EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: Report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Volumn 69, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 2074-2082

  Bertsias, G K ^a   Ioannidis, J P A ^b   Aringer, M ^c   Bollen, E ^d   Bombardieri, S ^e   Bruce, I N ^f   Cervera, R ^g   Dalakas, M ^h   Doria, A ⁱ   Hanly, J G ^j   Huizinga, T W J ^d   Isenberg, D ^k   Kallenberg, C ^l   Piette, J C ^m   Schneider, M ⁿ   Scolding, N ^o   Smolen, J ^p   Stara, A ^w   Tassiulas, I ^q   Tektonidou, M ^r   Tincani, A ^s   Van Buchem, M A ^d   Van Vollenhoven, R ^t   Ward, M ^u   Gordon, C ^v   Boumpas, D T ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^d LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^g HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^h IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^j DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^k UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^m PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

ⁿ HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^o FRENCHAY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^p MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^q HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

^r UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^s UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^t KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^u NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SKIN DISEASES   (United States)

^v UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^w NONE

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; HALOPERIDOL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; RITUXIMAB; WARFARIN;

ACUTE CONFUSION; ACUTE CONFUSIONAL STATE; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOREA; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CRANIAL NEUROPATHY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG PULSE THERAPY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LUPUS PSYCHOSIS; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; MONONEUROPATHY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; MYELITIS; MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; NERVE BIOPSY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ONSET AGE; OPTIC NEURITIS; PATIENT MONITORING; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYNEUROPATHY; POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, NEUROLOGICAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; LUPUS VASCULITIS, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; MENTAL DISORDERS; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; RISK FACTORS; SPINAL CORD DISEASES;

