메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2010, Pages

The last decade of microbicide clinical trials in Africa: From hypothesis to facts

Author keywords

Africa; HIV; microbicide clinical trials; women

Indexed keywords

C 31G; CARBOPOL 974P; CARRAGEENAN; CELLULOSE SULFATE; COL 1492; MICROBICIDE; N [4 CHLORO 3 (3 METHYL 2 BUTENYLOXY)PHENYL] 2 METHYL 3 FURANCARBOTHIOAMIDE; NONOXINOL 9; PRO 2000; SURFACTANT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 78349289575     PISSN: 02699370     EISSN: 14735571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000390706.81383.f3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (33)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 0003433351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CIOMS Geneva: The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO)
    • CIOMS. International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva: The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO); 2002.
    • (2002) International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects
  • 2
    • 0031282925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence, rape, and sexual coercion: Everyday love in a South African township
    • Wood K, Jewkes R. Violence, rape, and sexual coercion: everyday love in a South African township. Gend Dev 1997; 5:41-46.
    • (1997) Gend Dev , vol.5 , pp. 41-46
    • Wood, K.1    Jewkes, R.2
  • 3
    • 23444454870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of condom use: Perspectives of men in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
    • Maharaj P. Patterns of condom use: perspectives of men in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Dev South Afr 2005; 22:187-197.
    • (2005) Dev South Afr , vol.22 , pp. 187-197
    • Maharaj, P.1
  • 4
    • 33747786295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The promises and limitations of female-initiated methods of HIV/ STI protection
    • Mantell J, Dworkin S, Exner T, Hoffman S, Smit J, Susser I. The promises and limitations of female-initiated methods of HIV/ STI protection. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63:1998-2009.
    • (2006) Soc Sci Med , vol.63 , pp. 1998-2009
    • Mantell, J.1    Dworkin, S.2    Exner, T.3    Hoffman, S.4    Smit, J.5    Susser, I.6
  • 6
    • 61449159825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection of the genital mucosa in women
    • Hladik F, Hope T. HIV infection of the genital mucosa in women. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2009; 6:20-28.
    • (2009) Curr HIV/AIDS Rep , vol.6 , pp. 20-28
    • Hladik, F.1    Hope, T.2
  • 7
    • 33644849918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global impact of scaling up HIV/AIDS prevention programs in low- and middle-income countries
    • Stover J, Bertozzi S, Gutierrez J-P, Walker N, Stanecki KA, Greener R, et al. The global impact of scaling up HIV/AIDS prevention programs in low- and middle-income countries. Science 2006; 311:1474-1476.
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 1474-1476
    • Stover, J.1    Bertozzi, S.2    Gutierrez, J.-P.3    Walker, N.4    Stanecki, K.A.5    Greener, R.6
  • 8
    • 78349262801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Food and Drug Administration Accessed 7 July 2010
    • US Food and Drug Administration. Investigational new drug application [21CFR312.21]; 2009. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/ CFRSearch.cfm?fr=312.21 [Accessed 7 July 2010]
    • (2009) Investigational New Drug Application [21CFR312.21]
  • 9
    • 0025248466 scopus 로고
    • HIV prevention: The need for methods women can use
    • Stein ZA. HIV prevention: the need for methods women can use. Am J Public Health 1990; 80:460-462.
    • (1990) Am J Public Health , vol.80 , pp. 460-462
    • Stein, Z.A.1
  • 10
    • 53949100884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal microbicides and the prevention of HIV transmission
    • Cutler B, Justman J. Vaginal microbicides and the prevention of HIV transmission. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8:685-697.
