Joining the dots: Neurobiological links in a functional analysis of depression

Behavioral and Brain Functions

Volumn 6, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Sharpley, Christopher F ^a   Bitsika, Vicki ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

^b BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; AVERSION; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BRAIN REGION; DEPRESSION; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL; BRAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 78649913744     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17449081     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-73     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Nutt D. Anxiety and depression: Individual entiteis or two sides of the same coin?. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 2004, 8:19-24.
2. Druss BG, Rosenheck RA. Patterns of Health Care Costs Associated With Depression and Substance Abuse in a National Sample. Psychiatric Services 1999, 50:214-218.
3. Judd LL, Paulus MP, Wells KB, Rapaport MH. Socioeconomic burden of subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in a sample of the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 163:1411-1417.
4. Lyness JM, Heo M, Datto CJ, Ten Have TR, Katz IR, Drayer R, Reynolds CF, Alexopoulos GS, Bruce ML. Outcomes of Minor and Subsyndromal Depression among Elderly Patients in Primary Care Settings. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006, 144:496-504.
5. Ustun TB, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Chatterji S, Mathers C, Murray CJL. Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 184:386-392. 10.1192/bjp.184.5.386, 15123501.
6. Murray CJ LA. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997, 349:1498-1504. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2, 9167458.
7. WHO Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. WHO International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 2001, 78. WHO.
8. Mykletun A, Bjerkeset O, Øverland S, Prince M, Dewey M, Stewart R. Levels of anxiety and depression as predictors of mortality: the HUNT study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 195:118-125. 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054866, 19648541.
9. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Grasquet I, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004, 109:21-27.
10. Kessler R, Berglund P, Borges G, Nock M, Wang P. Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2005, 293:2488-2495.
11. Kessler R, McGonagle K, Shanyang Z, Nelson C, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994, 51:8-19.
12. Hollon S, Thase M, Markowitz J. Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychological Science and the Public Interest 2002, 2:39-77.
13. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Anderson G, van Oppen P. Psychology for Depression in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Outcomes Studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008, 76:909-922. 10.1037/a0013075, 19045960.
14. Schatzberg AF, Rush AJ, Arnow BA, Banks PLC, Blalock JA, Borian FE, Howland R, Klein DN, Kocsis JH, Kornstein SG, et al. Chronic Depression - Medication (Nefazodone) of Psychotherapy (CBASP) Is Effective When the Other Is Not. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:513-520. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.513, 15867104.
15. Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum BO, Klein DN, Trivedi MH, Manber R, Keller MB, Leon AC, Wisniewski SR, Arnow BA, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy and Brief Supportive Psychotherapy for Augmentation of Antidepressant Nonresponse in Chronic Depression: The REVAMP Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:1178-1188. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.144, 19884606.
16. Ekers D, Richards D, Gilbody S. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of behavioural treatment of depression. Psychological Medicine 2008, 38:611-623. 10.1017/S0033291707001614, 17903337.
17. Thase ME. Atypical Depression: Useful Concept, but it's Time to Revise the DSM-IV Criteria. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:2633-2641. 10.1038/npp.2009.100, 19741592.
18. Thase MES, Cahalane AD, JF McGeary J. Cognitive behavior therapy of endogenous depression: Part 1: An outpatient clinical replication series. Behavior Therapy 1991, 22:457-467.
19. Minors-Wallace LM, Gath DH, Day A, Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem solving treatment, antidepressant medication, and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. British Medical Journal 2000, 320:26-30. 10.1136/bmj.320.7226.26, 27250, 10617523.
20. Ruggiero KJ, Morris TL, Hopko DR, Lejuez CW. Application of Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression to an Adolescent With a History of Child Maltreatment. Clinical Case Studies 2007, 6:64-78.
21. Hayes S, Masuda A, Bissett R, Luoma J, Guerrero L. DBT, FAT and ACT: How empirically oriented are the new behavior therapy technologies?. Behavior Therapy 2004, 35:35-54.
22. Thase ME, Denko T. Pharmacotherapy of Mood Disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2008, 4:53-91. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095301, 18370614.
23. Luty SE, Carter JD, McKenzie JM, rae AM, Frampton CMA, Mulder RT, Joyce PR. Randomised controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 190:496-502. 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024729, 17541109.
