An update on Cryptococcus among HIV-infected patients

International Journal of STD and AIDS

Volumn 21, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 679-684

  Warkentien, T ^a   Crum Cianflone, N F ^a,b  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Cryptococcus; Diagnosis; HIV; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ITRACONAZOLE; NEVIRAPINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; BLOOD CULTURE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; BRAIN EDEMA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; DERMATOMYCOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LONG TERM CARE; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; LUNG MYCOSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS LOAD;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE;

EID: 78650136534     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010182     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Pinner RW. Emergence of cryptococcal disease: epidemiologic perspectives 100 years after its discovery. Epidemiol Rev 1995;17:303-20 (Pubitemid 26096876)
2. Bekondi C, Bernede C, Passone N, et al. Primary and opportunistic pathogens associated with meningitis in adults in Bangui, Central African Republic, in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. Int J Infect Dis 2006;10:387-95 (Pubitemid 44209231)
3. Jarvis JN, Harrison TS. HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 2007;21:2119-29
4. Lotholary O, Poizat G, Zeller V, et al. Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006;20:2183-91 (Pubitemid 44684709)
5. Imwidthaya P, Poungvarin N. Cryptococcosis in AIDS. Postgrad Med J 2000;76:85-8
6. Bicanic T, Meintjes G, Wood R, et al. Fungal burden, early fungicidal activity, and outcome in cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral-naïve or -experienced patients treated with amphotericin B or fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:76-80 (Pubitemid 46984619)
7. Mwaba P, Mwansa J, Chintu C, et al. Clinical presentation, natural history, and cumulative death rates of 230 adults with primary cryptococcal meningitis in Zambian AIDS patients treated under local conditions. Postgrad Med J 2001;77:769-73 (Pubitemid 33116512)
8. Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:291-322
9. Bovers M, Hagen F, Boekhout T. Diversity of the Cryptococcus neoformans - Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Rev Iberoam Micol 2008;25:S4-S12 (Pubitemid 351518336)
10. Emmons CW. Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with the pigeon (Columba livia). Am J Hyg 1955;62:227-32
11. Ajello L. Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in soils. Am J Hyg 1958;67:72-7
12. Ellis DH, Pfeiffer TJ. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:1642-4 (Pubitemid 20212901)
13. Lindberg J, Hagen F, Laursen A, Stenderup J, Boekhout T. Cryptococcus gattii risk for tourists visiting Vancouver Island, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:178-9 (Pubitemid 46057867)
14. Fyfe M, MacDougall L, Romney M, et al. Cryptococcus gattii infections on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: emergence of a tropical fungus in a temperate environment. Canada Commun Dis Rep 2008;34:1-12
15. Singh N, Dromer F, Perfect J, Lortholary O. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: current state of the science. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1321-7
16. Hage CA, Wood KL, Winer-Muram HT, Wilson SJ, Sarosi G, Knox KS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis after initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Chest 2003;124:2395-7 (Pubitemid 38010616)
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 Revised system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 1992;41:1-19
18. Mirza S, Phelan M, Rimland D, et al. The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large population areas, 1992-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:789-94
19. Park BJ,Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2009;23:525-30
20. Ellis DH, Pfeiffer TJ. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans. Eur J Epidemiol 1992;8:321-5
21. Patterson TF, Andriole VT. Current concepts in cryptococcosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989;8:457-65
22. Bhattacharjee AK, Kwon-Chung KJ, Glaudemans CPJ. The major capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype B. Carbohydr Res 1992;233:271-2
23. Perfect JR, Wong B, Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ, Williamson PR. Cryptococcus neoformans: virulence and host defences. Med Mycol 1998;36 Suppl. 1:79-86
24. Jarvis J, Dromer F, Harrison T, Lortholary O. Managing Cryptococcus in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008;21:596-603
25. Lortholary O, Poizat G, Zeller V, et al. Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006;20:2183-91 (Pubitemid 44684709)
26. Eng RHK, Bishburg E, Smith SM, Kapila R. Cryptococcal infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1986;81:19-23 (Pubitemid 16044505)
