The large area telescope on the fermi gamma-ray space telescope mission

Astrophysical Journal

Volumn 697, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 1071-1102

  Atwood, W B ^a   Abdo, A A ^b,ba   Ackermann, M ^c   Althouse, W ^c   Anderson, B ^a   Axelsson, M ^d   Baldini, L ^e   Ballet, J ^f   Band, D L ^g   Barbiellini, G ^h,i   Bartelt, J ^c   Bastieri, D ^j,k   Baughman, B M ^l   Bechtol, K ^c   Bederede D ^f   Bellardi, F ^e   Bellazzini, R ^e   Berenji, B ^c   Bignami, G F ^m   Bisello, D ^j,k   Bissaldi, E ⁿ   Blandford, R D ^c   Bloom, E D ^c   Bogart, J R ^c   Bonamente, E ^o,p   Bonnell, J ^g   Borgland, A W ^c   Bouvier, A ^c   Bregeon, J ^e   Brez, A ^e   Brigida, M ^q,r   Bruel, P ^s   Burnett, T H ^t   Busetto, G ^j,k   Caliandro, G A ^q,r   Cameron, R A ^c   Caraveo, P A ^u   Carius, S ^v   Carlson, P ^w   Casandjian, J M ^f   Cavazzuti, E ^x   Ceccanti, M ^e   Cecchi, C ^o,p   Charles, E ^c   Chekhtman, A ^b,y   Cheung, C C ^g   Chiang, J ^c   Chipaux, R ^z   Cillis, A N ^g   Ciprini, S ^o,p   Claus, R ^c   Cohen Tanugi, J ^aa   Condamoor, S ^c   Conrad, J ^w,ab   Corbet, R ^g   Corucci, L ^e   Costamante, L ^c   Cutini, S ^x   Davis, D S ^g,ac   Decotigny, D ^s   Deklotz, M ^ad   Dermer, C D ^b   De Angelis, A ^ae   Digel, S W ^c   Do Couto E Silva, E ^c   Drell, P S ^c   Dubois, R ^c   Dumora, D ^af,ag   Edmonds, Y ^c   Fabiani, D ^e   Farnier, C ^aa   Favuzzi, C ^q,r   Flath, D L ^c   Fleury, P ^s   Focke, W B ^c   Funk, S ^c   Fusco, P ^q,r   Gargano, F ^r   Gasparrini, D ^x   Gehrels, N ^g,ah   Gentit, F X ^z   Germani, S ^o,p   Giebels, B ^s   Giglietto, N ^q,r   Giommi, P ^x   Giordano, F ^q,r   Glanzman, T ^c   Godfrey, G ^c   Grenier, I A ^f   Grondin, M H ^af,ag   Grove, J E ^b   Guillemot, L ^af,ag   Guiriec, S ^aa   Haller, G ^c   Harding, A K ^g   Hart, P A ^c   Hays, E ^g   Healey, S E ^c   Hirayama, M ^g,ac   Hjalmarsdotter, L ^d   Horn, R ^ad   Hughes, R E ^l   Johannesson G ^c   Johansson, G ^v   Johnson, A S ^c   Johnson, R P ^a   Johnson, T J ^g,ah   Johnson, W N ^b   Kamae, T ^c   Katagiri, H ^ai   Kataoka, J ^aj   Kavelaars, A ^c   Kawai, N ^aj,ak   Kelly, H ^c   Kerr, M ^t   Klamra, W ^w   Knodlseder J ^al   Kocian, M