24. DeRubeis RJ, Gelfand LA, Tang T, Simons A. Medications versus cognitive behavior therapy for severely depressed outpatients: Mega-analysis of four randomized comparisons. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:1007-1013.
25. DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Young PR, Salomon RM, O'Reardon JP, Lovett ML, Gladis MM, Brown LL, Gallop R. Cognitive Therapy vs Medications in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:409-416. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.409, 15809408.
26. Schatzberg A, Rush A, Arnow B, Banks P, Blalock J, Borian F, Howland R, Klein DN, Kocsis JH, Kornstein SG, et al. Medication (Nefazodone) or psychotherapy (CBASP) is effective when the other is not. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:513-520. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.513, 15867104.
27. Kohlenberg RJ, Tsai M. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships 1991, New York: Plenum Press.
28. Sturmey P. Functional analysis in clinical psychology 1996, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
29. Bolling MY, Kohlenberg RJ, Parker CR. Behavior Analysis and Depression. Clinical Behavior Analysis 1999, 127-153. Reno, Nevada: Context Press, Dougher MJ.
30. Darwin C. Recollections of the development of my mind and character. Autobiographies 1876-2002. London: Penguin.
31. Ferster CB. A Functional Analysis of Depression. American Psychologist 1973, 28:857-870. 10.1037/h0035605, 4753644.
32. Dougher MJ, Hackbert L. A Behavior-Analytic Account of Depression and a Case Report Using Acceptance-Based Procedures. The Behavior Analyst 1994, 17:321-334.
33. Kanter JW, Busch AM, Weeks CE, Landes SJ. The Nature of Clinical Depression: Symptoms, Syndromes, and Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst 2008, 31:1-21.
34. Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. From information to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2007, 9:45-56.
35. Konsman J, Vigues S, Mackerlova L, Bristow A, Blomqvist A. Rat brain vascular distribution of interleukin-1 type-1 receptor immunoreactivity: relationship to parretns of inducible cyclooxygenase expression by peripheral inflammatory stimuli. Journal of Comparative Neurology 2004, 472:113-129. 10.1002/cne.20052, 15024756.
36. Parnet P, Kelley K, Bluthe R, Dantzer R. Expression and regulation of interleukin-1 receptors in the brain. Role in cytokines-induced sickness behavior. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2002, 125:5-14. 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00022-X, 11960635.
37. APA Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed, Text Revision) 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, APA.
38. Gilbert P. Evolution and depression: issues and implications. Psychological Medicine 2006, 36:287-297. 10.1017/S0033291705006112, 16236231.
39. Gilbert P. Evolutionary psychopathology: Why isn't the mind designed better than it is?. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1998, 71:353-373.
40. Kanter JW, Cautilli JD, Busch AM, Baruch DE. Toward a Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Depressive Behavior: Five Environmental Factors and a Possible Sixth and Seventh. The Behavior Analyst Today 2005, 6:65-81.
41. Kohlenberg RJ, Kanter JW, Bolling MY, Parker CR, Tsai M. Enhancing Cognitive Therapy for Depression With Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Treatment Guidelines and Empirical Findings. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2002, 9:213-229.
42. Sanacora G, Mason GF, Krystal JH. Impairment of GABAergic Transmission in Depression: New Insights from Neuroimaging Studies. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 2000, 14:23-45.
43. Sullivan PF, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, James MR, Smit JH, Zandbelt T, Arolt V, Baune BT, Balckwood D, Cichon S, et al. Genome-wide association for major depression disorder: a possible role for the presynaptic protein piccolo. Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 14:359-375. 10.1038/mp.2008.125, 2717726, 19065144.
44. Uher R. The implications of gene-environment interactions in depression: will cause inform cure?. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13:1070-1078. 10.1038/mp.2008.92, 18679406.
45. Uher R, McGuffin P. The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13:131-146. 10.1038/sj.mp.4002067, 17700575.
46. Mirescu C, Gould E. Stress and Adult Neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2006, 16:233-238. 10.1002/hipo.20155, 16411244.
47. Hettema JM, An SS, Bukszar J, van den Oord EJ, Kendler KS, Chen X. Association between glutamic and decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism. Molecular Psychiatry 2006, 11:752-762. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001845, 16718280.
