The geology and metallogeny of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Variations through geologic time and with tectonic setting

Economic Geology

Volumn 105, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 571-591

  Huston, David L ^a   Pehrsson, Sally ^b   Eglington, Bruce M ^c   Zaw, Khin ^d  

^a GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; BACK-ARC BASIN; GENETIC MODELS; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; LAND-MASSES; METALLOGENY; NEOARCHEAN; ORE FLUIDS; PALEOARCHEAN; PALEOPROTEROZOIC; PHOTOLYTIC DECOMPOSITION; PROTEROZOIC; RODINIA; SULFUR ISOTOPE; SUPERCONTINENTS; TECTONIC PROCESS; TECTONIC SETTINGS; TOTAL SULFUR; VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULFIDES;

BARITE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DEPOSITS; FLUIDS; ISOTOPES; LAKES; LEACHING; LEAD; METALS; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; ORE ANALYSIS; SEAWATER; SUBMARINE GEOPHYSICS; SULFATE MINERALS; SULFUR; TECTONICS; VOLCANOES; ZINC;

LEAD ZINC DEPOSITS;

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY; GEOLOGICAL TIME; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; LEAD; MASSIVE SULFIDE; METALLOGENESIS; PROTEROZOIC; SEAWATER; SULFUR; TECTONIC SETTING;

