Gone FISHing: Clinical lessons learned in brain tumor molecular diagnostics over the last decade

Brain Pathology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 57-73

  Horbinski, Craig ^a   Miller, C Ryan ^b   Perry, Arie ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

embryonal neoplasms; ependymoma; FISH; glioma; medulloblastoma; meningioma; PNET

Indexed keywords

B RAF KINASE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 2A; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE;

ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN TUMOR; CHROMOSOME 1P; CHROMOSOME DELETION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYTOGENETICS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; EPENDYMOMA; EWING SARCOMA; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENETIC MARKER; GLIOMA; HUMAN; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; MENINGIOMA; MOLECULAR PROBE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; SYNOVIAL SARCOMA; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS; TUMOR LOCALIZATION;

BRAIN NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, FLUORESCENCE; PATHOLOGY, MOLECULAR; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 78650022211     PISSN: 10156305     EISSN: 17503639     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00453.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. Abrey LE, Louis DN, Paleologos N, Lassman AB, Raizer JJ, Mason W, et al (2007) Survey of treatment recommendations for anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Neuro Oncol 9: 314-318.
2. Al-Mefty O, Kadri PA, Pravdenkova S, Sawyer JR, Stangeby C, Husain M, (2004) Malignant progression in meningioma: documentation of a series and analysis of cytogenetic findings. J Neurosurg 101: 210-218.
3. Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, Von Deimling A, (2008) Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 116: 597-602.
4. Bar EE, Lin A, Tihan T, Burger PC, Eberhart CG, (2008) Frequent gains at chromosome 7q34 involving BRAF in pilocytic astrocytoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67: 878-887.
5. Barbashina V, Salazar P, Holland EC, Rosenblum MK, Ladanyi M, (2005) Allelic losses at 1p36 and 19q13 in gliomas: correlation with histologic classification, definition of a 150-kb minimal deleted region on 1p36, and evaluation of CAMTA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Clin Cancer Res 11: 1119-1128.
6. Basto D, Trovisco V, Lopes JM, Martins A, Pardal F, Soares P, Reis RM, (2005) Mutation analysis of B-RAF gene in human gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 109: 207-210.
7. Behdad A, Perry A, (2009) Central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors: a clinicopathologic and genetic study of 33 cases. Brain Pathol 20: 441-450.
8. Bello MJ, De Campos JM, Kusak ME, Vaquero J, Sarasa JL, Pestana A, Rey JA, (1994) Allelic loss at 1p is associated with tumor progression of meningiomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9: 296-298. (Pubitemid 24114835)
9. Bostrom J, Muhlbauer A, Reifenberger G, (1997) Deletion mapping of the short arm of chromosome 1 identifies a common region of deletion distal to D1S496 in human meningiomas. Acta Neuropathol 94: 479-485.
10. Boulay JL, Miserez AR, Zweifel C, Sivasankaran B, Kana V, Ghaffari A, et al (2007) Loss of NOTCH2 positively predicts survival in subgroups of human glial brain tumors. PloS ONE 2: e576.
11. Brat DJ, Seiferheld WF, Perry A, Hammond EH, Murray KJ, Schulsinger AR, et al (2004) Analysis of 1p, 19q, 9p, and 10q as prognostic markers for high-grade astrocytomas using fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials. Neuro Oncol 6: 96-103.
12. Bridge RS, Rajaram V, Dehner LP, Pfeifer JD, Perry A, (2006) Molecular diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor in routinely processed tissue: a comparison of two FISH strategies and RT-PCR in malignant round cell tumors. Mod Pathol 19: 1-8.
13. Bruch LA, Hill DA, Cai DX, Levy BK, Dehner LP, Perry A, (2001) A role for fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 22q dosage in distinguishing atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors from medulloblastoma/central primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Hum Pathol 32: 156-162.
14. Bruggers CS, Bleyl SB, Pysher T, Barnette P, Afify Z, Walker M, Biegel JA, (2010) Clinicopathologic comparison of familial versus sporadic atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) of the central nervous system. Pediatr Blood Cancer (in press).