    • (2008) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.8 , pp. 685-697
    • Cutler, B.1    Justman, J.2
  • 11
    • 33847390394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbicide drug candidates to prevent HIV infection
    • Balzarini J, Van Damme L. Microbicide drug candidates to prevent HIV infection. Lancet 2007; 369:787-797.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , pp. 787-797
    • Balzarini, J.1    Van Damme, L.2
  • 12
    • 51449112802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of current intravaginal drug delivery approaches employed for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS and prevention of sexually transmitted infections
    • Ndesendo V, Pillay V, Choonara Y, Buchmann E, Bayever D, Meyer L. A review of current intravaginal drug delivery approaches employed for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS and prevention of sexually transmitted infections. AAPS PharmSci-Tech 2008; 9:505-520.
    • (2008) AAPS PharmSci-Tech , vol.9 , pp. 505-520
    • Ndesendo, V.1    Pillay, V.2    Choonara, Y.3    Buchmann, E.4    Bayever, D.5    Meyer, L.6
  • 13
    • 73549099755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV
    • Buckheit RW Jr, Watson KM, Morrow KM, Ham AS. Development of topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:142-158.
    • (2010) Antiviral Res , vol.85 , pp. 142-158
    • Buckheit Jr., R.W.1    Watson, K.M.2    Morrow, K.M.3    Ham, A.S.4
  • 14
    • 0027255393 scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effect of spermicidal agents on replication of HSV-2 and HIV-1 in-vitro
    • Jennings R, Clegg A. The inhibitory effect of spermicidal agents on replication of HSV-2 and HIV-1 in-vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32:71-82.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.32 , pp. 71-82
    • Jennings, R.1    Clegg, A.2
  • 15
    • 0027242131 scopus 로고
    • The cat/feline immunodeficiency virus model for trans-mucosal transmission of AIDS: Nonoxynol-9 contraceptive jelly blocks transmission by an infected cell inoculum
    • Moench TR, Whaley KJ, Mandrell TD, Bishop BD, Witt CJ, Cone RA. The cat/feline immunodeficiency virus model for trans-mucosal transmission of AIDS: nonoxynol-9 contraceptive jelly blocks transmission by an infected cell inoculum. AIDS 1993; 7:797-802.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 797-802
    • Moench, T.R.1    Whaley, K.J.2    Mandrell, T.D.3    Bishop, B.D.4    Witt, C.J.5    Cone, R.A.6
  • 16
    • 0023879991 scopus 로고
    • In vitro inactivation of HIV-1 by contraceptive sponge containing nonoxynol-9
    • Polsky B, Baron P, Gold JM, Smith J, Jensen R, Armstrong D. In vitro inactivation of HIV-1 by contraceptive sponge containing nonoxynol-9. Lancet 1988; 331:1456-11456.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.331 , pp. 1456-11456
    • Polsky, B.1    Baron, P.2    Gold, J.M.3    Smith, J.4    Jensen, R.5    Armstrong, D.6
  • 17
    • 0032836802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactiva-tion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by nonoxynol-9, C31G, or an alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate
    • Krebs F, Miller S, Malamud D, Howett M, Wigdahl B. Inactiva-tion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by nonoxynol-9, C31G, or an alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antiviral Res 1999; 43:157-173.
    • (1999) Antiviral Res , vol.43 , pp. 157-173
    • Krebs, F.1    Miller, S.2    Malamud, D.3    Howett, M.4    Wigdahl, B.5
  • 18
    • 78349242238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Accessed 7 July 2010]
    • Protocol: Randomized Controlled Trial of SAVVY and HIV in Ghana. 2003. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10. 1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001474#pone. 0001474.s002 [Accessed 7 July 2010]
    • (2003)
  • 19
    • 0035991999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two novel vaginal microbicides (polystyrene sulfonate and cellulose sulfate) inhibit Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis
    • Simoes JA, Citron DM, Aroutcheva A, Anderson RA Jr, Chany CJ 2nd, Waller DP, et al. Two novel vaginal microbicides (polystyrene sulfonate and cellulose sulfate) inhibit Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2692-2695.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 2692-2695
    • Simoes, J.A.1    Citron, D.M.2    Aroutcheva, A.3    Anderson Jr., R.A.4    Chany, I.I.C.J.5    Waller, D.P.6
  • 20
    • 2542437933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candidate topical microbicides bind Herpes Simplex Virus glycoprotein B and prevent viral entry and cell-to-cell spread
    • Cheshenko N, Keller MJ, MasCasullo V, Jarvis GA, Cheng H, John M, et al. Candidate topical microbicides bind Herpes Simplex Virus glycoprotein B and prevent viral entry and cell-to-cell spread. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2025-2036.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 2025-2036
    • Cheshenko, N.1    Keller, M.J.2    Mascasullo, V.3    Jarvis, G.A.4    Cheng, H.5    John, M.6
  • 21
    • 0029655826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfated polysaccharides inhibit lymphocyte-to-epithelial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1
    • Pearce-Pratt R, Phillips D. Sulfated polysaccharides inhibit lymphocyte-to-epithelial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1. Biol Reprod 1996; 54:173-182.
