An opinion on the distribution and behavior of chemicals in response to climate change, with particular reference to the Asia-Pacific region

Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry

Volumn 93, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-31

  Sadler, Ross ^a   Gabric, Albert ^a   Shaw, Glen ^a   Shaw, Emily ^a   Connell, Des ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Climate Change; Environmental Fate; Harmful Algal Blooms; Particulates; Pollutant Behavior; Pollutant Transport

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; PARTICULATES; POLLUTANT BEHAVIOR; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT;

ALGAE CONTROL; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BLOOMS (METAL); CLIMATE MODELS; DISTILLATION; EUTROPHICATION; HEAVY METALS; HEAVY WATER; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POTABLE WATER; SURFACE WATERS;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ALGAL BLOOM; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DISTILLATION; DRINKING WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; EUTROPHICATION; MODEL VALIDATION; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; TOXIC ORGANISM;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC RIM;

ALGAE;

EID: 78649405961     PISSN: 02772248     EISSN: 10290486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2010.505195     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. AAS (Australian Academy of Science). 2003. Coral bleaching - will global warming kill the reefs? Canberra: Australian Academy of Science. http://www.science.org.au/nova/076/076key.htm
2. AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 2007. AAAS board statement on climate change. Pennsylvania: American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://www.aaas.org/news/press_room/climate_change/mtg_200702/aaas_climate_statement.pdf
3. Ahmad, R., and R.S. Kookana. 2002. Extrapolation of pesticide sorption data between agroclimatic regions. In Environmental protection and risk assessment of organic contaminants, eds. R.S. Kookana, R. Sadler, N. Sethunathan and R. Naidu, 97-123. Enfield: Science Publishers Inc.
4. Al-Mamun, A., A. Idris, W.N.W.A. Sulaiman, and M.A.M. Soom. 2006. Impact of sullage and diffuse pollution loading on the health of river system in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 9th River Symposium, September 4-7, in Brisbane, Australia.
5. Backer, L., and D. McGillicuddy. 2006. Harmful algal blooms. Oceanography 19: 94-106.
6. Bagnis, R. 1993. Ciguatera fish poisoning. In Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water, ed. I. Falconer, 105-15. New York: Academic Press.
7. Blais, J.M., R.W. Macdonald, D. Mackay, E. Webster, C. Harvey, and J.P. Smol. 2007. Biologically mediated transport of contaminants to aquatic systems. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 1075-84.
8. Blais, J.M., D.W. Schindler, D.C.G. Muir, M. Sharp, D. Donald, M. Lafreniere, E. Braekevelt, M. Comba, and S. Backus. 2001. Glaciers are a dominant source of persistent organochlorines to a subalpine lake in Banff National Park, Canada. Ambio 30: 410-5.
9. Boyd, P.W., G. McTainsh, V. Sherlock, K. Richardson, S. Nichol, M. Ellwood, and R. Frew. 2004. Episodic enhancement of phytoplankton stocks in New Zealand subantarctic waters: Contribution of atmospheric and oceanic iron supply. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: GB1029, doi:10.1029/(2002)GB002020.
10. Brand, L.E., and A. Compton. 2007. Long-term increase in Karenia brevis abundance along the Southwest Florida Coast. Harmful Algae 6: 232-52.
11. Bridgewater, P. 1999. Assessment of the Jabiluka project: Report of the supervising scientist to the World Heritage Committee. Canberra: Office of the Supervising Scientist.
12. Buddemeier, R.W., J.A. Kleypas, and R.B. Aronson. 2004. Coral reefs and global climate change: Potential contributions of climate change to stress on coral reef ecosystems. Arlington: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
13. Burkholder, J.M., and H.B. Glasgow. 1997. Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinofla- gellates: Behaviour, impacts, and environmental controls. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1052-75.
14. Caldeira, K., and M.E. Wickett. 2005. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 110: 1-12.
15. Chateau-Degat, M.-L., M. Chinain, N. Cerf, S. Gingras, B. Hubert, and E. Dewailly. 2005. Seawater temperature, Gambierdiscus spp. variability and incidence of ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia. Harmful Algae 4: 1053-62.