15. Burger PC, Yu IT, Tihan T, Friedman HS, Strother DR, Kepner JL, et al (1998) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: a highly malignant tumor of infancy and childhood frequently mistaken for medulloblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Am J Surg Pathol 22: 1083-1092.
16. Burger PC, Pearl DK, Aldape K, Yates AJ, Scheithauer BW, Passe SM, et al (2001) Small cell architecture-a histological equivalent of EGFR amplification in glioblastoma multiforme? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60: 1099-1104.
17. Cai DX, Banerjee R, Scheithauer BW, Lohse CM, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Perry A, (2001) Chromosome 1p and 14q FISH analysis in clinicopathologic subsets of meningioma: diagnostic and prognostic implications. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60: 628-636.
18. Ciampi R, Knauf JA, Kerler R, Gandhi M, Zhu Z, Nikiforova MN, et al (2005) Oncogenic AKAP9-BRAF fusion is a novel mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in thyroid cancer. J Clin Invest 115: 94-101.
19. D'Antonio A, Caleo A, Garcia JF, Marsilia GM, De Dominicis G, Boscaino A, (2004) Primary peripheral PNET/Ewing's sarcoma of the dura with FISH analysis. Histopathology 45: 651-654.
20. Dehais C, Laigle-Donadey F, Marie Y, Kujas M, Lejeune J, Benouaich-Amiel A, et al (2006) Prognostic stratification of patients with anaplastic gliomas according to genetic profile. Cancer 107: 1891-1897.
21. Ducray F, El Hallani S, Idbaih A, (2009) Diagnostic and prognostic markers in gliomas. Curr Opin Oncol 21: 537-542.
22. Ellison DW, (2010) Childhood medulloblastoma: novel approaches to the classification of a heterogeneous disease. Acta Neuropathol 120: 305-316.
23. Fallon KB, Palmer CA, Roth KA, Nabors LB, Wang W, Carpenter M, et al (2004) Prognostic value of 1p, 19q, 9p, 10q, and EGFR-FISH analyses in recurrent oligodendrogliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63: 314-322.
24. Felsberg J, Rapp M, Loeser S, Fimmers R, Stummer W, Goeppert M, et al (2009) Prognostic significance of molecular markers and extent of resection in primary glioblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 15: 6683-6693.
25. Forshew T, Tatevossian RG, Lawson AR, Ma J, Neale G, Ogunkolade BW, et al (2009) Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway: a signature genetic defect in posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas. J Pathol 218: 172-181.
26. Fouladi M, Helton K, Dalton J, Gilger E, Gajjar A, Merchant T, et al (2003) Clear cell ependymoma: a clinicopathologic and radiographic analysis of 10 patients. Cancer 98: 2232-2244.
27. Fuller CE, Wang H, Zhang W, Fuller GN, Perry A, (2002) High-throughput molecular profiling of high-grade astrocytomas: the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays (TMA-FISH). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61: 1078-1084.
28. Fuller CE, Schmidt RE, Roth KA, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, Banerjee R, et al (2003) Clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in morphologically ambiguous gliomas with hybrid oligodendroglial/astrocytic features. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62: 1118-1128.
29. Giannini C, Burger PC, Berkey BA, Cairncross JG, Jenkins RB, Mehta M, et al (2008) Anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors: refining the correlation among histopathology, 1p 19q deletion and clinical outcome in Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402. Brain Pathol 18: 360-369.
30. Griffin CA, Burger P, Morsberger L, Yonescu R, Swierczynski S, Weingart JD, Murphy KM, (2006) Identification of der(1;19)(q10;p10) in five oligodendrogliomas suggests mechanism of concurrent 1p and 19q loss. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65: 988-994.
31. Haas-Kogan DA, Prados MD, Tihan T, Eberhard DA, Jelluma N, Arvold ND, et al (2005) Epidermal growth factor receptor, protein kinase B/Akt, and glioma response to erlotinib. J Natl Cancer Inst 97: 880-887.
32. Harris TJ, McCormick F, (2010) The molecular pathology of cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7: 251-265.