    • (1996) Biol Reprod , vol.54 , pp. 173-182
    • Pearce-Pratt, R.1    Phillips, D.2
  • 24
    • 0029077099 scopus 로고
    • The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro
    • O'Connor T, Kinchington D, Kangro H, Jeffries D. The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6:267-272.
    • (1995) Int J STD AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 267-272
    • O'Connor, T.1    Kinchington, D.2    Kangro, H.3    Jeffries, D.4
  • 26
    • 24144438231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candidate sulfonated and sulfated topical microbicides: Comparison of antihuman immunodeficiency virus activities and mechanisms of action
    • Scordi-Bello I, Mosoian A, He C, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Jarvis G, et al. Candidate sulfonated and sulfated topical microbicides: comparison of antihuman immunodeficiency virus activities and mechanisms of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3607-3615.
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 3607-3615
    • Scordi-Bello, I.1    Mosoian, A.2    He, C.3    Chen, Y.4    Cheng, Y.5    Jarvis, G.6
  • 27
    • 0026692821 scopus 로고
    • The effect of contraceptives containing nonoxynol-9 on the genital transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus macaques
    • Miller C, Alexander N, Gettie A, Hendrickx A, Marx P. The effect of contraceptives containing nonoxynol-9 on the genital transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus macaques. Fertil Steril 1992; 57:1126-1128.
    • (1992) Fertil Steril , vol.57 , pp. 1126-1128
    • Miller, C.1    Alexander, N.2    Gettie, A.3    Hendrickx, A.4    Marx, P.5
  • 28
    • 33750337283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal and rectal topical microbicide development: Safety and efficacy of 1.0% Savvy (C31G) in the pigtailed macaque
    • Patton DL, Sweeney YTC, Balkus JE, Hillier SL. Vaginal and rectal topical microbicide development: safety and efficacy of 1.0% Savvy (C31G) in the pigtailed macaque. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:691-695.
    • (2006) Sex Transm Dis , vol.33 , pp. 691-695
    • Patton, D.L.1    Sweeney, Y.T.C.2    Balkus, J.E.3    Hillier, S.L.4
  • 29
    • 48249142131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravaginal administration of 6% cellulose sulfate (CS) gel prevented systemic infection in rhesus macaques in a multiple dose R5/X4 SHIV vaginal challenge model
    • Delhi, India; 24-27 February
    • Saifuddin M, Doncel G, Tsai L, Gettie A, Bhom R, Cheng-Mayer C. Intravaginal administration of 6% cellulose sulfate (CS) gel prevented systemic infection in rhesus macaques in a multiple dose R5/X4 SHIV vaginal challenge model. In: Microbicides 2008 Conference; Delhi, India; 24-27 February 2008.
    • (2008) Microbicides 2008 Conference
    • Saifuddin, M.1    Doncel, G.2    Tsai, L.3    Gettie, A.4    Bhom, R.5    Cheng-Mayer, C.6
  • 30
    • 0034968797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tests of Buffergel for contraception and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in animal models
    • Zeitlin L, Hoen T, Achilles S, Hegarty T, Jerse A, Kreider J, et al. Tests of Buffergel for contraception and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in animal models. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:417-423.
