Fermi Large Area Telescope constraints on the gamma-ray opacity of the universe

Astrophysical Journal

Volumn 723, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 1082-1096

  Abdo, A A ^a,b   Ackermann, M ^c   Ajello, M ^c   Allafort, A ^c   Atwood, W B ^d   Baldini, L ^e   Ballet, J ^f   Barbiellini, G ^g,h   Baring, M G ⁱ   Bastieri, D ^j,k   Baughman, B M ^l   Bechtol, K ^c   Bellazzini, R ^e   Berenji, B ^c   Bhat, P N ^m   Blandford, R D ^c   Bloom, E D ^c   Bonamente, E ^n,o   Borgland, A W ^c   Bouvier, A ^c   Brandt, T J ^l,p   Bregeon, J ^e   Brez, A ^e   Briggs, M S ^m   Brigida, M ^q,r   Bruel, P ^s   Buehler, R ^c   Burnett, T H ^t   Buson, S ^j,k   Caliandro, G A ^u   Cameron, R A ^c   Caraveo, P A ^v   Carrigan, S ^k   Casandjian, J M ^f   Cavazzuti, E ^w   Cecchi, C ^n,o   Celik O ^x,y   Charles, E ^c   Chekhtman, A ^a,z   Chen, A W ^v   Cheung, C C ^a,b   Chiang, J ^c   Ciprini, S ^o   Claus, R ^c   Cohen Tanugi, J ^aa   Connaughton, V ^m   Conrad, J ^ab,ac   Costamante, L ^c   Dermer, C D ^a   De Angelis, A ^ad   De Palma, F ^q,r   Digel, S W ^c   Dingus, B L ^ae   Do Couto E Silva, E ^c   Drell, P S ^c   Dubois, R ^c   Favuzzi, C ^q,r   Fegan, S J ^s   Finke, J ^a,b   Fortin, P ^s   Fukazawa, Y ^af   Funk, S ^c   Fusco, P ^q,r   Gargano, F ^r   Gasparrini, D ^w   Gehrels, N ^x   Germani, S ^n,o   Giglietto, N ^q,r   Gilmore, R C ^d   Giommi, P ^w   Giordano, F ^q,r   Giroletti, M ^ag   Glanzman, T ^c   Godfrey, G ^c   Granot, J ^ah   Greiner, J ^ai   Grenier, I A ^f   Grove, J E ^a   Guiriec, S ^m   Gustafsson, M ^j   Hadasch, D ^aj   Hayashida, M ^c   Hays, E ^x   Horan, D ^s   Hughes, R E ^l   Johannesson G ^c   Johnson, A S ^c   Johnson, R P ^d   Johnson, W N ^a   Kamae, T ^c   Katagiri, H ^af   Kataoka, J ^ak   Knodlseder J ^p   Kocevski, D ^c   Kuss, M ^e   Lande, J ^c   Latronico, L ^e   Lee, S H ^c   Llena Garde, M ^ab,ac   Longo, F ^g,h   Loparco, F ^q,r   Lott, B ^al,am   Lovellette, M N ^a   Lubrano, P ^n,o   Makeev, A ^a,z   Mazziotta, M N ^r   McConville, W ^x,an   McEnery, J E ^x,an   McGlynn, S ^ac,ao   Mehault, J ^aa   Meszaros P ^ap   Michelson, P F ^c   Mizuno, T ^af   Moiseev, A A ^x,an   Monte, C ^q,r   Monzani, M E ^c   Moretti, E ^g,h   Morselli, A ^aq   Moskalenko, I V ^c   Murgia, S ^c   Nakamori, T ^ak   Naumann Godo, M ^f   Nolan, P L ^c   Norris, J P ^ar   Nuss, E ^aa   Ohno, M ^as   Ohsugi, T ^af   Okumura, A ^as   Omodei, N ^c   Orlando, E ^ai   Ormes, J F ^ar   Ozaki, M ^as   Paneque, D ^c   Panetta, J H ^c   Parent, D ^a,z   Pelassa, V ^aa   Pepe, M ^n,o   Pesce Rollins, M ^e   Piron, F ^aa   Porter, T A ^c   Primack, J R ^d   Raino S ^q,r   Rando, R ^j,k   Razzano, M ^e   Razzaque, S ^a,b   Reimer, A ^c,at   Reimer, O ^c,at   Reyes, L C ^au   Ripken, J ^ab,ac   Ritz, S ^d   Romani, R W ^c   Roth, M ^t   Sadrozinski, H F W ^d   Sanchez, D ^s   Sander, A ^l   Scargle, J D ^av   Schalk, T L ^d   Sgro C ^e   Shaw, M S ^c   Siskind, E J ^aw   Smith, P D ^l   Spandre, G ^e   Spinelli, P ^q,r   Stecker, F W ^x   Strickman, M S ^a   Suson, D J ^ax   Tajima, H ^c   Takahashi, H ^af   Takahashi, T ^as   Tanaka, T ^c   Thayer, J B ^c   Thayer, J G ^c   Thompson, D J ^x   Tibaldo, L ^f,j,k   Torres, D F ^u,aj   Tosti, G ^n,o   Tramacere, A ^c,ay,az   Uchiyama, Y ^c   Usher, T L ^c   Vandenbroucke, J ^c   Vasileiou, V ^x,y   Vilchez, N ^p   Vitale, V ^aq,ba   Von Kienlin, A ^ai   Waite, A P ^c   Wang, P ^c   Wilson Hodge, C ^bb   Winer, B L ^l   Wood, K S ^a   Yamazaki, R ^bc   Yang, Z ^ab,ac   Ylinen, T ^ac,ao,bd   Ziegler, M ^d   more..