33. Helton KJ, Fouladi M, Boop FA, Perry A, Dalton J, Kun L, Fuller C, (2004) Medullomyoblastoma: a radiographic and clinicopathologic analysis of six cases and review of the literature. Cancer 101: 1445-1454.
34. Horbinski C, (2010) Practical molecular diagnostics in neuropathology: making a tough job a little easier. Semin Diagn Pathol 27: 105-113.
35. Horbinski C, Cieply K, Bejjani GK, McFadden K, (2008) Primary intracranial dural-based synovial sarcoma with an unusual SYT fluorescence in situ hybridization pattern. J Neurosurg 109: 897-903.
36. Horbinski C, Kofler J, Kelly LM, Murdoch GH, Nikiforova MN, (2009) Diagnostic use of IDH1/2 mutation analysis in routine clinical testing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded glioma tissues. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68: 1319-1325.
37. Horbinski C, Hamilton RL, Nikiforov Y, Pollack IF, (2010) Association of molecular alterations, including BRAF, with biology and outcome in pilocytic astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol 119: 641-649.
38. Horbinski C, Oakley GJ, Cieply K, Mantha GS, Nikiforova MN, Dacic S, Seethala RR, (2010) The prognostic value of Ki-67, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, 1p36, 9p21, 10q23, and 17p13 in skull base chordomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134: 1170-1176.
39. Ichimura K, Pearson DM, Kocialkowski S, Backlund LM, Chan R, Jones DT, Collins VP, (2009) IDH1 mutations are present in the majority of common adult gliomas but rare in primary glioblastomas. Neuro Oncol 11: 341-347.
40. Idbaih A, Marie Y, Lucchesi C, Pierron G, Manie E, Raynal V, et al (2008) BAC array CGH distinguishes mutually exclusive alterations that define clinicogenetic subtypes of gliomas. Int J Cancer 122: 1778-1786.
41. Ishino S, Hashimoto N, Fushiki S, Date K, Mori T, Fujimoto M, et al (1998) Loss of material from chromosome arm 1p during malignant progression of meningioma revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Cancer 83: 360-366.
42. Jenkins RB, Blair H, Ballman KV, Giannini C, Arusell RM, Law M, et al (2006) A t(1;19)(q10;p10) mediates the combined deletions of 1p and 19q and predicts a better prognosis of patients with oligodendroglioma. Cancer Res 66: 9852-9861.
43. Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP, (2008) Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res 68: 8673-8677.
44. Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Ichimura K, Collins VP, (2009) Oncogenic RAF1 rearrangement and a novel BRAF mutation as alternatives to KIAA1549:BRAF fusion in activating the MAPK pathway in pilocytic astrocytoma. Oncogene 28: 2119-2123.
45. Judkins AR, Ellison DW, (2010) Ependymoblastoma: dear, damned, distracting diagnosis, farewell. Brain Pathol 20: 133-139.
46. Judkins AR, Mauger J, Ht A, Rorke LB, Biegel JA, (2004) Immunohistochemical analysis of hSNF5/INI1 in pediatric CNS neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 28: 644-650.
47. Kazmi SA, Perry A, Pressey JG, Wellons JC, Hammers Y, Palmer CA, (2007) Primary Ewing sarcoma of the brain: a case report and literature review. Diagn Mol Pathol 16: 108-111. (Pubitemid 47164744)
48. Knobbe CB, Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, (2004) Mutation analysis of the Ras pathway genes NRAS, HRAS, KRAS and BRAF in glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 108: 467-470.
49. Korshunov A, Sycheva R, Golanov A, (2004) Molecular stratification of diagnostically challenging high-grade gliomas composed of small cells: the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clin Cancer Res 10: 7820-7826.
50. Korshunov A, Sycheva R, Gorelyshev S, Golanov A, (2005) Clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in nonbrainstem glioblastomas of childhood. Mod Pathol 18: 1258-1263.
51. Korshunov A, Meyer J, Capper D, Christians A, Remke M, Witt H, et al (2009) Combined molecular analysis of BRAF and IDH1 distinguishes pilocytic astrocytoma from diffuse astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol 118: 401-405.