27. Dismukes WE. Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1988;157:624-8
28. Wilbur L, Heyborne R. Transient loss of consciousness caused by cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report. Cases J 2009;2:60
29. Yuanjie Z, Jianghan C, Julin G, Hai W. Cryptococcus meningitis in an immunocompetent 8 year old girl. Mycoses 2008:1-2
30. Satischandra P, Mathew T, Gadre G, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic overviews. Neurol India 2007;55:226-32 (Pubitemid 47556565)
31. Bennett JE, Bailey JW. Control for rheumatoid factor in the latex test for cryptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1971;56:360-5
32. Pappas P, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:690-9 (Pubitemid 32762943)
33. Khanna N, Chandramuki A, Desai A, Ravi V. Cryptococcal infections of the central nervous system: an analysis of predisposing factors, laboratory findings and outcomes in patients from South India with special reference to HIV infection. J Med Microb 1996;45:376-9 (Pubitemid 26371044)
34. Diamond RD, Bennett JE. Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis: a study of 111 cases. Ann Intern Med 1974;80:176-81
35. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR 2009;58:48-9
36. Van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1997;337:15-21 (Pubitemid 27290842)
37. Brouwer A, Rajanuwong A, Chierakul W, et al. Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial. Lancet 2004;363:1764-7 (Pubitemid 38698379)
38. Dromer F, Bernede-Bauduin C, Guillemot D, Lortholary O. Major role for amphotericin B-flucytosine combination in severe cryptococcosis. PLoS ONE 2008;3:e2870
39. Bicanic T, Wood R, Meintjes G, et al. High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:123-30 (Pubitemid 351920599)
40. Bicanic T, Muzoora C, Brouwer A, et al. Independent association between rate of clearance of infection and outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: analysis of a combined cohort of 262 patients. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:702-9
41. Nussbaum JC, Jackson A, Namarika D, et al. Combination flucytosine and high-dose fluconazole compared with fluconazole monotherapy for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:338-44
42. Chen SC. Cryptococcosis in Australasia and the treatment of cryptococcal and other fungal infections with liposomal amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:57-61 (Pubitemid 34162659)
43. Leenders AC, Reiss P, Portegeis P, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) compared with amphotericin B followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 1997;11:1463-71 (Pubitemid 27421177)
44. Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:47-5
45. Bicanic T, Brouwer AE, Meintjes G, et al. Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, fungal burden and outcome in patients with cryptococcal meningitis undergoing serial lumbar punctures. AIDS. 2009;23:701-6
46. Fessler RD, Sobel J, Guyot L, et al. Management of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;17:137-42
47. Macsween KF, Bicanic T, Brouwer AE, Marsh H, Macallan DC, Harrison TS. Lumbar drainage for control of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure in cryptococcal meningitis: case report and review. J Infect 2005;51:e221-4
48. Longley N, Muzoora C, Taseera K, et al. Dose response effect of high dose fluconazole for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in southwestern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1556-61
49. Bicanic T, Harrison T, Niepieklo A, Dyakopu N, Meintjes G. Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1069-73 (Pubitemid 44631110)
50. Pappas P, Chetchotisakd P, Larsen R, et al. A phase II randomized trial of amphotericin B alone or combined with fluconazole in the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1775-83
51. Saag MS, Cloud GA, Graybill R. A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:291-6
52. Vibhagool A, Sungkanuparph S, Mootsikapun P, et al. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1329-31 (Pubitemid 36629945)
53. Aberg JA, Watson J, Segal M, Chang LW. Clinical utility of monitoring serum cryptococcal antigen (sCRAG) titers in patients with AIDS-realted cryptococcal disease. HIV Clin Trials 2000;1:1-6
54. Powderly WG, Cloud GA, Dismukes WE, Saag MS. Measurement of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: value in the management of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:789-92 (Pubitemid 24145916)
55. Woods ML 2nd, MacGinley R, Eisen DP, Allworth AM. HIV combination therapy: partial immune restitution unmasking latent cryptococcal infection. AIDS 1998;12:1491-4 (Pubitemid 28369649)
56. Shelburne SA, Darcourt J, White C Jr, et al. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS related Cryptococcal neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1049-52 (Pubitemid 40418316)
57. Jarvis JN, Lawn SD, Vogt M, Bangani N, Wood R, Harrison TS. Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:856-62