48. Lopez-Leon S, Janssens ACJW, Gonzalez-Zuloeta Ladd AM, Del-Favero J, Claes SJ, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM. Meta-analysis of genetic studies on major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13:772-785. 10.1038/sj.mp.4002088, 17938638.
49. Galynker II, Cai J, Ongsengg F, Finsetone H, Dutta E, Serseni D. Hypofrontality and negative symptoms in major depressive disorder. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1998, 39:608-612.
50. Du J, Wang Y, Hunter R, Wei Y, Blumenthal R, Falke C, Khairova R, Zhou R, Yuan P, Machado-Viera R, et al. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial function by glucocorticoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:3543-3548.
51. Fiocco AJ, Wan N, Weekes N, Pim H, Lupien SJ. Diurnal cycle of salivary cortisol in older adults men and women with subjective complaints of memory deficits and/or depressive symptoms: Relation to cognitive functioning. Stress 2006, 9:143-152. 10.1080/10253890600965674, 17060048.
52. Gillespie CF, Nemeroff CB. Hypercortisolemia and Depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 2005, 67:S26-S28. 10.1097/01.psy.0000163456.22154.d2, 15953796.
53. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry. Psychological Bulletin 2004, 130:601-630. 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601, 1361287, 15250815.
54. Thase ME, Howland RH. Biological processes in depression: An updated review and integration. Handbook of depression 1995, 213-279. New York: Guilford, Beckham EE, Leber WR.
55. Rush A, Giles DE, Schlesser MA, Orsulak P, Weissenburger J, Fulton CL, al E. Dexamethasone response, thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation, rapid eye movement latency, and subtypes of depression. Biological Psychiatry 1997, 41:915-928. 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00148-0, 9110097.
56. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter J, Flower RJ. Pharmacology 2007, Philadelphia: Elsevier, 6.
57. Coppen A. The biochemistry of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967, 113:1237-1264. 10.1192/bjp.113.504.1237, 4169954.
58. Schildkraut JJ. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry 1965, 122:509-522.
59. Delgardo P, Morena F. Neurochemistry of mood disorders. The textbook of mood disorders 2006, 101-116. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc, Stein DK, Kupfer DJ, Schatzberg AF.
60. Maes M, Meltzer H. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress 1995, 933-944. New York: Raven, Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ.
61. Perry EK, Marshall EF, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH. Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 1983, 142:188-192. 10.1192/bjp.142.2.188, 6839075.
62. Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S. Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides. Science 1982, 216:1337-1339. 10.1126/science.7079769, 7079769.
63. Stockmeier CA. Involvement of serotonin in depression: evidence from postmortem and imaging studies of serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2003, 37:357-373. 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00050-5, 12849929.
64. Chen L, Zhuang X. Transgenic mouse models of dopamine deficiency. Annals of Neurology 2003, 54:S91-S102. 10.1002/ana.10655, 12891659.
65. Willner P. Dopamine and depression: A review of recent evidence, I: Empirical studies. Brain Research 1983, 6:211-224.
66. Muller N, Schwartz MJ. The immune-mediated alteration of serotonin and glutamate: Towards an integrated view of depression. Molecular Psychiatry 2007, 12:988-1000. 10.1038/sj.mp.4002006, 17457312.
67. Choudary P, Molnar M, Evans SJ, Tomita H, Li JZ, Vawter MF, et al. Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2005, 102:15653-15658.
68. Phillips H. How life shapes the brainscape. Book How life shapes the brainscape (Editor ed.^eds.) 2005, 12-13. City 12-13.
69. Rao U, Hammen CL, Ortiz LR, Chen L-A, Poland RE. Effects of Early and Recent Adverse Experiences on Adrenal Response to Psychological Stress in Depressed Adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:521-526. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.012, 2559463, 18597740.
70. Tyrka AR, Wier L, Price LH, Ross N, Anderson GM, Wilkinson CW, Carpenter LL. Childhood Parental Loss and Adult Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Function. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 63:1147-1154. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.011, 2650434, 18339361.
71. Roth TL, Lubin FD, Funk AJ, Sweatt JD. Lasting Epigenetic Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the BDNF Gene. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:760-769. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028, 19150054.