52. Korshunov A, Remke M, Gessi M, Ryzhova M, Hielscher T, Witt H, et al (2010) Focal genomic amplification at 19q13.42 comprises a powerful diagnostic marker for embryonal tumors with ependymoblastic rosettes. Acta Neuropathol 120: 253-260.
53. Korshunov A, Witt H, Hielscher T, Benner A, Remke M, Ryzhova M, et al (2010) Molecular staging of intracranial ependymoma in children and adults. J Clin Oncol 28: 3182-3190.
54. Kouwenhoven MC, Gorlia T, Kros JM, Ibdaih A, Brandes AA, Bromberg JE, et al (2009) Molecular analysis of anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors in a prospective randomized study: a report from EORTC study 26951. Neuro Oncol 11: 737-746.
55. Kreiger PA, Okada Y, Simon S, Rorke LB, Louis DN, Golden JA, (2005) Losses of chromosomes 1p and 19q are rare in pediatric oligodendrogliomas. Acta Neuropathol 109: 387-392.
56. Kuga D, Mizoguchi M, Guan Y, Hata N, Yoshimoto K, Shono T, et al (2008) Prevalence of copy-number neutral LOH in glioblastomas revealed by genomewide analysis of laser-microdissected tissues. Neuro Oncol 10: 995-1003.
57. Lamszus K, Kluwe L, Matschke J, Meissner H, Laas R, Westphal M, (1999) Allelic losses at 1p, 9q, 10q, 14q, and 22q in the progression of aggressive meningiomas and undifferentiated meningeal sarcomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 110: 103-110.
58. Leonard JR, Cai DX, Rivet DJ, Kaufman BA, Park TS, Levy BK, Perry A, (2001) Large cell/anaplastic medulloblastomas and medullomyoblastomas: clinicopathological and genetic features. J Neurosurg 95: 82-88.
59. Liu L, Backlund LM, Nilsson BR, Grander D, Ichimura K, Goike HM, Collins VP, (2005) Clinical significance of EGFR amplification and the aberrant EGFRvIII transcript in conventionally treated astrocytic gliomas. J Mol Med 83: 917-926.
60. Lopez-Gines C, Cerda-Nicolas M, Gil-Benso R, Barcia-Salorio JL, Llombart-Bosch A, (2001) Loss of 1p in recurrent meningiomas. A comparative study in successive recurrences by cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 125: 119-124.
61. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, (2007) WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system. In: World Health Organization Classification of Tumors, H Ohgaki, (ed.), IARC: Lyon.
62. Makuria AT, Henderson FC, Rushing EJ, Hartmann DP, Azumi N, Ozdemirli M, (2007) Oligodendroglioma with neurocytic differentiation versus atypical extraventricular neurocytoma: a case report of unusual pathologic findings of a spinal cord tumor. J Neurooncol 82: 199-205.
63. McLendon RE, Turner K, Perkinson K, Rich J, (2007) Second messenger systems in human gliomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 131: 1585-1590.
64. Mellinghoff IK, Wang MY, Vivanco I, Haas-Kogan DA, Zhu S, Dia EQ, et al (2005) Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors. N Engl J Med 353: 2012-2024.
65. Miller CR, Dunham CP, Scheithauer BW, Perry A, (2006) Significance of necrosis in grading of oligodendroglial neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and genetic study of newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 24: 5419-5426.
66. Mrak RE, Yasargil MG, Mohapatra G, Earel J, Jr, Louis DN, (2004) Atypical extraventricular neurocytoma with oligodendroglioma-like spread and an unusual pattern of chromosome 1p and 19q loss. Hum Pathol 35: 1156-1159.
67. Muller P, Henn W, Niedermayer I, Ketter R, Feiden W, Steudel WI, et al (1999) Deletion of chromosome 1p and loss of expression of alkaline phosphatase indicate progression of meningiomas. Clin Cancer Res 5: 3569-3577.
68. Ohgaki H, Dessen P, Jourde B, Horstmann S, Nishikawa T, Di Patre PL, et al (2004) Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study. Cancer Res 64: 6892-6899.
69. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P, (2009) Genetic alterations and signaling pathways in the evolution of gliomas. Cancer Sci 100: 2235-2241.
