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Milefchik E, Leal MA, Haubrich R, et al. Fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Med Mycol 2008; 46:393-395. This phase II dose escalation study showed superior outcomes with increasing doses of fluconazole, up to 1600 mg per day, for initial treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Addition of flucytosine led to further improvements in mycological and clinical responses.
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Zolopa A, Andersen J, Komarow L, et al., Team. aAAS: immediate vs deferred ART in the setting of acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection: final results of a randomized strategy trial, ACTG A5164. In: Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston; 2008. Paper #142. The findings of this study argue for earlier initiation of ART following opportunistic infections, including cryptococcosis. Early ART led to fewer deaths/AIDS progressions, with no increase in rates of IRIS.
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Sungkanuparph S, Jongwutiwes U, Kiertiburanakul S. Timing of cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:595-596. This Thai study showed the timing of cryptococcal IRIS to be very variable. Median time to IRIS was 10 months after ART, with cases occurring as late as 27 months.
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A further study demonstrating the potential utility of cryptococcal antigen screening in patients initiating ART. Asymptomatic antigenaemia was detected in 5.8% of patients, and was an independent predictor of mortality
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Liechty CA, Solberg P, Were W, et al. Asymptomatic serum cryptococcal antigenemia and early mortality during antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2007; 12:929-935. A further study demonstrating the potential utility of cryptococcal antigen screening in patients initiating ART. Asymptomatic antigenaemia was detected in 5.8% of patients, and was an independent predictor of mortality.
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