L ^c   Komin, N ^f,aa   Kuehn, F ^l   Kuss, M ^e   Landriu, D ^f   Latronico, L ^e   Lee, B ^am   Lee, S H ^c   Lemoine Goumard, M ^af,ag   Lionetto, A M ^an,ao   Longo, F ^h,i   Loparco, F ^q,r   Lott, B ^af,ag   Lovellette, M N ^b   Lubrano, P ^o,p   Madejski, G M ^c   Makeev, A ^b,y   Marangelli, B ^q,r   Massai, M M ^e   Mazziotta, M N ^r   McEnery, J E ^g   Menon, N ^e,ad   Meurer, C ^ab   Michelson, P F ^c   Minuti, M ^e   Mirizzi, N ^q,r   Mitthumsiri, W ^c   Mizuno, T ^ai   Moiseev, A A ^g   Monte, C ^q,r   Monzani, M E ^c   Moretti, E ^h,i   Morselli, A ^an,ao   Moskalenko, I V ^c   Murgia, S ^c   Nakamori, T ^aj   Nishino, S ^ai   Nolan, P L ^c   Norris, J P ^ap   Nuss, E ^aa   Ohno, M ^aq   Ohsugi, T ^ai   Omodei, N ^e   Orlando, E ⁿ   Ormes, J F ^ap   Paccagnella, A ^j,k   Paneque, D ^c   Panetta, J H ^c   Parent, D ^af,ag   Pearce, M ^w   Pepe, M ^o,p   Perazzo, A ^c   Pesce Rollins, M ^e   Picozza, P ^an,ao   Pieri, L ^j   Pinchera, M ^e   Piron, F ^aa   Porter, T A ^a   Poupard, L ^f   Raino S ^q,r   Rando, R ^j,k   Rapposelli, E ^e   Razzano, M ^e   Reimer, A ^c   Reimer, O ^c   Reposeur, T ^af,ag   Reyes, L C ^ar   Ritz, S ^g,ah   Rochester, L S ^c   Rodriguez, A Y ^as   Romani, R W ^c   Roth, M ^t   Russell, J J ^c   Ryde, F ^w   Sabatini, S ^an,ao   Sadrozinski, H F W ^a   Sanchez, D ^s   Sander, A ^l   Sapozhnikov, L ^c   Parkinson, P M Saz ^a   Scargle, J D ^at   Schalk, T L ^a   Scolieri, G ^p   Sgro C ^e   Share, G H ^b,au   Shaw, M ^c   Shimokawabe, T ^aj   Shrader, C ^g   Sierpowska Bartosik, A ^as   Siskind, E J ^av   Smith, D A ^af,ag   Smith, P D ^l   Spandre, G ^e   Spinelli, P ^q,r   Starck, J L ^f   Stephens, T E ^g   Strickman, M S ^b   Strong, A W ⁿ   Suson, D J ^aw   Tajima, H ^c   Takahashi, H ^ai   Takahashi, T ^aq   Tanaka, T ^c   Tenze, A ^e   Tether, S ^c   Thayer, J B ^c   Thayer, J G ^c   Thompson, D J ^g   Tibaldo, L ^j,k   Tibolla, O ^ax   Torres, D F ^as,ay   Tosti, G ^o,p   Tramacere, A ^c,az   Turri, M ^c   Usher, T L ^c   Vilchez, N ^al   Vitale, V ^an,ao   Wang, P ^c   Watters, K ^c   Winer, B L ^l   Wood, K S ^b   Ylinen, T ^v,w   Ziegler, M ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ   (United States)