72. Barlow D, Durand V. Abnormal Psychology 1995, Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.
73. Bear M, Connors B, Paradiso M. Neuroscience: Exploring the brain 2007, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 3.
74. Charney DS. Psychobiological Mechanisms of resilience and Vulnerability: Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress. Focus 2004, 2:368-391.
75. Charney DS, Manji HK. Life Stress, Genes, and Depression: Multiple Pathways Lead to Increased Risk and New Opportunities for Intervention. Science Signaling - The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment 2004, re5.
76. Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Elsch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM. Neurobiology of Depression. Neuron 2002, 34:13-25. 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00653-0, 11931738.
77. Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2009, 5:374-381. 10.1038/nrendo.2009.106, 19488073.
78. van Eijndhoven P, van Wingen G, van Oijena K, Rijpkemad M, Gorajb B, Verkesa R, Voshaara R, Fernándezc G, Buitelaara J, Tendolkara I. Amygdala volume marks the acute state in early course of depression. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:812-818. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.027, 19028381.
79. Levin RL, Heller W, Mohanty A, Herrington JD, Miller GA. Cognitive Deficits in Depression and Functional Specificity of Regional Brain Activity. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2007, 31:211-233.
80. MacQueen GM, Yucel K, Taylor VH, Macdonald K, Joffe R. Posterior Hippocampal Volumes Are Associated with Remission Rates in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:880-883. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.027, 18722590.
81. de Almeida JRC, Versace A, Mechelli A, Hassel S, Quevedo K, Kupfer DJ, Phillips ML. Abnormal Amygdala-Prefrontal Effective Connectivity to Happy Faces Differentiates Bipolar from Major Depression. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 66:451-459. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.024, 2740996, 19450794.
82. Fu CHY, Williams SCR, Cleare AJ, Scott J, Mitterschiffthaler MT, Walsh ND, Donaldson C, Suckling J, Andrew C, Steiner H, Murray RM. Neural Responses to Sad Facial Expressions in Major Depression Following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:505-512. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.033, 18550030.
83. Lieberman A. Depression in Parkinson's Disease - a review. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2006, 113:1-8. 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00536.x, 16367891.
84. Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME. Increased Amygdala and Decreased Dorsolateral Prefrontal BOLD Responses in Unipolar Depression: Related and Independent Features. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 61:198-209. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.048, 17027931.
85. Quirk GJ, Gehlert DR. Inhibition of the Amygdala: Key to Pathological States?. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2006, 985:263-272.
86. Nitschke JB, Mackiewicz KL. Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Contributions to Volition in Depression. International Review of Neurobiololy 2005, 67:73-94.
87. Schlosser RGM, Wagner G, Koch K, Dahnke R, Reinchenbach JR, Sauer H. Fronto-cingulate effective connectivity in major depression: A study with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. NeuroImage 2008, 43:645-655. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.002, 18761094.
88. Maletic V, Robinson M, Oakes T, Iyengar S, Ball SG, Russell J. Neurobiology of depression: an integrated view of key findings. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2007, 61:2030-2040. 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01602.x, 2228409, 17944926.
89. Whittle S, Allen NB, Lubman DI, Yucel M. The neurobiological basis of temperament: Towards a better understanding of psychopathology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2006, 30:511-525. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.09.003, 16289282.
90. Coryell W, Endicott J, Andreason N, Keller M, Clayton J, Hirschfeld R, Scheftner W, Winokurtry G. Depression and panic attacks: The significance of overlap as reflected in follow-up and family study data. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988, 145:293-300.
91. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH, Liebowitz M, Street L, Broadhead E, Katon W, Roy-Byrne P, Lepine J-P, Teherani M, Richards J, et al. The DSM-IV Field Trial for Mixed Anxiety-Depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 151:1153-1162.
92. Roozendaal B, McEwan BS, Chattarji S. Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009, 10:423-433. 10.1038/nrn2651, 19469026.
93. Drevets W, Videen T, Price J, Preskorn S, Carmichael S, Raichle M. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. Journal of Neuroscience 1992, 12:3628-3641.
94. Drevets WC, Price JL, Bardgett ME, Reich T, Todd RD, Raichle ME. Glucose metabolism in the amygdala in depression: Relationship to diagnostic subtype and plasma cortisol levels. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 2002, 71:431-447.