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United States)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ   (United States)

^e INFN SEZIONE DI PISA   (Italy)

^f CEA SACLAY   (France)

^g SEZIONE DI TRIESTE   (Italy)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

ⁱ RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j SEZIONE DI PADOVA   (Italy)

^k UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^l OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE   (United States)

ⁿ INFN SEZIONE DI PERUGIA   (Italy)

^o UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^p CNRS   (France)

^q POLITECNICO DI BARI   (Italy)

^r INFN SEZIONE DI BARI   (Italy)

^s ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE   (France)

^t UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^u CSIC   (Spain)

^v INAF IASF MILANO   (Italy)

^w ITALIAN SPACE AGENCY   (Italy)

^x NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^y University of Marylandw Baltimore County   (United States)

^z GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^aa UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER II   (France)

^ab STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^ac OSKAR KLEIN CENTRE   (Sweden)

^ad UNIVERSITY OF UDINE   (Italy)

^ae LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^af HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^ag OSSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO DI BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^ah UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^ai MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR EXTRATERRESTRISCHE PHYSIK   (Germany)

^aj INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANÇATS ICREA   (Spain)

^ak WASEDA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^al CENTRE D ETUDES NUCLÉAIRES DE BORDEAUX GRADIGNAN   (France)

^am UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^an Bldg 142   (United States)

^ao ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^ap PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^aq INFN SEZIONE DI ROMA   (Italy)

^ar UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^as JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY   (Japan)

^at INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^au UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^av NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^aw Real Time Computing Inc   (United States)

^ax PURDUE UNIVERSITY CALUMET   (United States)

^ay NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ^*  (Italy)

^az Science Data Centre   (Switzerland)

^ba UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^bb NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^bc AOYAMA GAKUIN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^bd LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

more..