^b NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d STOCKHOLM OBSERVATORY   (Sweden)

^e INFN SEZIONE DI PISA   (Italy)

^f CEA SACLAY   (France)

^g NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^h SEZIONE DI TRIESTE   (Italy)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

^j SEZIONE DI PADOVA   (Italy)

^k UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^l OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m SCUOLA UNIVERSITARIA SUPERIORE IUSS PAVIA   (Italy)

ⁿ MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR EXTRATERRESTRISCHE PHYSIK   (Germany)

^o INFN SEZIONE DI PERUGIA   (Italy)

^p UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^q POLITECNICO DI BARI   (Italy)

^r INFN SEZIONE DI BARI   (Italy)

^s ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE   (France)

^t UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^u INAF IASF MILANO   (Italy)

^v LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^w ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^x ITALIAN SPACE AGENCY   (Italy)

^y GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^z CEA SACLAY   (France)

^aa UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER II   (France)

^ab STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^ac University of Marylandw Baltimore County   (United States)

^ad Stellar Solutions Inc   (United States)

^ae INFN SEZIONE DI ROMA   (Italy)

^af CENTRE D ETUDES NUCLÉAIRES DE BORDEAUX GRADIGNAN   (France)

^ag UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^ah UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^ai HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^aj TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^ak INST OF PHYS AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH   (Japan)

^al CNRS   (France)

^am Orbital Network Engineering   (United States)

^an INFN SEZIONE DI ROMA TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^ao UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^ap UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^aq JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY   (Japan)

^ar UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^as INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DE L ESPAI CSIC IEEC   (Spain)

^at NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^au PRAXIS INC   (United States)

^av NYCB REAL TIME COMPUTING INC   (United States)

^aw PURDUE UNIVERSITY CALUMET   (United States)

^ax UNIVERSITÄT HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^ay INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANÇATS ICREA   (Spain)

^az NONE   (Italy)

^ba NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Cosmic rays; Galaxies: active; Galaxy: general; Gamma rays: observations; Sun: X rays, gamma rays; Telescopes