16. Cheng, Y.S., J.D. McDonald, D. Kracko, C.M. Irvin, Y. Zhou, R.H. Pierce, M.S. Henry, A. Bourdelaisa, J. Naar, and D.G. Baden. 2005. Concentration and particle size of airborne toxic algae (Brevitoxin) derived from ocean red tide events. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 3443-49.
17. M. Chinain., M. Germain., X. Deparis, S. Pauillac, and A. M. Legrand. 1999. Seasonal abundance and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophycaeae), the causitative agent of ciguatera in Tahiti, French Polynesia. Marine Biology 135: 259-67.
18. Clark, M.W., D. McConchie, D.W. Lewis, and P. Saenger. 1998. Redox stratification and heavy metal partitioning in Avicennia-dominated mangrove sediments: A geochemical model. Chemical Geology 149: 147-71.
19. Connell, D.W. 2005. Basic concepts of environmental chemistry. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
20. Connolly, R.D., D.M Silburn, and D.M. Freebairn. 2002. Transport of sediments and pesticides in surface water. In Environmental protection and risk assessment of organic contaminants, eds. R.S. Kookana, R. Sadler, N. Sethunathan and R. Naidu, 147-71. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc.
21. Cyranoski, D. 2005. Climate change: The long-range forecast. Nature 438: 275-76.
22. Dalla Valle, M., E. Codato, and A. Marcomini. 2007. Climate change influence on POPs distribution and fate: A case study. Chemosphere 67: 1287-95.
23. Daly, G.L., and F. Wania. 2005. Organic contaminants in mountains. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 385-98.
24. Doney, S.C., V.J. Fabry, R.A. Feely, and J.A. Kleypas. 2009. Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. Annual Reviews of Marine Science 1: 169-94.
25. Edwards, M., D.G. Johns, S.C. Leferme, E. Svendsen, and A.J. Richardson. 2006. Regional climate change and harmful algal blooms in the northeast Atlantic. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 820-29.
26. Ellison, A.M., and E.J. Farnsworth. 1997. Simulated sea level change alters anatomy, physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia 112: 435-46.
27. Erel, Y., U. Dayan, R. Rabi, Y. Rudich, and M. Stein. 2006. Transboundary transport of pollutants by atmospheric mineral dust. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 2996-3005.
28. Fang, G.-C., Y.-S. Wu, M.-H. Chen, T.-T. Ho, S.-H. Huang, and J.-Y. Rau. 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002-2003. Atmospheric Environment 38: 3385-91.
29. Feely, R.A., C.L. Sabine, J.M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, and B. Hales. 2008. Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the continental shelf. Science 320: 1490-2.
30. Field, C.D. 1995. Impact of expected climate-change on mangroves. Hydrobiologia 295: 75-81.
31. Fristachi, A.J.L., and J.L. Sinclair. 2008. Occurrence of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms workgroup report. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 619: 45-104.
32. Gaden, A., S.H. Ferguson, L. Harwood, H. Melling, and G.A. Stern. 2009. Mercury trends in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Western Canadian Arctic since 1973: Associations with length of ice-free season. Environmental Science and Technology 43: 3646-51.
33. Garnett, C., G. Shaw, D. Moore, P. Florian, and M. Moore. 2003. Impact of climate change on toxic cyanobacterial (blue green algal) blooms and toxin production in Queensland. Final Report, March 2003. Brisbane, Queensland: Department of Natural Resources and Mines, http://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/ClimateChanges/pub/Cyanobacteria.pdf
34. Garrison, V.H., E.A. Shinn, W.T. Foreman, D.W. Griffin, C.W. Holmes, C.A. Kellogg, M.S. Majewski, L.L. Richardson, K.B. Ritchie, and G.W. Smith. 2003. African and Asian dust: From desert soils to coral reefs. Bioscience 53: 469-80.