EID: 78149437863     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.571     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Abbott, D., Burgess, L., Longhi, L., and Smith, W.H.F., 1994, An empirical thermal history of the Earth's upper mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 13, 835-13, 850.
2. Abeysinghe, P.B., and Fetherston, J.M., 1997, Barite and fluorite in Western Australia: Western Australia Geological Survey Mineral Resources Bulletin 17, 97 p.
3. Ametrano, S., Etcheverry, R., Echeveste, H., Godeas, M., and Zubia, M., 2000, VMS district of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 2, p. 593-612.
4. Anderson, D. L., 2002a, The case for irreversible chemical stratification of the mantle: International Geology Reviews, v. 44, p. 97-116.
5. -2002b, How many plates?: Geology, v. 30, p. 411-414.
6. Ayer, J., Amelin, Y., Corfu, F., Kamo, S., Ketchum, J., Kwok, K., and Trowell, N., 2002, Evolution of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt based on U-Pb geochronology: Autochthonous volcanic construction followed byplutonism, regional deformation and sedimentation: Precambrian Research, v. 115, p. 63-95.
7. Barley, M.E., Bekker, A., and Krapez, B., 2005, Late Archean to Early Paleoproterozoic global tectonics, environmental change and the rise of atmospheric oxygen: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 238, p. 156-171.
8. Barrie, C.T., and Hannington, M.D., 1999, Classification of volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits based on host-rock composition: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 2-11.
9. Bennett, V., 2003, Compositions evolution of the mantle, in Carlson, R.W., ed., The mantle and core: Oxford, Elsevier/Pergamon, p. 493-519.
10. Beukes, N.J., and Klein, C., 1992, Models for iron-formation deposition, in Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., eds., The Proterozoic biosphere-a multidisciplinary study: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 147-151.
11. Bleeker, W., 2003, The late Archean record: A puzzle in ca. 35 pieces: Lithos, v. 71, p. 99-134.
12. Blundell, D.J., Neubauer, F. and Von Quadt, A., eds., 2002, The timing and location of major ore deposits in an evolving orogen: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 204, 358 p.
13. Bradshaw, G. D., Rowins, S.M., Peter, J., and Taylor, B.E., 2008, Genesis of the Wolverine volcanic sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposit, Finlayson Lake district, Yukon, Canada: Mineralogical, mineral chemical, fluid inclusion, and sulphur isotope evidence: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 103, p. 35-60.
14. Brauhart, C.W., Huston, D.L., Groves, D.I., Mikucki, E.J., and Gardoll, S.J., 2001, Geochemical mass-transfer patterns as indicators of the architecture of a complete volcanic-hosted massive sulfide hydrothermal alteration system, Panorama district, Pilbara, Western Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1263-1278.
15. Brown, G.C. 1985. Processes and problems in the continental lithosphere: Geological history and physical implications: Memoirs of the Geological Society of London, v. 10, p. 326-334.
16. Campbell, I.H., and Griffiths, R.W., 1990, Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts: Earth and Planetary Science. Letters, v. 99, p. 79-93.
17. Campbell, I.H., Griffiths, R.W., and Hill, R.I., 1989, Melting in an Archean mantle plume: Heads it's basalts, tails it's komatiites: Nature, v. 339, p. 697-699.
18. Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A., Collins, W.J., Kusky, T.W., Mooney, W.D., and Windley, B.F., 2009, Accretionary orogens through Earth history: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 318, p. 1-36.
19. Cazañas, X., Alfonso, P., Melgarejo, J. C., Proenza, J.A., and Fallick, A.E., 2003, Source of ore-forming fluids in El Cobre VHMS deposit (Cuba): Evidence from fluid inclusions and sulfur isotopes: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78-79, p. 85-90.
20. Champion, D.C., and Smithies, R.H., 2007, Geochemistry of Paleoarchean granites of the East Pilbara terrane, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Implications of Early Archean crustal growth: Developments in Precambrian Geology, v. 15, p. 369-410.
21. Chiaradia, M., Tripodi, D., Fontboté, L., and Reza, B., 2008, Geologic setting, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Early Tertiary Au-rich volcanichosted massive sulfide deposit of La Plata, Western Cordillera, Ecuador: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 103, p. 161-183.
22. Claypool, G.E., Holser, W.T., Kaplan, I.R., Sakai, H., and Zak, I., 1980, The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation: Chemical Geology, v. 28, p. 199-260.
23. Cloud, P., 1973, Paleoecological significance of the banded iron-formation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 1135-1143.
24. Collao, A., and Alfaro, G., 2000, Paleozoic massive sulphide orebodies of the Nahuelbuta and Queule Mountains, south-central Chile: Results of geothermobarometry and sulfur isotope studies: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 2, p. 629-641.