Author keywords

Diffuse radiation; Dust, extinction; Gamma rays: general

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650101378     PISSN: 0004637X     EISSN: 15384357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/723/2/1082     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2009a, Science, 323, 1688
2. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2009b, ApJ, 700, 597
3. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2009c, ApJ, 706, L138
4. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010a, ApJ, 708, 1310
5. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010b, ApJ, 710, 810
6. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010c, ApJ, 710, 1271
7. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010d, ApJ, 716, 30
8. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010e, ApJ, 715, 429
9. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010f, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 101101
10. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010g, ApJ, 722, 520
11. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010h, ApJS, 188, 405
12. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010i, ApJ, 707, 1310
13. Abdo, A. A., et al. 2010j, ApJ, submitted
14. Acciari, V. A., et al. 2010, ApJ, 708, L100
15. Ackermann, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 716, 1178
16. Aharonian, F. A., et al. 1999, A&A, 349, 11
17. Aharonian, F. A., et al. 2002, A&A, 384, 23
18. Aharonian, F. A., et al. 2006, Nature, 440, 1018
19. Aharonian, F. A., et al. 2007, A&A, 475, 9
20. Aharonian, F. A., Khangulyan, D., & Costamante, L. 2008, MNRAS, 387, 1206
21. Albert, J., et al. 2008, Science, 320, 1752
22. Atwood, W. B., et al. 2009, ApJ, 697, 1071
23. Band, D., et al. 1993, ApJ, 413, 281
24. Böttcher, M., Dermer, C. D., & Finke, J. D. 2008, ApJ, 679, L9
25. Chen, A., Reyes, L. C., & Ritz, S. 2004, ApJ, 608, 686
26. Costamante, L., Aharonian, F., Horns, D., & Ghisellini, G. 2004, New Astron. Rev., 48, 469
27. Dai, Z. G., & Lu, T. 2002, ApJ, 580, 1013
28. Dai, Z. G., Zhang, B., Gou, L. J., Mészáros, P., & Waxman, E. 2002, ApJ, 580, L7
29. Driver, S. P., Popescu, C. C., Tuffs, R. J., Graham, A. W., Liske, J., & Baldry, I. 2008, ApJ, 678, L101
30. Essey, W., & Kusenko, A. 2010, Astropart. Phys., 33, 81
31. Fazio, G. G., & Stecker, F. W. 1970, Nature, 226, 135
32. Finke, J. D., & Razzaque, S. 2009, ApJ, 698, 1761
33. Finke, J. D., Razzaque, S., & Dermer, C. D. 2010, ApJ, 712, 238
34. Fisher, R. A. 1925, Statistical Methods for Research Workers (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd)
35. Franceschini, A., Rodighiero, G., & Vaccari, M. 2008, A&A, 487, 837 (F08)
36. Georganopoulos, M., Sambruna, R. M., Kazanas, D., Cillis, A. N., Cheung, C. C., Perlman, E. S., Blundell, K. M., & Davis, D. S. 2008, ApJ, 686, L5
37. Greiner, J., et al. 2009, A&A, 498, 89
38. Gilmore, R. C., Madau, P., Primack, J. R., Somerville, R. S., & Haardt, F. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 1694
39. Gould, R. J., & Shréder, G. 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett., 16, 252