35. GEOHAB. 2001. Global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms, science plan, eds. P. Gilbert and G. Pitcher. Baltimore: SCOR and Paris: IOC.
36. Ghadiri, H., and C.W. Rose. 1991. Sorbed chemical transport on overland flow: II. Enrichment ratio variation with erosion processes. Journal of Environmental Quality 20: 634-41.
37. Gilman, E., H. Van Lavieren, J. Ellison, V. Jungblut, L. Wilson, F. Areki, G. Brighouse, et al. 2006. Pacific island mangroves in a changing climate and rising sea. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 179. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Seas Programme.
38. Goswami, B.N., V. Venugopal, D. Sengupta, M.S. Madhusoodanan, and P.K. Xavier. 2006. Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 314: 1442-45.
39. Gothberg, A., M. Greger, K. Holm, and B.-E. Bengtsson. 2004. Influence of nutrient levels on uptake and effects of mercury, cadmium, and lead in water spinach. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 1247-55.
40. Goudie, A.S., and N.J. Middleton. 1992. The changing frequency of dust storms through time. Climatic Change 20: 197-225.
41. Griffin, D.W., C.A. Kellogg, and E.A. Shinn. 2001. Dust in the wind: Long range transport of dust in the atmosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health. Global Change and Human Health 2: 2-15.
42. Grisi, B., C. Grac, P.C. Brookes, A. Benedetti, and M.T. Dell'abate. 1998. Temperature effects on organic matter and microbial biomass dynamics in temperate and tropical soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30: 1309-15.
43. Grolimund, D., and M. Borkovec. 2005. Colloid-facilitated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in natural porous media: Mathematical modeling and laboratory column experiments. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 6378-86.
44. Gwynn, R.C., R.T. Burnett, and G.D. Thurston. 2000. A time series analysis of acidic particulate matter and daily mortality and morbidity in the Buffalo, New York region. Environmental Health Perspectives 108: 125-133.
45. Hall, G., R. D'Souza, and M. Kirk. 2007. Foodborne disease in the new millennium: Out of the frying pan into the fryer. Medical Journal of Australia 177: 614-18.
46. Harner, T., and D. Mackay. 1995. Measurement of octanol-air partition coefficients for chlorobenzenes, PCBs and DDT. Environmental Science and Technology 29: 1599-1606.
47. Harvell, C.D., K. Kim, J.M. Burkholder, R.R. Colwell, P.R. Epstein, D.J. Grimes, E.E. Hofmann, et al. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285: 1505-10.
48. Hayes, M.L., J. Bonaventura, T.P. Mitchell, J.M. Prospero, E.A. Shinn, F. Van Dolah, and R.T. Barber. 2001. How are climate and marine biological outbreaks functionally linked? Hydrobiologia 460: 213-20.
49. Hien, T.T., L.T. Thanh, T. Kameda, T. Takenaka, and H. Bandow. 2006. Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with particle size in urban aerosols at the roadside in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment 41: 1575-86.
50. Hodgkiss, I.J., and K.C. Ho. 1997. Are changes in N:P ratios in coastal waters the key to increased red tide blooms? Hydrobiologia 352: 141-7.
51. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P.J. Mumby, A.J. Hooten, R.S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C.D. Harvell, et al. 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318: 1737-42.
52. Hood, R.R., N.R. Bates, D.G. Capone, and D.B. Olson. 2001. Modelling the effect of nitrogen fixation on carbon and nitrogen fluxes at BATS. Deep-Sea Research Part II 48: 1609-48.
53. Hunter, H.M., C.J. Sologinkin, S.C. Choy, A.R. Hooper, W.S. Allen, M.A.A. Raymond, and J. Peeters. 2001. Water management in the Johnstone Basin, Final Report, Natural Heritage Trust Project No. 952194. Brisbane: Department of Natural Resources and Mines.
54. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007a. Climate change 2007. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
55. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007b. Fourth assessment report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
56. Jones, R.N., K.J. Hennessy, and D.J. Abbs. 1999. Climate change analysis relevant to Jabiluka. Supervising Scientist Report 141, Supervising Scientist for the Alligator Rivers Region. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
57. Karickhoff, S.W. 1981. Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils. Chemosphere 10: 406-14.
58. Karl, D., A. Michaels, B. Bergman, D. Capone, E. Carpenter, R. Letelier, F. Lipschultz, H. Paerl, D. Sigman, and L. Stal. 2002. Dinitrogen fixation in the world's oceans. Biogeochemistry 57: 47-98.
59. Khanal, O.R., and D. Shooter. 2004. Benzo(a)pyrene in atmospheric particles from three New Zealand cities: Variations between cities and seasons. Clean Air and Environmental Quality 38: 28-31.
60. Kidd, K., A. Fisk, K. Borga, and D. Muir. 2005. Advantages and limitations of using stable isotope ratios to understand the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in aquatic food webs, KID-1117-850549. Paper presented at the SETAC 26th annual meeting in North America, November 13-17, in Baltimore, MD, USA.
61. Kleypas, J.A., R.A. Feely, V.J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C.L. Sabine, and L.L. Robbins. 2005. Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: A guide for future research. Paper presented at a workshop, April 18-20, in St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
62. Kojima, M., C. Brandon, and J. Shah. 2000. Improving urban air quality in South Asia by reducing emissions from two-stroke engine vehicles. Washington: The World Bank.
63. Kookana, R.S., R. Sadler, D. Connell, N. Sethunathan, M. Megharaj, A. Juhasz, P.K. Seth, and R. Naidu. 2002. Organic contaminants in the soil environment - Environmental fate, impacts and remediation. In Environmental protection and risk assessment of organic contaminants, eds. R.S. Kookana, R. Sadler, N. Sethunathan and R. Naidu, 3-25. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc.
64. Krummel, E.M., I. Gregory-Eaves, R.W. Macdonald, L.E. Kimpe, M.J. Demers, J.P. Smol, B. Finney, and J.M. Blais. 2005. Concentrations and fluxes of salmon-derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in lake sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 7020-6.
65. Kuhne, R., R.-U. Ebert, and G. Schuurmann. 2005. Prediction of the temperature dependency of Henry's Law constant from chemical structure. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 6705-11.
66. Labat, D., Y. Godderis, J.L. Probst, and J.L. Guyot. 2004. Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming. Advances in Water Resources 27: 631-42.
67. Lane, T., M.A. Saito, G.N. George, I.J. Pickering, R.C. Prince, and F.F.M. Morel. 2005. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a cadmium carbonic anhydrase from a marine diatom. Nature 435: 42.
68. Lee, J.Y., and Y.P. Kim. 2007. Source apportionment of the particulate PAHs at Seoul, Korea: Impact of long range transport to a megacity. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7: 1479-1506.
69. Lee, C.S.L., X.-D. Li, G. Zhang, J. Li, A.-J. Ding, and T. Wang. 2007. Heavy metals and Pb isotopic composition of aerosols in urban and suburban areas of Hong Kong and Guangzhou, South China - Evidence of the long-range transport of air contaminants. Atmospheric Environment 41: 432-47.
70. Lehane, L., and R.J. Lewis. 2000. Ciguatera: Recent advances but the risks remain. International Journal of Food Microbiology 61: 91-125.
71. Lenes, J.M., B.P. Darrow, C. Cattrall, C.A. Heil, M. Callahan, G.A. Vargo, R.H. Byrne, et al. 2001. Iron fertilization and the Trichodesmium response on the West Florida shelf. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 1261-77.
72. Lenton, T.M., H. Held, E. Kriegler, J.W. Hall, W. Lucht, S. Rahmstorf, and H.J. Schellnhuber. 2008. Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105: 1786-93.
73. Lewis, R.J. 2001. The changing face of ciguatera. Toxicon 39: 97-106.
74. Lewis, R.J., and M.J. Holmes. 1993. Origin and transfer of toxins involved in ciguatera. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 106C: 615-28.