EID: 78649742730     PISSN: 00034967     EISSN: 14682060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.130476     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:599-608.
2. Bertsias G, Ioannidis JP, Boletis J, et al EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies including therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:195-205. (Pubitemid 351183308)
3. Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Loukkola J, et al Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:419-23.
4. Hanly JG, Su L, Farewell V, et al Prospective study of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1449-59.
5. Andrade RM, Alarcón GS, González LA, et al Seizures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic cohort (LUMINA LIV). Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:829-34.
6. Mikdashi J, Handwerger B. Predictors of neuropsychiatric damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the Maryland lupus cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:1555-60.
7. Tomietto P, Annese V, D'Agostini S, et al General and specific factors associated with severity of cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1461-72.
8. Appenzeller S, Cendes F, Costallat LT. Epileptic seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2004;63:1808-12.
9. Buján S, Ordi-Ros J, Paredes J, et al Contribution of the initial features of systemic lupus erythematosus to the clinical evolution and survival of a cohort of Mediterranean patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:859-65.
10. Mikdashi J, Krumholz A, Handwerger B. Factors at diagnosis predict subsequent occurrence of seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2005;64:2102-7.
11. Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML, Cuadrado MJ, et al Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and association with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 2003;30:985-92.
12. Mok MY, Chan EY, Fong DY, et al Antiphospholipid antibody profiles and their clinical associations in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2005;32:622-8.
13. Kozora E, West SG, Kotzin BL, et al Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without overt central nervous system disease. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:41-7. (Pubitemid 28041921)
14. Nomura K, Yamano S, Ikeda Y, et al Asymptomatic cerebrovascular lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus lacking a history of neuropsychiatric events. Intern Med 1999;38:785-95.
15. Sibbitt WL, Jr, Sibbitt RR, Griffey RH, et al Magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging in the evaluation of acute neuropsychiatric disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:1014-22.
16. Appenzeller S, Li LM, Costallat LT, et al Evidence of reversible axonal dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: a proton MRS study. Brain 2005;128:2933-40.
17. Axford JS, Howe FA, Heron C, et al Sensitivity of quantitative (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in detecting early neuronal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:106-11.
18. Bosma GP, Steens SC, Petropoulos H, et al Multisequence magnetic resonance imaging study of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3195-202.
19. Steens SC, Admiraal-Behloul F, Bosma GP, et al Selective gray matter damage in neuropsychiatric lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2877-81.
20. Hughes M, Sundgren PC, Fan X, et al Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with acute onset of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy values, and eigenvalues in different regions of the brain. Acta Radiol 2007;48:213-22.
21. Castellino G, Padovan M, Bortoluzzi A, et al Single photon emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation in SLE patients with and without neuropsychiatric involvement. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:319-23.
22. Zhang X, Zhu Z, Zhang F, et al Diagnostic value of single-photon-emission computed tomography in severe central nervous system involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;53:845-9.
23. Weiner SM, Otte A, Schumacher M, et al Diagnosis and monitoring of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: value of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:377-85.
24. Stojanovich L, Stojanovich R, Kostich V, et al Neuropsychiatric lupus favourable response to low dose i.v. cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (pilot study). Lupus 2003;12:3-7.
25. Barile-Fabris L, Ariza-Andraca R, Olguín-Ortega L, et al Controlled clinical trial of IV cyclophosphamide versus IV methylprednisolone in severe neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:620-5.
26. Neuwelt CM. The role of plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe central nervous system neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Ther Apher Dial 2003;7:173-82.
27. Bartolucci P, Bréchignac S, Cohen P, et al Adjunctive plasma exchanges to treat neuropsychiatric lupus: a retrospective study on 10 patients. Lupus 2007;16:817-22. (Pubitemid 350069795)
28. Levy Y, Sherer Y, Ahmed A, et al A study of 20 SLE patients with intravenous immunoglobulin - clinical and serologic response. Lupus 1999;8:705-12.
29. Milstone AM, Meyers K, Elia J. Treatment of acute neuropsychiatric lupus with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG): a case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2005;24:394-7.
30. Vina ER, Fang AJ, Wallace DJ, et al Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: prognosis and outcome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;35:175-84.
31. Tokunaga M, Saito K, Kawabata D, et al Efficacy of rituximab (anti-CD20) for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus involving the central nervous system. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:470-5.
32. Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, et al The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:993-7.
33. Muñoz-Rodriguez FJ, Font J, Cervera R, et al Clinical study and follow-up of 100 patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999;29:182-90.
34. Tektonidou MG, Ioannidis JP, Boki KA, et al Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome. Q J Med 2000;93:523-30.
35. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hunt BJ, Khamashta MA. A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1487-95.
36. Cervera R, Asherson RA, Font J, et al Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:203-12.
37. D'Cruz DP, Mellor-Pita S, Joven B, et al Transverse myelitis as the first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus or lupus-like disease: good functional outcome and relevance of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 2004;31:280-5.
38. Heinlein AC, Gertner E. Marked inflammation in catastrophic longitudinal myelitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007;16:823-6.
39. Tarr T, Lakos G, Bhattoa HP, et al Analysis of risk factors for the development of thrombotic complications in antiphospholipid antibody positive lupus patients. Lupus 2007;16:39-45.
40. Hereng T, Lambert M, Hachulla E, et al Influence of aspirin on the clinical outcomes of 103 anti-phospholipid antibodies-positive patients. Lupus 2008;17:11-15.
41. Tektonidou MG, Laskari K, Panagiotakos DB, et al Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:29-36.
42. Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R, et al Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2382-91.