    • (2001) Sex Transm Dis , vol.28 , pp. 417-423
    • Zeitlin, L.1    Hoen, T.2    Achilles, S.3    Hegarty, T.4    Jerse, A.5    Kreider, J.6
  • 32
    • 78349296876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of PRO 2000 gel in a macaque model for vaginal HIV transmission [abstract A-191]
    • Antwerp, Belgium [Accessed 7 July 2010]
    • Lewis M, Wagner W, Yalley-Ogunro J, Greenhouse J, Profy A. Efficacy of PRO 2000 gel in a macaque model for vaginal HIV transmission [abstract A-191]. In: Microbicides 2002; Antwerp, Belgium; 2002. http://www.itg.be/micro2002/ downloads/ abstracts.pdf [Accessed 7 July 2010]
    • (2002) Microbicides 2002
    • Lewis, M.1    Wagner, W.2    Yalley-Ogunro, J.3    Greenhouse, J.4    Profy, A.5
  • 33
    • 0026684234 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes
    • Kreiss J, Ngugi E, Holmes K, Ndinya-Achola J, Waiyaki P, Roberts P, et al. Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes. JAMA 1992; 268:477-482.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 477-482
    • Kreiss, J.1    Ngugi, E.2    Holmes, K.3    Ndinya-Achola, J.4    Waiyaki, P.5    Roberts, P.6
  • 34
    • 0037190597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: A randomised controlled trial
    • Van Damme L, Ramjee G, Alary M, Vuylsteke B, Chandeying V, Rees H, et al. Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360:971-977.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 971-977
    • Van Damme, L.1    Ramjee, G.2    Alary, M.3    Vuylsteke, B.4    Chandeying, V.5    Rees, H.6
  • 35
    • 0034974386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: A randomized clinical trial
    • Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Martin HL Jr, Stevens CE, Ngugi E, Mandaliya K, et al. Evaluation of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:394-400.
    • (2001) Sex Transm Dis , vol.28 , pp. 394-400
    • Richardson, B.A.1    Lavreys, L.2    Martin Jr., H.L.3    Stevens, C.E.4    Ngugi, E.5    Mandaliya, K.6
  • 36
    • 41849087248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAVVY vaginal gel (C31G) for prevention of HIV infection: A randomized controlled trial in Nigeria
    • Feldblum P, Adeiga A, Bakare R, Wevill S, Lendvay A, Obadaki F, et al. SAVVY vaginal gel (C31G) for prevention of HIV infection: a randomized controlled trial in Nigeria. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1471.
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Feldblum, P.1    Adeiga, A.2    Bakare, R.3    Wevill, S.4    Lendvay, A.5    Obadaki, F.6
  • 37
    • 44349126694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAVVYW (C31G) gel for prevention of HIV infection in women: A phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Ghana
    • Peterson L, Nanda K, Opoku BK, Ampofo WK, Owusu-Amoako M, Boakye AY, et al. SAVVYW (C31G) gel for prevention of HIV infection in women: a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Ghana. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1312.
    • (2007) PLoS One , vol.2
    • Peterson, L.1    Nanda, K.2    Opoku, B.K.3    Ampofo, W.K.4    Owusu-Amoako, M.5    Boakye, A.Y.6
  • 38
    • 48249154985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effectiveness of cellulose sulfate gel for the prevention of vaginal HIV transmission
    • Van Damme L, Govinden R, Mirembe F, Guédou F, Solomon S, Becker M, et al. Lack of effectiveness of cellulose sulfate gel for the prevention of vaginal HIV transmission. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:463-472.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 463-472
    • Van Damme, L.1    Govinden, R.2    Mirembe, F.3    Guédou, F.4    Solomon, S.5    Becker, M.6
  • 39
    • 57049159412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of cellulose sulfate vaginal gel for the prevention of HIV infection: Results of a phase III trial in Nigeria
    • Halpern V, Ogunsola F, Obunge O, Wang C-H, Onyejepu N, Oduyebo O, et al. Effectiveness of cellulose sulfate vaginal gel for the prevention of HIV infection: results of a phase III trial in Nigeria. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3784.