75. Macdonald, R.W., T. Harner, J. Fyfe, H. Loeng, and T. Weingartner. 2003a. AMAP assessment 2002: The influence of global change on contaminant pathways to, within, and from the arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). Oslo: AMAP.
76. Macdonald, R.W., D. Mackay, and B. Hickie. 2002. Contaminant amplification in the environment: Revealing the fundamental mechanisms. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 457A-462A.
77. Macdonald, R.W., D. Mackay, Y.-F. Li, and B. Hickie. 2003b. How will global climate change affect risks from long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants? Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 9: 643-60.
78. Mackey, A.P., and S. Mackay. 1996. Spatial distribution of acid-volatile sulphide concentration and metal bioavailability in mangrove sediments from the Brisbane River, Australia. Environmental Pollution 93: 205-9.
79. Macleod, M., W.J. Riley, and T.E. McKone. 2005. Assessing the influence of climate variability on atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls using a global scale mass balance model (BETR-Global). Environmental Science and Technology 39: 6749-56.
80. Matthews, K.A., W.F. McDonough, and A.G. Grottoli. 2006. Cadmium measurements in coral skeleton using isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7: 1-8.
81. Michaels, A.F., D.M. Karl, and D.G. Capone. 2001. Element stoichiometry, new production and nitrogen fixation. Oceanography 14: 68-77.
82. Michaels, A.F., D. Olson, J.L. Sarmiento, J.W. Ammerman, K. Fanning, R. Jahnke, A.H. Knap, F. Lipschultz, and J.M. Prospero. 1996. Inputs, losses and transformations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pelagic North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeochemistry 35: 181-226.
83. Mudie, P.J., A. Rochon, and E. Levac. 2002. Palynological records of red tide-producing species in Canada: Past trends and implications for the future. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 180: 159-86.
84. Myers, N., and J. Kent. 2003. New consumers: The influence of affluence on the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 4963-8.
85. Nordic Council of Ministers. 2003. Cadmium review. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/forums/forum5/nmr_cadmium.pdf
86. Ongley, E.D. 1996. Control of water pollution from agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage paper 55. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
87. Outridge, P.M., R.W. Macdonald, F. Wang, G.A. Stern, and A.P. Dastoor. 2008. A mass balance inventory of mercury in the Arctic Ocean. Environmental Chemistry 5: 89-111.
88. Outridge, P.M., H. Sanei, G.A. Stern, P.B. Hamilton, and F. Goodarzi. 2007. Evidence for control of mercury accumulation rates in Canadian High Arctic lake sediments by variations of aquatic primary productivity. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 5259-65.
89. Pacyna, J.M., E.G. Pacyna, F. Steenhuisen, and S. Wilson. 2003. Mapping 1995 global anthropogenic emissions of mercury. Atmospheric Environment 37(S1). doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00239-5.
90. Panther, B.C., M.A. Hooper, and N.J. Tapper. 1999. A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments. Atmospheric Environment 33: 4087-99.
91. Park, S.S., Y.J. Kim, and C.H. Kang. 2002. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment 36: 2917-24.
92. Patz, J., S. Olson, and A. Gray. 2006. Climate change, oceans and human health. Oceanography 19: 52-9.
93. Pierce, R.H., and G.J. Kirkpatrick. 2001. Innovative techniques for harmful algal toxin analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 107-14.
94. Pierrehumbert, R.T. 2000. Climate change and the tropical Pacific: The sleeping dragon wakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 1355-58.
95. Prospero, J.M., and R.T. Nees. 1977. Dust concentration in atmosphere of equatorial North-Atlantic - Possible relationship to Sahelian drought. Science 196: 1196-98.
96. Prospero, J.M., and R.T. Nees. 1986. Impact of the North African drought and El Nino on mineral dust in the Barbados Trade Winds. Nature 320: 735-8.
97. Raupach, M.R., G. Marland, P. Ciais, C. Le Quere, J.G. Canadell, G. Klepper, and C.B. Field. 2007. Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 10288-93.