25. Condie, K.C., 1998, Episodic continental growth and supercontinents: A mantle avalanche connection?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 163, p. 97-108.
26. -2000, Episodic continental growth models: Afterthoughts and extensions: Tectonophysics, v. 322, p. 153-162.
27. Condie, K.C., and Kroener, A. 2008, When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, p. 281-294.
28. Conrad, C.P., and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., 2002, How mantle slabs drive plate tectonics: Science, v. 298, p. 207-209.
29. Converse, D.R., Holland, H.D., and Edmond, J.M., 1984, Flow rates in the axial hot springs of the East Pacific Rise (21°N): Implications for the heat budgets and the formation of massive sulfide deposits: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 69, p. 159-175.
30. Corrigan, D., Galley, A. and Pehrsson, S., 2007, Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the southwestern Trans-Hudson orogen: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 5, p. 881-902.
31. Corriveau, L., Perreault, S. and Davidson, A., 2007, Prospective metallogenic settings of the Grenville province: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 5, p. 819-847.
32. Crawford, A.J., and Berry, R.F., 1992, Tectonic implications of Late Proterozoic-Early Palaeozoic igneous rock associations in Western Tasmania: Tectonophysics, v. 214, p. 37-56.
33. Dalziel, I.W.D., 1997, Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environments speculation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 16-42.
34. Davies, G.F., 1992, On the emergence of plate tectonics: Geology, v. 20, p. 963-966.
35. de Ronde, C.E.J., 1995, Fluid chemistry and isotopic characteristics of seafloor hydrothermal systems and associated VHMS deposits: potential for magmatic contributions: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 479-510.
36. nd ed.: New York, Wiley Interscience, p. 22-70.
37. Downes, P.M., and Seccombe, P.K., 2004, Sulfur isotope distribution in Late Silurian volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits of the Hill End trough, eastern Lachlan fold belt, New South Wales: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 51, p. 123-139.
38. Drieberg, S. L., 2003, The magmatic-hydrothermal architecture of the Archean volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) system at Panorama, Pilbara, Western Australia: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Australia, 370 p.
39. Drummond, M.S., and Defant, M.J., 1990, A model for trondhjemitetonalite- dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 21, 503-21, 521.
40. Eglington, B.M., Reddy, S.M., and Evans, D.A.D., 2009, The IGCP 509 database system: Design and application of a tool to capture and illustrate htho- and chrono-stratigraphic information for Palaeoproterozoic tectonic domains, large igneous provinces and ore deposits; with examples from southern Africa: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 324, p. 27-47.
41. Evans, D.A.D., 2006, Grenville collides without another continent? [abs.]: Geological Association of Canada Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, p. 46-4.
42. Farquhar, J., Bao, H.-M., and Thiemens, M., 2000, Atmospheric influence of the Earth's earliest sulfur cycle: Science, v. 289, p. 756-758.
43. Ferenczi, P., 2004, The Daly River mineral field: Northern Territory Geological Survey Record 2004-001, p. 32-25.
44. Foriel, J., Philippot, P., Rey, P., Somogyi, A., Banks, D., and Menez, B., 2004, Biological control of Cl/Br and low sulfate concentration in a 3.5-Gyr-old seawater from North Pole, Western Australia: Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, v. 228, p. 451-463.
45. Fouquet, Y., and Marcoux, E., 1995, Lead-isotope systematics in Pacific hydrothermal sulfide deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 6025-6040.
46. TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 485-627.
47. Franklin, J.M., Gibson, H.L., Jonasson, I.R., and Galley, A.G., 2005, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 100 ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 523-560.
48. Galley, A.G., 1993, Characteristics of semi-conformable alteration zones associated with volcanogenic massive sulphide districts: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 48, p. 175-200.
49. -2003, Composite synvolcanic intrusions associated with Precambrian VMS-related hydrothermal systems: Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, p. 443-473.
50. Galley, A., Bailes, A., Hillary, E., and Taylor, B., 2009, Hydrothermal alteration study of the VMS-hosting Paleoproterozoic Bear Lake volcanic suite, Flin Flon belt, northern Manitoba: Geological Survey of Canada Open File Report 6054, 37 p.
51. Gavelin, S., Parwel, A., and Ryhage, R., 1960, Sulfur isotope fractionation in sulfide mineralization: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 55, p. 510-530.
52. Geological Survey of Canada, 2009, World minerals database: http//gdr. nrcan.gc.ca/minres/index-e.php
53. Gibson, H.L., and Galley, A. G. 2007, Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Archean Noranda district, Quebec: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 5, p. 881-902.