95. Anand A, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu J, Gao S, Bukhari L, Mathews VP, Kalnin A, Lowe MJ. Activity and Connectivity of Brain Mood Regulating Circuit in Depression: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Study. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:1079-1088. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.021, 15866546.
96. Hennig C. Tonic immobolity in the squirrel monkey. Primates 1978, 19:333-342.
97. Rattner S. Comparative aspects of hypnosis. Handbook of clinical and experimental hypnosis 1967, 550-587. Gordon J. New York: Macmillan.
98. Ewell A, Cullen J. Tonic immobility as a predator-defense in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Behavioral and Neural Biology 1981, 31:483-489.
99. Marks I. Fears, phobias, and rituals: Panic, anxiety, and their disorders 1987, New York: Oxford University Press.
100. Galliano G, Noble L, Travis L, Puechi C. Victim reactions during rape/sexual assault: A preliminary study of the immobility response and its correlates. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1993, 8:109-114.
101. Gallup G, Rager D. Tonic immobility as a model of extreme stress of behavioral inhibition: Issues of methodology and measurement. Motor activity and movement disorders 1996, 57-80. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, Kavaliers M.
102. Moskowitz AK. "Scared Stiff": Catatonia as an Evolutionary-Based Fear Response. Psychological Review 2004, 111:984-1002. 10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.984, 15482070.
103. Watson PJ, Andrews PW. Toward a revised evolutionary asaptationist analysis of depression: the social navigation hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders 2002, 72:1-14. 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00459-1, 12204312.
104. Hendrie CA, Pickles AR. Depression as an evolutionary adaptation: Implications for the development of preclinical models. Medical Hypotheses 2009, 71:342-347.
105. Burns JK. Reconciling 'the new epidemiology' with an evolutionary genetic basis for schizophrenia. Medical Hypotheses 2009, 72:353-358. 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.046, 19028022.
106. Sharpley C, Bitsika V. Is Depression "Evolutionary" or just "Adaptive"? A comment. Depression: Research & Treatment 2010,
107. Sharpley C. A Review of the Neurobiological Effects of Psychotherapy for Depression. Psychotherapy: Research, Training, Practice
108. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower R. Rang and Dale's Pharmacology 2007, Phil. PA: Elsevier, 6.
109. Kemp PA, Davidson J. Routes onto Incapacity Benefit: Findings from a survey of recent claimants 2007, York: University of York - Social Policy Research Unit.
110. Panksepp J. Affective neuroscience 1998, New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Hawley LL, Ho M-HR, Zuroff DC, Blatt SJ. The relationship of perfectionism, depression, and therapeutic alliance during treatment for depression: Latent difference score analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74:930-942. 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.930, 17032097.
112. Weisz JR, Southam-Gerow MA, Gordis EB, Connor-Smith JK, Chu BC, Langer DA, McLeod BD, Jensen-Doss A, Updegraff A, Weiss B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus usual clinical care for youth depression: An initial test of transportability to community clinics and clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009, 77:383-396. 10.1037/a0013877, 19485581.
113. Jacobson NS, Dobson KS, Truax PA, Addis ME, Koerner K, Gollan JK, Gortner E, Prince SE. A Component Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996, 64:295-304. 10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.295, 8871414.
114. Mommersteeg PMC, Heijnen CJ, Keijsers GPJ, Verbraak MJPM, van Doornen LJP. Cortisol Deviations in People With Burnout Before and After Psychotherapy: A Pilot Study. Health Psychology 2006, 25:243-248. 10.1037/0278-6133.25.2.243, 16569117.
115. Huber TJ, Issa K, Schik G, Wolf OT. The cortisol awakening response is blunted in psychotherapy inpatients suffering from depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31:900-904. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.03.005, 16707227.
116. Weaver IC. Epigenetic effects of glucocorticoids. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2009, 14:143-150.
117. Weaver IC, Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:3480-3485.
118. Horvath A, Greenberg L. Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1989, 36:223-233.
119. Horvath A, Symonds B. Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1991, 38:139-149.
120. Horvath AO, Luborsky L. The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 1993, 61:561-573.