrkamp Verlag 2007).
161. See Edward L. Rubin, Getting Past Democracy, 149 U. PA. L. REV. 711, 714 (2001).
162. See Kjaer, supra note 78.
163. The European Coal and Steal Community, The European Economic Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community.
164. For an excellent overview, see Anne Peters, The Merits of Global Constitutionalism, 16 IND. J. GLOBAL LEGAL STUD. 397 (2009);
165. see also Anne Peters & Klaus Armingeon, Introduction-Global Constitutionalism from an Interdisciplinary Perspective, 16 IND. J. GLOBAL LEGAL STUD. 385 (2009).
166. REINHART KOSELLECK, Begriffsgeschichtliche Probleme der Verfassungsgeschichtsschreibung, in BEGRIFFSGESCHICHTEN: STUDIEN ZUR SEMANTIK UND PRAGMATIK DER POLITISCHEN UND SOZIALEN SPRACHE 365 (Suhrkamp Verlag 2006).