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Halpern, V.1    Ogunsola, F.2    Obunge, O.3    Wang, C.-H.4    Onyejepu, N.5    Oduyebo, O.6
  • 40
    • 57049091723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Skoler-Karpoff S, Ramjee G, Ahmed K, Altini L, Plagianos M, Friedland B, et al. Efficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372:1977-1987.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1977-1987
    • Skoler-Karpoff, S.1    Ramjee, G.2    Ahmed, K.3    Altini, L.4    Plagianos, M.5    Friedland, B.6
  • 41
    • 68049133613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of vaginal micro-bicides BufferGel and 0.5% PRO 2000 gel for the prevention of HIV infection in women: Results of the HPTN 035 trial [abstract 48LB]
    • Montréal, Canada; 8-11 February
    • Abdool Karim S, Coletti A, Richardson B, Ramjee G, Hoffman I, Chirenje M, et al. Safety and effectiveness of vaginal micro-bicides BufferGel and 0.5% PRO 2000 gel for the prevention of HIV infection in women: Results of the HPTN 035 trial [abstract 48LB]. In: 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Montréal, Canada; 8-11 February 2009.
    • (2009) 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Abdool Karim, S.1    Coletti, A.2    Richardson, B.3    Ramjee, G.4    Hoffman, I.5    Chirenje, M.6
  • 42
    • 78349282759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 9 April 2010
    • MDP. Technical fact sheet for scientists. http://www.mdp. mrc.ac.uk/downloads/IS06%20-%20MDP%20Technical%20 Fact%20Sheet%20v1.2%20141209. pdf. [Accessed 9 April 2010]
    • Technical Fact Sheet for Scientists
  • 44
    • 0034530226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary safety and acceptability of a carrageenan gel for possible use as a vaginal microbicide
    • Coggins C, Blanchard K, Alvarez F, Brache V, Weisberg E, Kilmarx PH, et al. Preliminary safety and acceptability of a carrageenan gel for possible use as a vaginal microbicide. Sex Transm Infect 2000; 76:480-483.
    • (2000) Sex Transm Infect , vol.76 , pp. 480-483
    • Coggins, C.1    Blanchard, K.2    Alvarez, F.3    Brache, V.4    Weisberg, E.5    Kilmarx, P.H.6
  • 46
    • 33745948610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fourteen-day safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate gel: A randomized double-blind phase i safety study
    • Schwartz JL, Mauck C, Lai J-J, Creinin MD, Brache V, Ballagh SA, et al. Fourteen-day safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate gel: a randomized double-blind phase I safety study. Contraception 2006; 74:133-140.
    • (2006) Contraception , vol.74 , pp. 133-140
    • Schwartz, J.L.1    Mauck, C.2    Lai, J.-J.3    Creinin, M.D.4    Brache, V.5    Ballagh, S.A.6
  • 47
    • 0035709299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single and multiple exposure tolerance study of cellulose sulfate gel: A phase i safety and colposcopy study
    • Mauck C, Weiner DH, Ballagh S, Creinin M, Archer DF, Schwartz J, et al. Single and multiple exposure tolerance study of cellulose sulfate gel: a phase I safety and colposcopy study. Contraception 2001; 64:383-391.
    • (2001) Contraception , vol.64 , pp. 383-391
    • Mauck, C.1    Weiner, D.H.2    Ballagh, S.3    Creinin, M.4    Archer, D.F.5    Schwartz, J.6
  • 48
    • 34547841571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and acceptability of 6% cellulose sulfate vaginal gel applied four times per day for 14 days
    • Doh AS, Ngoh N, Roddy R, Lai J-J, Linton K, Mauck C. Safety and acceptability of 6% cellulose sulfate vaginal gel applied four times per day for 14 days. Contraception 2007; 76:245-249.