70. Paugh BS, Qu C, Jones C, Liu Z, Adamowicz-Brice M, Zhang J, et al (2010) Integrated molecular genetic profiling of pediatric high-grade gliomas reveals key differences with the adult disease. J Clin Oncol 28: 3061-3068.
71. Perry A, (2006) Fluorescence in situ hybridization. In: Molecular Genetic Testing in Surgical Pathology, JD Pfeifer, (ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA.
72. Perry A, Giannini C, Raghavan R, Scheithauer BW, Banerjee R, Margraf L, et al (2001) Aggressive phenotypic and genotypic features in pediatric and NF2-associated meningiomas: a clinicopathologic study of 53 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60: 994-1003.
73. Perry A, Banerjee R, Lohse CM, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Scheithauer BW, (2002) A role for chromosome 9p21 deletions in the malignant progression of meningiomas and the prognosis of anaplastic meningiomas. Brain Pathol 12: 183-190.
74. Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Macaulay RJ, Raffel C, Roth KA, Kros JM, (2002) Oligodendrogliomas with neurocytic differentiation. A report of 4 cases with diagnostic and histogenetic implications. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61: 947-955.
75. Perry A, Fuller CE, Banerjee R, Brat DJ, Scheithauer BW, (2003) Ancillary FISH analysis for 1p and 19q status: preliminary observations in 287 gliomas and oligodendroglioma mimics. Front Biosci 8: a1-a9.
76. Perry A, Aldape KD, George DH, Burger PC, (2004) Small cell astrocytoma: an aggressive variant that is clinicopathologically and genetically distinct from anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Cancer 101: 2318-2326.
77. Perry A, Fuller CE, Judkins AR, Dehner LP, Biegel JA, (2005) INI1 expression is retained in composite rhabdoid tumors, including rhabdoid meningiomas. Mod Pathol 18: 951-958.
78. Perry A, Lusis EA, Gutmann DH, (2005) Meningothelial hyperplasia: a detailed clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and genetic study of 11 cases. Brain Pathol 15: 109-115.
79. Pfister S, Janzarik WG, Remke M, Ernst A, Werft W, Becker N, et al (2008) BRAF gene duplication constitutes a mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in low-grade astrocytomas. J Clin Invest 118: 1739-1749.
80. Pfister S, Remke M, Benner A, Mendrzyk F, Toedt G, Felsberg J, et al (2009) Outcome prediction in pediatric medulloblastoma based on DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 6q and 17q and the MYC and MYCN loci. J Clin Oncol 27: 1627-1636.
81. Pfisterer WK, Coons SW, Aboul-Enein F, Hendricks WP, Scheck AC, Preul MC, (2008) Implicating chromosomal aberrations with meningioma growth and recurrence: results from FISH and MIB-I analysis of grades I and II meningioma tissue. J Neurooncol 87: 43-50.
82. Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD, Burnham J, Hamilton RL, Yates AJ, Holmes EJ, et al (2003) Association between chromosome 1p and 19q loss and outcome in pediatric malignant gliomas: results from the CCG-945 cohort. Pediatr Neurosurg 39: 114-121.
83. Prayson RA, Castilla EA, Hartke M, Pettay J, Tubbs RR, Barnett GH, (2002) Chromosome 1p allelic loss by fluorescence in situ hybridization is not observed in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 118: 512-517.
84. Raghavan R, Balani J, Perry A, Margraf L, Vono MB, Cai DX, et al (2003) Pediatric oligodendrogliomas: a study of molecular alterations on 1p and 19q using fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62: 530-537.
85. Rajaram V, Leuthardt EC, Singh PK, Ojemann JG, Brat DJ, Prayson RA, Perry A, (2004) 9p21 and 13q14 dosages in ependymomas. A clinicopathologic study of 101 cases. Mod Pathol 17: 9-14.
86. Roberts PJ, Der CJ, (2007) Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 26: 3291-3310.
87. Rodriguez FJ, Mota RA, Scheithauer BW, Giannini C, Blair H, New KC, et al (2009) Interphase cytogenetics for 1p19q and t(1;19)(q10;p10) may distinguish prognostically relevant subgroups in extraventricular neurocytoma. Brain Pathol 19: 623-629.