Indexed keywords

EID: 66649126398     PISSN: 0004637X     EISSN: 15384357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. Abdo, A. et al. 2008, Science, 322, 1218
2. Agostinelli, S. et al. 2003, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 506, 250
3. Aguilar, M. et al. 2002, Phys.Rep., 366, 331
4. Aharonian, F. A. et al. 2005a, A&A, 432, L25
5. Aharonian, F. A. et al. 2005b, A&A, 437, L7
6. Aharonian, F. A. et al. 2006a, A&A, 456, 245
7. Aharonian, F. A. et al. 2006b, A&A, 449, 223
8. Aharonian, F. A. et al. 2006c, Nature, 440, 1018
9. Albert, J. et al. 2007, ApJ, 665, L51
10. Alfaro, J., Morales-Tecotl, H. A., & Urrutia, L. F. 2002, Phys.Rev.D, 65, 103509
11. Allen, G. E. et al. 1997, ApJ, 487, L97
12. Allison, J. et al. 2006, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 53, 270
13. Amelino-Camelia, G., Ellis, J., Mavromatos, N. E., Nanopoulos, D. V., & Sarkar, S. 1998, Nature, 395, 525
14. Atwood, W. B., Ziegler, M., Johnson, R. P., & Baughman, B. M. 2006, ApJ, 652, L49
15. Atwood, W. B. et al. 1994, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 342, 302
16. Atwood, W. B. et al. 2000, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 446, 444
17. Atwood, W. B. et al. 2007, Astropart. Phys., 28, 422
18. Baldini, L. et al. 2006, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 53, 466
19. st GLAST Symp., ed. S. Ritz, P. Michelson, & C. Meegan (New York: AIP), 190
20. Baltz, E. A., Battaglia, M., Peskin, M. E., & Wizansky, T. 2006, Phys.Rev.D, 74, 103251
21. Baltz, E. A. et al. 2008, J. Cosmology Astropart. Phys., 07, 013
22. Band, D. et al. 1993, ApJ, 413, 281
23. Baring, M. G. 2006, ApJ, 650, 1004
24. Baring, M. G. & Harding, A. K. 1997, ApJ, 491, 663
25. Barrand, G. et al. 2001, Computer Phys. Comm., 140, 45
26. Baughman, B. M., Atwood, W. B., Johnson, R. P., Porter, T. A., & Ziegler, M. 2007, Proc. 30th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., press (arXiv:0706.0503)
27. Berezinsky, V. S., Blasi, P., & Ptuskin, V. S. 1997, ApJ, 487, 529
28. Berezinsky, V., Hnatyk, B., & Vilenkin, V. 2001, Phys.Rev.D, 64, 043004
29. Berger, E. et al. 2007, ApJ, 660, 496
30. Bergström, L. 2000, Rep. Prog. Phys., 63, 793
31. Bergström, L., Edsjö, J., & Ullio, P. 2001, Phys.Rev.Lett., 87, 251301
32. Bidoli, V. et al. 2002, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1693
33. Bignami, G. F., Fichtel, C. E., Hartman, R. C., & Thompson, D. J. 1979, ApJ, 323, 649
34. Bignami, G. F. & Caraveo, P. A. 1996, ARA&A, 34, 331
35. Bignami, G. F. et al. 1975, Space Sci. Instrum., 1, 245
36. Blandford, R. D. & Znajek, R. L. 1977, MNRAS, 179, 433
37. Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R., & Djorgovski, S. G. 2002, AJ, 123, 1111
38. Bloom, J. S. et al. 2006, ApJ, 638, 354
39. Böttcher, M. & Dermer, C. D. 1998, ApJ, 499, L131
40. Bouvier, A. et al. 2008, GCN Circular 8183
41. Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C. J., & Olshen, R. A. 1984, Clasification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth International Group, Belmont, CA
42. Calcneo-Roldn, C. & Moore, B. 2000, Phys.Rev.D, 62, 123005
43. Caraveo, P. A., Bignami, G. F., & Trümper, J. 1996, A&AR, 7, 209
44. Caraveo, P. A. & Reimer, O. 2007, AIP Conf. Proc. 921, Proc. of 1st GLAST Symp., ed. S. Ritz, P. Michelson, & C. Meegan (New York: AIP), 289
45. Carlson, P. et al. 1996, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 376, 271