    • (2007) Contraception , vol.76 , pp. 245-249
    • Doh, A.S.1    Ngoh, N.2    Roddy, R.3    Lai, J.-J.4    Linton, K.5    Mauck, C.6
  • 50
    • 34547569440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Triangle Park NC: FHI January 31 [Accessed 16 November 2009]
    • Family Health International (FHI). FHI closes phase III trial of cellulose sulfate for HIV prevention; Research Triangle Park, NC: FHI, January 31, 2007. http://www.fhi.org/en/AboutFHI/ Media/Releases/res-CS-Nigeria.htm. [Accessed 16 November 2009]
    • (2007) FHI Closes Phase III Trial of Cellulose Sulfate for HIV Prevention
  • 51
    • 71149085990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbicides Development Programme: Design of a phase III trial to measure the efficacy of the vaginal microbicide PRO 2000/ 5 for HIV prevention
    • Nunn A, McCormack S, Crook A, Pool R, Rutterford C, Hayes R. Microbicides Development Programme: design of a phase III trial to measure the efficacy of the vaginal microbicide PRO 2000/5 for HIV prevention. Trials 2009; 10:99.
    • (2009) Trials , vol.10 , pp. 99
    • Nunn, A.1    McCormack, S.2    Crook, A.3    Pool, R.4    Rutterford, C.5    Hayes, R.6
  • 52
    • 0034021519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rate at which human sperm are immobilized and killed by mild acidity
    • Olmsted S, Dubin N, Cone R, Moench T. The rate at which human sperm are immobilized and killed by mild acidity. Fertil Steril 2000; 73:687-693.
    • (2000) Fertil Steril , vol.73 , pp. 687-693
    • Olmsted, S.1    Dubin, N.2    Cone, R.3    Moench, T.4
  • 53
    • 69149100237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of tight junctions by cellulose sulfate facilitates HIV infection: Model of microbicide safety
    • Mesquita PMM, Cheshenko N, Wilson SS, Mhatre M, Guzman E, Fakioglu E, et al. Disruption of tight junctions by cellulose sulfate facilitates HIV infection: model of microbicide safety. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:599-608.
    • (2009) J Infect Dis , vol.200 , pp. 599-608
    • Mesquita, P.M.M.1    Cheshenko, N.2    Wilson, S.S.3    Mhatre, M.4    Guzman, E.5    Fakioglu, E.6
  • 54
    • 77951670461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy dilution in randomized placebo-controlled vaginal microbicide trials
    • Mâsse B, Boily M-C, Dimitrov D, Desai K. Efficacy dilution in randomized placebo-controlled vaginal microbicide trials. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2009; 6:5.
    • (2009) Emerg Themes Epidemiol , vol.6 , pp. 5
    • Mâsse, B.1    Boily, M.-C.2    Dimitrov, D.3    Desai, K.4
  • 55
    • 28044465440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women's susceptibility to HIV infection: Epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms
    • Myer L, Kuhn L, Stein ZA, Wright JTC, Denny L. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women's susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:786-794.
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 786-794
    • Myer, L.1    Kuhn, L.2    Stein, Z.A.3    Wright, J.T.C.4    Denny, L.5
  • 57
    • 65249114158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispensing with marriage: Marital and partnership trends in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 2000-2006
    • Hosegood V, McGrath N, Moultrie T. Dispensing with marriage: marital and partnership trends in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 2000-2006. Demogr Res 2009; 20:279-312.
    • (2009) Demogr Res , vol.20 , pp. 279-312
    • Hosegood, V.1    McGrath, N.2    Moultrie, T.3
  • 58
    • 0023520403 scopus 로고
    • The cultural context of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Caldwell JC, Caldwell P. The cultural context of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Popul Dev Rev 1987; 13:409-437.