40. Hartmann, D. H. 2007, in AIP Conf. Proc. 921, The first GLAST Symp. ed. S. Ritz, P. Michelson, & C. A. Meegan (Melville, NY: AIP), 24
41. Hauser, M. G., & Dwek, E. 2001, ARA&A, 39, 249
42. Healey, S. E., Romani, R. W., Taylor, G. B., Sadler, E. M., Ricci, R., Murphy, T., Ulvestad, J. S., & Winn, J. N. 2007, ApJS, 171, 61
43. Healey, S. E., et al. 2008, ApJS, 175, 97
44. Hinton, J. A., & Hofmann, W. 2009, ARA&A, 47, 523
45. Hopkins, A. M., & Beacom, J. F. 2006, ApJ, 651, 142
46. Katarzyński, K., Ghisellini, G., Tavecchio, F., Gracia, J., & Maraschi, L. 2006, MNRAS, 368, L52
47. Kneiske, T. M., Bretz, T., Mannheim, K., & Hartmann, D. H. 2004, A&A, 413, 807
48. Kneiske, T. M., Mannheim, K., & Hartmann, D. H. 2002, A&A, 386, 1
49. Krennrich, F., Dwek, E., & Imran, A. 2008, ApJ, 689, L93
50. Madau, P., & Pozzetti, L. 2000, MNRAS, 312, L9
51. Marcha, M. J. M., Brown, I. W. A., Impey, C. D., & Smith, P. S. 1996, MNRAS, 281, 425
52. Massaro, E., Giommi, P., Leto, C., Marchegiani, P., Maselli, A., Perri, M., Piranomonte, S., & Sclavi, S. 2009, A&A, 495, 691
53. Massaro, E., Tramacere, A., Perri, M., Giommi, P., & Tosti, G. 2006, A&A, 448, 861
54. Mattox, J. R., Hartman, R. C., & Reimer, O. 2001, ApJS, 135, 155
55. Mattox, J. R., et al. 1996, ApJ, 461, 396
56. Mazin, D., & Raue, M. 2007, A&A, 471, 439
57. Mirizzi, A., Raffelt, G. G., & Serpico, P. D. 2007, Phys. Rev. D, 76, 023001
58. Murase, K., Takahashi, K., Inoue, S., Ichiki, K., & Nagataki, S. 2008, ApJ, 686, L67
59. Neronov, A., & Vovk, I. 2010, Science, 328, 73
60. Nishikov, A. I. 1961, Zh. Exp. Theo. Fiz., 41, 549
61. Plaga, R. 1995, Nature, 374, 430
62. Prandini, E., Bonnoli, G., Maraschi, L., Mariotti, M., & Tavecchio, F. 2010, MNRAS, 405, L65
63. Primack, J. R., Bullock, J. S., & Somerville, R. S. 2005, in AIP Conf. Proc. 745, High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, ed. F. A. Aharonian, H. J. Völk, & D. Horns (Melville, NY: AIP), 23
64. Protassov, R., van Dyk, D. A., Connors, A., Kashyap, V. L., & Siemiginowska, A. 2002, ApJ, 571, 545
65. Razzaque, S., Dermer, C. D., & Finke, J. D. 2009, ApJ, 697, 483
66. Razzaque, S., Mészáros, P., & Zhang, B. 2004, ApJ, 613, 1072
67. Reimer, A. 2007, ApJ, 665, 1023
68. Salamon, M. H., & Stecker, F. W. 1998, ApJ, 493, 547
69. Sanchez-Conde, M. A., Paneque, D., Bloom, E. D., Prada, F., & Dominguez, A. 2009, Phys. Rev. D, 79, 123511
70. Schroedter, M. 2005, ApJ, 628, 617
71. Serpico, P. D. 2009, Adv. Space Sci., 43, 335
72. Stanev, T., & Franceschini, A. 1998, ApJ, 494, L159
73. Stecker, F. W., Baring, M. G., & Summerlin, E. J. 2007, ApJ, 667, L29
74. Stecker, F. W., & de Jager, O. C. 1993, ApJ, 415, L71
75. Stecker, F. W., Malkan, M. A., & Scully, S. T. 2006, ApJ, 648, 774
76. (St06; erratum, 658, 1392 [2007])
77. Stocke, J. T., et al. 1991, ApJ, 374, 72
78. Takahashi, K., Murase, K., Ichiki, K., Inoue, S., & Nagataki, S. 2008, ApJ, 687, L5
79. Tavani, M., et al. 2008, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 588, 52
80. Tanvir, N. R., et al. 2009, Nature, 461, 1254
81. Thompson, D. J., et al. 1993, ApJS, 86, 629
82. Wagner, S. J., et al. (HESS Collaboration) 2010, BAAS, 41, 660
83. Waxman, E., & Coppi, P. 1996, ApJ, 464, L75
84. Wilks, S. S. 1938, Ann. Math. Stat., 9, 60