46. Casanova, S., Dingus, B. L., & Zhang, B. 2007, ApJ, 656, 306
47. Chandler, A. M. et al. 2001, ApJ, 556, 59
48. Chen, A., Reyes, L. C., & Ritz, S. 2004, ApJ, 608, 686
49. Cheng, K. S., Ho, C., & Ruderman, M. 1986, ApJ, 300, 500
50. Chiang, J. & Mukherjee, R. 1998, ApJ, 496, 752
51. Colafrancesco, S. & Blasi, P. 1998, Astropart. Phys., 9, 227
52. Couto é Silva, E. do et al. 2001, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 474, 19
53. Dar, A. & Shaviv, N. 1995, Phys.Rev.Lett., 75, 3052
54. Daugherty, J. K. & Harding, A. K. 1996, ApJ, 458, 278
55. de Boer, W. et al. 2005, Phys.Rev.Lett., 95, 209001
56. de Jager, O. C. et al. 2006, A&AS, 120, 441
57. Dermer, C. D., Chiang, J., & Mitman, K. E. 2000, ApJ, 537, 785
58. Dermer, C. D. 2007, ApJ, 659, 958
59. Dixon, D. D., Hartmann, D. H., Kolaczyk, E. D., Samimi, J., Diehl, R., Kanbach, G., Mayer-Hasselwander, H., & Strong, A. W. 1998, New Astron., 3, 539
60. Dolgov, A. & Silk, J. 1993, Phys.Rev.D, 47, 4244
61. Dyks, J. & Rudak, B. 2003, ApJ, 598, 1201
62. Elsässer, D. & Mannheim, K. 2005, Phys.Rev.Lett., 94, 171302
63. Engelmann, J. J. et al. 1990, A&A, 233, 96
64. Ensslin, T. A., Biermann, P. L., Kronberg, P. P., & Wu, X.-P. 1997, ApJ, 477, 560
65. Esposito, J. A. et al. 1996, ApJ, 461, 820
66. Fazio, G. G. & Stecker, F. W. 1970, Nature, 226, 135
67. Fenimore, E. E., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., & Wu, B. 1999, ApJ, 518, 73
68. Feretti, L., Burigana, C., & Ensslin, T. 2004, New Astron., 48, 1134
69. Ferreira, O. et al. 2004, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 530, 323
70. Fichtel, C. E. et al. 1975, ApJ, 198, 163
71. Fichtel, C. E. et al. 1994, ApJ, 434, 557
72. Fossati, G. et al. 1998, MNRAS, 299, 433
73. Frühwirth, R., Regler, M., Bock, R. K., Grote, H., & Notz, D. 2000, Data Analysis Techniques for High-Energy Physics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
74. Funk, S. et al. 2008, ApJ, 679, 1299
75. Gabici, S. & Blasi, P. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 19, 679
76. Gao, Y.-T., Stecker, F. W., Gleiser, M., & Cline, D. B. 1990, ApJ, 361, 37
77. Gehrels, N. et al. 2000, Nature, 404, 363
78. Giommi, P. et al. 2006, A&A, 456, 911
79. Giovannini, G., Tordi, M., & Feretti, L. 1999, New Astron., 4, 141
80. Gonthier, P. L. et al. 2007, Ap&SS, 309, 245
81. Gonzalez, M. M. et al. 2003, Nature, 424, 74
82. Grechnev, V. V. 2008, Sol.Phys., 252, 149
83. Grenier, I. A. 2000, A&A, 364, L93
84. Grenier, I. A., Casandjian, J.-M., & Terrier, R. 2005, Science, 307, 1292
85. Haino, S. et al. 2004, Phys. Lett. B, 594, 35
86. Halpern, J. P. et al. 2001, ApJ, 552, L125
87. Halpern, J. P. et al. 2002, ApJ, 573, L41
88. Harding, A. K., Grenier, I. A., & Gonthier, P. L. 2007, Ap&SS, 309, 221
89. Hartman, R. C. et al. 1999, ApJS, 123, 79
90. Hauser, M. G. & Dwek, E. 2001, ARA&A, 39, 249
91. Hawking, S. W. 1974, Nature, 248, 30
92. Hunter, S. D. et al. 1997, ApJ, 481, 205
93. Hurley, K. 1994, Nature, 372, 652
94. Jackson, B. et al. 2005, IEEE Signal Process. Lett., 12, 105
95. Jakobsson, P. et al. 2006, A&A, 447, 897
96. Johnson, W. N. et al. 2001, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 48, 1182
97. Jungman, G., Kamionkowski, M., & Griest, K. 1996, Phys.Rev.D, 267, 195
98. Kaaret, P. & Cottam, J. 1996, ApJ, 462, L35
99. Kaneko, Y. et al. 2006, ApJS, 166, 298
100. Kanbach, G. et al. 1993, A&AS, 97, 349
101. Keshet, U. et al. 2003, ApJ, 585, 128
102. Kneiske, T. et al. 2004, A&A, 413, 807