    • (1987) Popul Dev Rev , vol.13 , pp. 409-437
    • Caldwell, J.C.1    Caldwell, P.2
  • 60
    • 39849100140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricita-bine and tenofovir
    • García-Lerma JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, Jackson E, Cong M-e, Masciotra S, et al Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricita-bine and tenofovir. PLoS Med 2008, 5 e28.
    • (2008) PLoS Med , vol.5
    • García-Lerma, J.G.1    Otten, R.A.2    Qari, S.H.3    Jackson, E.4    Cong, M.-E.5    Masciotra, S.6
  • 61
    • 38849136442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis prevents vaginal transmissionof HIV-1in humanized BLT mice
    • Denton PW, Estes JD, Sun Z, Othieno FA, Wei BL, Wege AK, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis prevents vaginal transmissionof HIV-1in humanized BLT mice. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e16.
    • (2008) PLoS Med , vol.5
    • Denton, P.W.1    Estes, J.D.2    Sun, Z.3    Othieno, F.A.4    Wei, B.L.5    Wege, A.K.6
  • 62
    • 77952190655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete protection against repeated vaginal simian HIV exposures in macaques by a topical gel containing tenofovir alone or with emtricitabine [abstract 46]
    • Mon-tréal, Canada; 8-11 February
    • Dobard C, Parikh U, Sharma S, Cong M-E, Smith J, Garcia-Lerma G, et al. Complete protection against repeated vaginal simian HIV exposures in macaques by a topical gel containing tenofovir alone or with emtricitabine [abstract 46]. In: 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Mon-tréal, Canada; 8-11 February 2009.
    • (2009) 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Dobard, C.1    Parikh, U.2    Sharma, S.3    Cong, M.-E.4    Smith, J.5    Garcia-Lerma, G.6
  • 63
    • 0347992022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro evaluation of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors UC-781 and TMC120-R147681 as human immunodeficiency virus microbicides
    • Van Herrewege Y, Michiels J, Van Roey J, Fransen K, Kestens L, Balzarini J, et al. In vitro evaluation of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors UC-781 and TMC120-R147681 as human immunodeficiency virus microbicides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:337-339.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 337-339
    • Van Herrewege, Y.1    Michiels, J.2    Van Roey, J.3    Fransen, K.4    Kestens, L.5    Balzarini, J.6
  • 64
    • 0042128299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in hu-SCID mice by the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC120 in a gel formulation
    • Di Fabio S, Van Roey J, Giannini G, van den Mooter G, Spada M, Binelli A, et al. Inhibition of vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in hu-SCID mice by the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC120 in a gel formulation. AIDS 2003; 17:1597-1604.
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 1597-1604
    • Di Fabio, S.1    Van Roey, J.2    Giannini, G.3    Van Den Mooter, G.4    Spada, M.5    Binelli, A.6
  • 65
    • 0030997133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical barriers to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: Retrovirucidal activity of UC781, a thiocarboxanilide nonnucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
    • Borkow G, Barnard J, Nguyen T, Belmonte A, Wainberg M, Parniak M. Chemical barriers to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: retrovirucidal activity of UC781, a thiocarboxanilide nonnucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Virol 1997; 71:3023-3030.
    • (1997) J Virol , vol.71 , pp. 3023-3030
    • Borkow, G.1    Barnard, J.2    Nguyen, T.3    Belmonte, A.4    Wainberg, M.5    Parniak, M.6
  • 66
    • 34248384307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical safety assessments of UC781 antihuman immunodeficiency virus topical microbicide formulations
    • Patton DL, Sweeney YTC, Balkus JE, Rohan LC, Moncla BJ, Parniak MA, et al. Preclinical safety assessments of UC781 antihuman immunodeficiency virus topical microbicide formulations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1608-1615.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 1608-1615
    • Patton, D.L.1    Sweeney, Y.T.C.2    Balkus, J.E.3    Rohan, L.C.4    Moncla, B.J.5    Ma, P.6
  • 67
    • 68649117176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety, tolerability, and systemic absorption of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women
    • Nel AM, Coplan P, van de Wijgert JH, Kapiga SH, von Mol-lendorf C, Geubbels E, et al. Safety, tolerability, and systemic absorption of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women. AIDS 2009; 23:1531-1538.