98. Ringuet, S., D.J. Hoover, S. Narod, and F.T. Mackenzie. 2003. Impacts of storm runoff on nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in a subtropical embayment. Paper presented at the AGU-EGS-EUG Joint assembly, April 7-11, in Nice, France.
99. Sadler, R., P. White, and D. Connell. 1997. Soil transport of wood preservatives applied to the base of power poles. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 61: 135-45.
100. SafeFood NSW. 2002. Seafood production New South Wales annual report 2001/2002. Sydney: SafeFood New South Wales.
101. Samet, J., R. Wassel, K.J. Holmes, E. Abt, and K. Bakshi. 2005. Research priorities for airborne particulate matter in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 299A-304A.
102. Schiedek, D., B. Sundelin, J.W. Readman, and R.W. Macdonald. 2007. Interactions between climate change and contaminants. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 1845-56.
103. Sekiguchi, K., T. Ogata, S. Kaga, M. Yoshida, Y. Fukuyo, and M. Kodama. 2001. Accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in Otsuchi Bay, Iwate Prefecture, Northern Pacific Coast of Japan. Fisheries Science 67: 1157-62.
104. Sellner, K.G. 1997. Physiology, ecology, and toxic properties of marine cyanobacteria blooms. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1089-1104.
105. Shaw, C., P.K. Lam, and J.F. Mueller. 2008. Photosystem II herbicide pollution in Hong Kong and its potential photosynthetic effects on corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 57: 473-8.
106. Sherman, B.S., I.T. Webster, G.J. Jones, and R.L. Oliver. 1998. Transitions between Aulacoseira and Anabaena dominance in a turbid river Weir pool. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 1902-15.
107. Sigleo, A.C., and D.J. Shultz. 1993. Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment trap material and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary. Estuaries 16: 405-15.
108. Smayda, T.J. 1997. Harmful algal blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1137-53.
109. Snoeyink, V.L., and D. Jenkins. 1980. Water chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
110. Spatharis, S., G. Tsirtsis, D.B. Danielidis, T.D. Chi, D. Mouillot, and D. 2007. Effects of pulsed nutrient inputs on phytoplankton assemblage structure and blooms in an enclosed coastal area. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 73: 807-15.
111. Stanley, J.B., P.F. Schuster, M.M. Reddy, D.A. Roth, H.E. Taylor, and G.R. Aiken. 2002. Mercury on the move during snowmelt in Vermont. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 83: 45-8.
112. Staudinger, J., and P.V. Roberts. 2001. A critical compilation of Henry's law constant temperature dependence relations for organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 44: 561-76.
113. Stern, G.A., H. Sanei, P. Roach, J. DeLaronde, and P.M. Outridge. 2009. Historical interrelated variations of mercury and aquatic organic matter in lake sediment cores from a subarctic lake in Yukon, Canada: Further evidence toward the algal-mercury scavenging hypothesis. Environmental Science and Technology 43: 7684-90.
114. Strawn, D.G., and D.L. Sparks. 1999. Sorption kinetics of trace elements in soils and soil materials. In Fate and transport of heavy metals in the Vadose zone, eds. H.M. Selim and I. Iskandar, 1-28. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers.
115. Sunderland, E.M., D.P. Krabbenhoft, J.W. Moreau, S.A. Strode, and W.M. Landing. 2009. Mercury sources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from data and models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23: GB(2010), doi:10.1029/(2008)GB003425.
116. Tam, N.F.Y., and S. Wong. 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environmental Pollution 94: 283-91.
117. Tanabe, S. 2007. Contamination by persistent toxic substances in the Asia Pacific Region. In Persistent organic pollutants in Asia, eds. A. Li, S. Tanabe, G. Jiang, J.P. Giesy and P.K.S. Lam, 773-817. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
118. Tang, D.L., H. Kawamura, I.S. Oh, and J. Baker. 2006. Satellite evidence of harmful algal blooms and related oceanographic features in the Bohai Sea during autumn (1998). Advances in Space Research 37: 681-9.