103. Kniffen, D. A. et al. 1993, ApJ, 411, 133
104. Kramer, M. et al. 2003, MNRAS, 342, 1299
105. Lake, G. 1990, Nature, 346, 39
106. Lithwick, Y. & Sari, R. 2001, ApJ, 555, 540
107. Loeb, A. & Waxman, E. 2000, Nature, 405, 156
108. MacMinn, D. & Primack, J. R. 1996, SpaceSci.Rev., 75, 413
109. Madau, P. & Phinney, E. S. 1996, ApJ, 456, 124
110. Maki, K., Mitsui, T., & Orito, S. 1996, Phys.Rev.Lett., 76, 3474
111. Mattox, J., Hartman, R. C., & Reimer, O. 2001, ApJS, 135, 155
112. Mattox, J. et al. 1996, A&AS, 120, 95
113. Mészros, P., Rees, M. J., & Papathanassion, H. 2004, ApJ, 432, 181
114. McEnery, J. et al. 2008, GCN Circular 8407
115. Mikhailov, V. et al. 2002, J. Mod. Phys. A, 17, 1695
116. Miniati, F. 2002, MNRAS, 337, 199
117. Mirabal, N. & Halpern, J. P. 2001, ApJ, 547, L137
118. Mizuno, T. et al. 2004, ApJ, 614, 1113
119. Moderski, R. et al. 2004, ApJ, 611, 77
120. Moiseev, A. A. et al. 2004, Astropart. Phys., 22, 275
121. Moiseev, A. A. et al. 2007, Astropart. Phys., 27, 339
122. Montmerle, T. 1979, ApJ, 231, 95
123. Moskalenko, I. V. & Strong, A. W. 2000, ApJ, 528, 357
124. Moskalenko, I. V. & Strong, A. W. 2005, AIP Conf. Proc. 801, Proc. Int. Conf. on Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation, ed. T. Bulik et al. (New York: AIP), 57
125. Moskalenko, I. V., Porter, T. A., & Digel, S. W. 2006, ApJ, 652, L65
126. Moskalenko, I. V. & Porter, T. A. 2007, ApJ, 670, 1467
127. Moskalenko, I. V., Digel, S. W., Porter, T. A., Reimer, O., & Strong, A. W. 2007, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), 173, 44
128. Moskalenko, I. V., Porter, T. A., Digel, S. W., Michelson, P. F., & Ormes, J. F. 2007, ApJ, 681, 1708
129. Mücke, A. & Pohl, M. 2000, MNRAS, 312, 177
130. Mukherjee, R. & Chiang, J. 1999, Astropart. Phys., 11, 213
131. Muslimov, A. & Harding, A. K. 2003, ApJ, 588, 430
132. Nakar, E. 2007, Phys.Rep., 442, 166
133. Narumoto, T. & Totani, T. 2006, ApJ, 643, 81
134. Ng, C.-Y., Roberts, M. S. E., & Romani, R. W. 2005, ApJ, 627, 904
135. Nolan, P. L. et al. 2003, ApJ, 597, 615
136. Omodei, N. et al. 2008, GCN Circular 8407
137. Orlando, E. & Strong, A. W. 2007, Ap&SS, 309, 359
138. Orlando, E. & Strong, A. W. 2008, A&A, 480, 847
139. Page, D. N. & Hawking, S. W. 1976, ApJ, 206, 1
140. Paredes, J. M., Martí, J., Ribó, M., & Massi, M. 2000, Science, 288, 2340
141. Pavlidou, V. & Fields, B. D. 2001, ApJ, 558, 63
142. Pavlidou, V. & Fields, B. D. 2002, ApJ, 575, L5
143. Picozza, P. et al. 2007, Astropart. Phys., 27, 296
144. Petry, D. 2005, AIP Conf. Proc. 745, High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy: 2nd Int. Symp., ed. F. A. Aharonian, H. J. Völk, & D. Horns (New York: AIP), 709
145. Porter, T. A., Moskalenko, I. V., & Strong, A. W. 2006, ApJ, 648, L29
146. Porter, T. A., Moskalenko, I. V., Strong, A. W., Orlando, E., & Bouchet, L. 2008, ApJ, 682, 400
147. Preece, R. D. et al. 2000, ApJS, 126, 19
148. Primack, J. R., Somerville, R. S., Bullock, J. S., & Devriendt, J. E. G. 2001, AIP Conf. Proc. 558, High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, ed. F. A. Aharonian & H. J. Völk (New York: AIP), 463
149. Primack, J. R., Bullock, J. S., Sommerville, R. S., & MacMinn, D. 1999, Astropart. Phys., 11, 93
150. Reimer, A. 2007, ApJ, 665, 1023
151. Reimer, O., Pohl, M., Sreekumar, P., & Mattox, J. R. 2003, ApJ, 558, 155
152. Reimer, O. et al. 2001, MNRAS, 324, 772