    • (2009) AIDS , vol.23 , pp. 1531-1538
    • Nel, A.M.1    Coplan, P.2    Van De Wijgert, J.H.3    Kapiga, S.H.4    Von Mol-Lendorf, C.5    Geubbels, E.6
  • 68
    • 33645422725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected women
    • Mayer KH, Maslankowski LA, Gai F, El-Sadr WM, Justman J, Kwiecien A, et al. Safety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected women. AIDS 2006; 20:543-551.
    • (2006) AIDS , vol.20 , pp. 543-551
    • Mayer, K.H.1    Maslankowski, L.A.2    Gai, F.3    El-Sadr, W.M.4    Justman, J.5    Kwiecien, A.6
  • 69
    • 41149175595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized six-day safety study of an anti-retroviral microbicide candidate UC781, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
    • Schwartz JL, Kovalevsky G, Lai J-J, Ballagh SA, McCormick T, Douville K, et al. A randomized six-day safety study of an anti-retroviral microbicide candidate UC781, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:414-419.
    • (2008) Sex Transm Dis , vol.35 , pp. 414-419
    • Schwartz, J.L.1    Kovalevsky, G.2    Lai, J.-J.3    Ballagh, S.A.4    McCormick, T.5    Douville, K.6
  • 70
    • 47649123409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paradoxical effects of using antiretroviral-based microbicides to control HIV epidemics
    • Wilson DP, Coplan PM, Wainberg MA, Blower SM. The paradoxical effects of using antiretroviral-based microbicides to control HIV epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci \USA 2008; 105:9835-9840.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci \USA , vol.105 , pp. 9835-9840
    • Wilson, D.P.1    Coplan, P.M.2    Ma, W.3    Blower, S.M.4
  • 71
    • 57149093460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rectal microbicides: A new focus for HIV prevention
    • McGowan I. Rectal microbicides: a new focus for HIV prevention. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84:413-417.
    • (2008) Sex Transm Infect , vol.84 , pp. 413-417
    • McGowan, I.1
  • 72
    • 67049117750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A summary of preclinical topical microbicide rectal safety and efficacy evaluations in a pigtailed macaque model
    • Patton DL, Sweeney YT, Paul KJ. A summary of preclinical topical microbicide rectal safety and efficacy evaluations in a pigtailed macaque model. Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36:350-356.
    • (2009) Sex Transm Dis , vol.36 , pp. 350-356
    • Patton, D.L.1    Sweeney, Y.T.2    Paul, K.J.3
  • 73
    • 50949097030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of SIV rectal transmission and priming of T cell responses in macaques after local preexposure application of tenofovir gel
    • Cranage M, Sharpe S, Herrera C, Cope A, Dennis M, Berry N, et al. Prevention of SIV rectal transmission and priming of T cell responses in macaques after local preexposure application of tenofovir gel. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e157.
    • (2008) PLoS Med , vol.5
    • Cranage, M.1    Sharpe, S.2    Herrera, C.3    Cope, A.4    Dennis, M.5    Berry, N.6
  • 77
    • 33744751751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 6 November 2009
    • CAPRISA. Microbicides. http://www.caprisa.org/Projects/ microbicides.html. [Accessed 6 November 2009]
    • Microbicides
  • 78
    • 68049121905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine delivery from matrix and reservoir intravaginal rings to HIV-negative women
    • Nel A, Smythe S, Young K, Malcolm K, McCoy C, Rosenberg Z, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine delivery from matrix and reservoir intravaginal rings to HIV-negative women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:416-423.
    • (2009) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.51 , pp. 416-423
    • Nel, A.1    Smythe, S.2    Young, K.3    Malcolm, K.4    McCoy, C.5    Rosenberg, Z.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.