88. Sanson M, Marie Y, Paris S, Idbaih A, Laffaire J, Ducray F, et al (2009) Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. J Clin Oncol 27: 4150-4154.
89. Scheie D, Andresen PA, Cvancarova M, Bo AS, Helseth E, Skullerud K, Beiske K, (2006) Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on touch preparations: a reliable method for detecting loss of heterozygosity at 1p and 19q in oligodendroglial tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 30: 828-837.
90. Schiffman JD, Hodgson JG, VandenBerg SR, Flaherty P, Polley MY, Yu M, et al (2010) Oncogenic BRAF mutation with CDKN2A inactivation is characteristic of a subset of pediatric malignant astrocytomas. Cancer Res 70: 512-519.
91. Schneider BF, Shashi V, Von Kap-herr C, Golden WL, (1995) Loss of chromosomes 22 and 14 in the malignant progression of meningiomas. A comparative study of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and standard cytogenetic analysis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 85: 101-104.
92. Sievert AJ, Jackson EM, Gai X, Hakonarson H, Judkins AR, Resnick AC, et al (2009) Duplication of 7q34 in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas detected by high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genotype arrays results in a novel BRAF fusion gene. Brain Pathol 19: 449-458.
93. Simon M, Von Deimling A, Larson JJ, Wellenreuther R, Kaskel P, Waha A, et al (1995) Allelic losses on chromosomes 14, 10, and 1 in atypical and malignant meningiomas: a genetic model of meningioma progression. Cancer Res 55: 4696-4701.
94. Smith JS, Alderete B, Minn Y, Borell TJ, Perry A, Mohapatra G, et al (1999) Localization of common deletion regions on 1p and 19q in human gliomas and their association with histological subtype. Oncogene 18: 4144-4152.
95. Snuderl M, Eichler AF, Ligon KL, Vu QU, Silver M, Betensky RA, et al (2009) Polysomy for chromosomes 1 and 19 predicts earlier recurrence in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with concurrent 1p/19q loss. Clin Cancer Res 15: 6430-6437.
96. Tanas MR, Goldblum JR, (2009) Fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasms: a review. Adv Anat Pathol 16: 383-391.
97. Tews B, Felsberg J, Hartmann C, Kunitz A, Hahn M, Toedt G, et al (2006) Identification of novel oligodendroglioma-associated candidate tumor suppressor genes in 1p36 and 19q13 using microarray-based expression profiling. Int J Cancer 119: 792-800.
98. Thompson MC, Fuller C, Hogg TL, Dalton J, Finkelstein D, Lau CC, et al (2006) Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 24: 1924-1931.
99. Thon N, Eigenbrod S, Grasbon-Frodl EM, Ruiter M, Mehrkens JH, Kreth S, et al (2009) Novel molecular stereotactic biopsy procedures reveal intratumoral homogeneity of loss of heterozygosity of 1p/19q and TP53 mutations in World Health Organization grade II gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68: 1219-1228.
100. Watanabe T, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H, (2009) IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Am J Pathol 174: 1149-1153.
101. Weller M, Berger H, Hartmann C, Schramm J, Westphal M, Simon M, et al (2007) Combined 1p/19q loss in oligodendroglial tumors: predictive or prognostic biomarker? Clin Cancer Res 13: 6933-6937.
102. Yip S, Iafrate AJ, Louis DN, (2008) Molecular diagnostic testing in malignant gliomas: a practical update on predictive markers. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67: 1-15.
103. Zheng PP, Pang JC, Hui AB, Ng HK, (2000) Comparative genomic hybridization detects losses of chromosomes 22 and 16 as the most common recurrent genetic alterations in primary ependymomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 122: 18-25.
104. Zlatescu MC, TehraniYazdi A, Sasaki H, Megyesi JF, Betensky RA, Louis DN, Cairncross JG, (2001) Tumor location and growth pattern correlate with genetic signature in oligodendroglial neoplasms. Cancer Res 61: 6713-6715.