153. Rephaeli, Y., Nevalainen, J., Ohashi, T., & Bykov, A. M. 2008, SpaceSci.Rev., 134, 71
154. Roberts, M. S. E., Romani, R. W., & Kawai, N. 2001, ApJS, 133, 451
155. Romani, R. W. 1996, ApJ, 470, 469
156. Romero, G. E. et al. 1999, A&A, 348, 868
157. Rudaz, S. & Stecker, F. W. 1991, ApJ, 368, 406
158. Scargle, J. D. 1998, ApJ, 504, 405
159. Scargle, J. D., Norris, J. P., & Bonnell, J. T. 2008, ApJ, 673, 972
160. Seckel, D., Stanev, T., & Gaisser, T. K. 1991, ApJ, 382, 652
161. Selesnik, R. S., Looper, M. D., & Mewaldt, R. A. 2007, Space Weather, 5, S04003
162. Share, G. H. et al. 2006, BAAS, 38, 255
163. Sikora, M. & Madejski, G. 2000, ApJ, 534, 109
164. Silk, J. & Srednicki, M. 1984, Phys.Rev.Lett., 53, 624
165. Smith, D. A. et al. 2008, A&A, 492, 923
166. Sommer, M. et al. 1994, ApJ, 422, L63
167. Sowards-Emmerd, D., Romani, R. W., & Michelson, P. F. 2003, ApJ, 590, 109
168. Sowards-Emmerd, D. et al. 2004, ApJ, 609, 564
169. Sowards-Emmerd, D. et al. 2005, ApJ, 626, 95
170. Spergel, D. N. et al. 2007, ApJS, 170, 377
171. Sreekumar, P. et al. 1998, ApJ, 494, 523
172. Stecker, F., Hunter, S. D., & Kniffen, D. A. 2008, Astropart. Phys., 29, 25
173. Stecker, F. & Salamon, M. 1996, ApJ, 464, 600
174. Stecker, F. W., Vette, J. I., & Trombka, J. I. 1971, Nature, 231, 122
175. Stecker, F. W., Malkan, A., & Scully, S. T. 2006, ApJ, 648, 774, (erratum)
176. Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., & Reimer, O. 2000, ApJ, 537, 763
177. Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., & Reimer, O. 2004a, ApJ, 613, 962
178. Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., & Reimer, O. 2004b, ApJ, 613, 956
179. Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., Reimer, O., Digel, S., & Diehl, R. 2004c, A&A, 422, L47
180. Sturner, S. J. & Dermer, C. D. 1995, A&A, 291, L17
181. Tajima, H. et al. 2008, GCN Circular 8246
182. Takata, J. et al. 2006, MNRAS, 366, 1310
183. Tavani, M. et al. 1998, ApJ, 497, L89
184. Tavani, M. et al. 2008, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 588, 52
185. Taylor, J. E. & Babul, A. 2005a, MNRAS, 364, 515
186. Taylor, J. E. & Babul, A. 2005b, MNRAS, 364, 535
187. Thompson, D. J. 2001, AIP Conf. Proc. 558, Proc. of High-Energy Gamma-ray Astronomy Symposium, ed. F. A. Aharonian & H. J. Völk (New York: AIP), 103
188. Thompson, D. J. et al. 1993, ApJS, 86, 629
189. Thompson, D. J., Bertsch, D. L., Morris, D. J., & Mukherjee, R. 1997, J.Geophys.Res., 102, 14735
190. Thompson, D. J. et al. 2002, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 49, 1898
191. Torres, D. F. et al. 2004, ApJ, 607, L99
192. Torres, D. F. & Reimer, O. 2005, ApJ, 629, L141
193. Totani, T. & Kitayama, T. 2000, ApJ, 545, 572
194. Ullio, P. et al. 2002, Phys.Rev.D, 66, 123502
195. Urry, M. & Padovani, P. 1995, PASP, 107, 803
196. Vercellone, S. et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, L13
197. Voronov, S. A. et al. 1991, Cosmic Research (English Translation), 29(4), 567
198. Willis, T. D. 1996, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ.
199. Yadigaroglu, I. A. & Romani, R. W. 1997, ApJ, 476, 347
200. Zhang, B. & Mészros, P. 2004, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 19, 238
201. Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E., & Heger, A. 2004, ApJ, 608, 365
202. Ziegler, M., Baughman, B. M., Johnson, R. P., & Atwood, W. B. 2008, ApJ, 680, 620
203. Zuccon, P. et al. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 20, 221