119. Tang, D.L., D.R. Kester, I.H. Ni, Y.Z. Qi, and H. Kawamura. 2003. In situ and satellite observations of a harmful algal bloom and water condition at the Pearl River estuary in late autumn (1998). Harmful Algae 2: 89-99.
120. Thacker, P.D. 2005. Global warming's other effects on the oceans. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 10A-11A.
121. Trainer, V.L., W.P. Cochlan, A. Erickson, B.D. Bill, F.H. Cox, J.A. Borchert, and K.A. Lefebvre. 2007. Recent domoic acid closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland. Harmful Algae 6: 449-59.
122. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). 2003. Global mercury assessment. Geneva: InterOrganization Program for the Sound Management of Chemicals.
123. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). 2007. Report of the expert group on the assessment of the production and use of DDT and its alternatives for disease vector control. New York: United Nations Environment Program. http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/cop_3/meetingdocs/cop3_24/24-K0760230%20POPS-COP3.pdf
124. US Bureau of Mines. 1993. The Availability of primary lead and zinc in market economy countries: A minerals availability appraisal (Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1993). Washington: US Department of the Interior.
125. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2007. Monitored natural attenuation of inorganic contaminants in ground water. Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
126. Van Dolah, F.M. 2000. Marine algal toxins: Origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environmental Health Perspectives 108: 133-41.
127. Vicente-Beckett, V., R. Noble, R. Packett, P. Verwey, L. Ruddle, M. Munksgaard, and H. Morrison. 2006. Pesticide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal contamination in the Fitzroy Estuary, Queensland, Australia. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management (Coastal CRC).
128. Villareal, T.A., C. Moore, P. Stribling, F. Van Dolah, G. Luber, and M.A. Wenck. 2006. Ciguatera fish poisoning: Texas, 1998 and South Carolina, 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55: 34.
129. Wania, F. 2006. Potential of degradable organic chemicals for absolute and relative enrichment in the Arctic. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 569-77.
130. Wania, F., and D. Mackay. 1995. A global distribution model for persistent organic chemicals. Science of the Total Environment 160/161: 211-32.
131. Wania, F., and D. Mackay. 1996. Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology 30: 390A-6A.
132. Wania, F., and D. Mackay. 1997. Global distillation: Our planet. http://www.ourplanet.com/imgversn/86/wania.html
133. WHO (World Health Organization). 2000. Climate variability and change and their health effects in Pacific island countries. Geneva: World Health Organization.
134. Wong, C.-K., P. Hung, K.L.H. Lee, and K.-M. Kam. 2005. Study of an outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong. Toxicon 46: 563-71.
135. Wu, J., and D.L. Nofziger. 1999. Incorporating temperature effects on pesticide degradation into a management model. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 92-100.
136. Wurl, O., J.R. Potter, J.P. Obbard, and C. Durville. 2006. Persistent organic pollutants in the equatorial atmosphere over the open Indian Ocean. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 1454-61.
137. Yang, Z.B., and I.J. Hodgkiss. 2004. Hong Kong's worst "red tide" - causative factors reflected in a phytoplankton study at Port Shelter station in 1998. Harmful Algae 3: 149-61.
138. Young, R.W., K.L. Carder, P.R. Betzer, D.K. Costello, R.A. Duce, G.R. DiTullio, N.W. Tindale, et al. 1991. Atmospheric iron inputs and primary productivity: Phytoplankton responses in the North Pacific. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5: 119-34.
139. Zech, W., L. Haumaier, and I. Kogel-Knabner. 1989. Changes in aromaticity and carbon distribution of soil organic matter due to pedogenesis. Science of the Total Environment 81: 179-86.
140. Zhou, J.L., R. Liu, A. Wilding, and A. Hibberd. 2007. Sorption of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals to different aqueous colloids. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 206-13.
141. Zingone, A., and H.O. Enevoldsen. 2000. The diversity of harmful algal blooms: A challenge for science and management. Ocean and Coastal Management 43: 725-48.