43. Mitsikostas DD, Sfikakis PP, Goadsby PJ. A meta-analysis for headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: the evidence and the myth. Brain 2004;127:1200-9.
44. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1133-8.
45. Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:848-53. (Pubitemid 41632808)
46. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Hunt BJ, et al Bleeding and recurrent thrombosis in definite antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 66 patients treated with oral anticoagulation to a target international normalized ratio of 3.5. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1164-9.
47. Finazzi G, Brancaccio V, Moia M, et al Natural history and risk factors for thrombosis in 360 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: a four-year prospective study from the Italian Registry. Am J Med 1996;100:530-6.
48. Cervera R, Boffa MC, Khamashta MA, et al The Euro-Phospholipid Project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe. Lupus 2009;18:889-93.
49. Cohen D, Berger SP, Steup-Beekman GM, et al Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. BMJ 2010;340:c2541.
50. Panopalis P, Julian L, Yazdany J, et al Impact of memory impairment on employment status in persons with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1453-60.
51. Ainiala H, Dastidar P, Loukkola J, et al Cerebral MRI abnormalities and their association with neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE: a population-based study. Scand J Rheumatol 2005;34:376-82.
52. Lapteva L, Nowak M, Yarboro CH, et al Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies, cognitive dysfunction, and depression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2505-14.
53. Waterloo K, Omdal R, Sjöholm H, et al Neuropsychological dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with changes in cerebral blood flow. J Neurol 2001;248:595-602.
54. McLaurin EY, Holliday SL, Williams P, et al Predictors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2005;64:297-303.
55. Harrison MJ, Morris KA, Horton R, et al Results of intervention for lupus patients with self-perceived cognitive difficulties. Neurology 2005;65:1325-7.
56. Haupt M, Millen S, Jänner M, et al Improvement of coping abilities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1618-23.
57. Hanly JG, Cassell K, Fisk JD. Cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a 5-year prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1542-3.
58. Denburg SD, Carbotte RM, Denburg JA. Corticosteroids and neuropsychological functioning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:1311-20.
59. Hughes GR, Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA, et al Headache and memory loss: rapid response to heparin in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2001;10:778.
60. González-Duarte A, Cantú-Brito CG, Ruano-Calderón L, et al Clinical description of seizures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur Neurol 2008;59:320-3.
61. Joseph FG, Lammie GA, Scolding NJ. CNS lupus: a study of 41 patients. Neurology 2007;69:644-54.
62. Orzechowski NM, Wolanskyj AP, Ahlskog JE, et al Antiphospholipid antibody-associated chorea. J Rheumatol 2008;35:2165-70.
63. Dennis MS, Byrne EJ, Hopkinson N, et al Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in elderly people: a case series. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1992;55:1157-61.
64. Rahman P, Humphrey-Murto S, Gladman DD, et al Cytotoxic therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Experience from a single center. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:432-7.
65. Chau SY, Mok CC. Factors predictive of corticosteroid psychosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2003;61:104-7.
66. Briani C, Lucchetta M, Ghirardello A, et al Neurolupus is associated with anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies: an inception cohort study. J Autoimmun 2009;32:79-84.
67. Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Siannis F, et al Autoantibodies and neuropsychiatric events at the time of systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis: results from an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:843-53.
68. Karassa FB, Afeltra A, Ambrozic A, et al Accuracy of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: an international meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:312-24.
69. Kodama K, Okada S, Hino T, et al Single photon emission computed tomography in systemic lupus erythematosus with psychiatric symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1995;58:307-11.
70. Greco CM, Rudy TE, Manzi S. Effects of a stress-reduction program on psychological function, pain, and physical function of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:625-34.
71. Martin-Suarez I, D'Cruz D, Mansoor M, et al Immunosuppressive treatment in severe connective tissue diseases: effects of low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:481-7.
72. Mok CC, Lau CS, Wong RW. Treatment of lupus psychosis with oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine maintenance: an open-label study. Am J Med 2003;115:59-62.
73. Pego-Reigosa JM, Isenberg DA. Psychosis due to systemic lupus erythematosus: characteristics and long-term outcome of this rare manifestation of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:1498-502.
74. Birnbaum J, Petri M, Thompson R, et al Distinct subtypes of myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:3378-87.
75. Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, de Seze J, et al Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch Neurol 2008;65:78-83.
76. Kovacs B, Lafferty TL, Brent LH, et al Transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 14 cases and review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:120-4.
77. Lu X, Gu Y, Wang Y, et al Prognostic factors of lupus myelopathy. Lupus 2008;17:323-8.
78. Tseng MT, Hsieh SC, Shun CT, et al Skin denervation and cutaneous vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Brain 2006;129:977-85.
79. Omdal R, Løseth S, Torbergsen T, et al Peripheral neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus - a longitudinal study. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;103:386-91.
80. Emmer BJ, Steup-Beekman GM, Steens SC, et al Correlation of magnetization transfer ratio histogram parameters with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus criteria and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: association of magnetization transfer ratio peak height with neuronal and cognitive dysfunction. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1451-7.
81. Kowal C, Degiorgio LA, Lee JY, et al Human lupus autoantibodies against NMDA receptors mediate cognitive impairment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:19854-9.
82. Matus S, Burgos PV, Bravo-Zehnder M, et al Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis. J Exp Med 2007;204:3221-34.
83. Zhang X, Shu H, Zhang F, et al Cell-ELISA detection of antineuronal antibodies in central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:530-2.
84. Fragoso-Loyo H, Richaud-Patin Y, Orozco-Narváez A, et al Interleukin-6 and chemokines in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:1242-50. (Pubitemid 46608649)
85. Trysberg E, Blennow K, Zachrisson O, et al Intrathecal levels of matrix metalloproteinases in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system engagement. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:R551-6.