54. Gibson, H.L., Watkinson, D.H., and Coomba, C.D.A., 1983, Silicification: Hydrothermal alteration in an Archean geothermal system within the Amulet Rhyolite Formation, Noranda, Quebec: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 78, p. 954-971.
55. Godwin, C.I., Gabites, J.E., and Andrew. A., 1988, Leadtable: A galena lead isotope database for the Canadian Cordillera, with a guide to its use by explorationists: British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 1988-4, 188 p.
56. Goodfellow, W.D., and Peter, J.M., 1999, Reply: Sulfur isotope composition of the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, , New Brunswick: Implications for ambient environment, sulphur source, and ore Bathurst Mining Camp genesis: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 36, p. 127-134.
57. Goodfellow, W.D., Peter, J.M., Winchester, J.A., and van Staal, C.R. 2003. Ambient marine environment and sediment provenance during formation of massive sulfide deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp: Importance of reduced bottom waters to sulfide precipitation and preservation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 11, p. 129-156.
58. Gordon, R.G., 1991, Plate tectonic speed limit: Nature, v. 349, p. 16-17.
59. Groves, D.I., Condie, K.C., Goldfarb, R. J., Hronsky, J.M.A., and Vielreicher, R.M., 2005, Secular changes in global tectonic processes and their influence on the temporal distribution of gold-bearing mineral deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 203-224.
60. Gutzmer, J., Banks, D.A., Luders, V., Hoefs, J., Beukes, N.J., and von Bezing, K.L., 2003, Ancient sub-seafloor alteration of basaltic andesites of the Ongeluk Formation, South Africa: Implications for the chemistry of Paleoproterozoic seawater: Chemical Geology, v. 201, p. 37-53.
61. Hamilton, W.B., 1995, Subduction systems and magmatism: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 81, p. 3-28.
62. Hamilton, W.B., 2007, Earth's first two billion years: the era of internually mobile crust: Geological Society of America Memoir 200, p. 233-296.
63. TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 111-141.
64. Hargreaves, R. B., 1986, Faster spreading or greater ridge length in the Archean?: Geology, v. 14, p. 750-752.
65. Harmer, R.E., Auret, J.M., and Eglington B.M., 1995, Lead isotope variations within the Bushveld Complex, Southern Africa: A reconnaissance study: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 595-606.
66. Hawkesworth, C.J., and Kemp, A.I.S., 2006a, Evolution of the continental crust: Nature, v. 443, p. 811-817.
67. -2006b, Using hafnium and oxygen isotopes in zircons to unravel the record of crustal evolution: Chemical Geology, v. 226, p. 144-162.
68. Holland, H.D., 1973, The oceans: A possible source of iron in iron-formations: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 1169-1172.
69. Huston, D.L., 1999, Stable isotopes and their significance for understanding the genesis of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: A review: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 10, p. 151-180.
70. Huston, D.L., and Large, R.R., 1987, Genetic and exploration significance of the zinc ratio (100 Zn/(Zn+Pb)) in massive sulfide systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1521-1539.
71. Huston, D.L., and Logan, G.A., 2004, Barite, BIFs and bugs: Evidence for the evolution of the Earth's early hydrosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 220, p. 41-55.
72. Huston, D.L., Brauhart, C.W., Folkert, S., Davidson, G.J., and Groves, D.I., 2001, Metal leaching and inorganic sulfate reduction in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide mineral systems: Evidence from the paleo-Archean Panorama district, Western Australia: Geology, v. 29, p. 687-690.
73. Huston, D.L., Morant, P., Pirajno, F., Cummins, B., Baker, D., and Mernagh, T.P., 2007, Paleoarchean mineral deposits of the Pilbara craton: Genesis, tectonic environment and comparisons with younger deposits: Developments in Precambrian Geology, v. 15, p. 411-450.
74. Hutchinson, R.W., 1973, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and their metallogenic significance: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 1223-1246.
75. Ioannou, S.E., Spooner, E.T.C., and Barrie, C.T., 2007, Fluid temperature and salinity characteristics of the Matagami volcanogenic massive sulfide district, Quebec: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 691-715.
76. th, Townsville, Australia, August 2009, Proceedings, p. 719-721.
77. Kasting, J. F., 1987, Theroretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere: Precambrian Research, v. 34, p. 205-229.
78. Kasting, J.F., 1993, Earth's early atmosphere: Science, v. 259, p. 920-926.
79. -2005, Methane and climate during the Precambrian era: Precambrian Research, v. 137, p. 119-129.
80. Keary, P., and Vine, P., 1996, Global tectonics: Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, 302 p.
81. Khin Zaw, Gemmell, J.B., Large, R.R., Mernagh, T.P., and Ryan, C.C., 1996, Evolution and source of ore fluids in the footwall stringer zone, Hellyer VHMS deposit, western Tasmania: Evidence from fluid inclusion microthermometry and geochemistry: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 251-278.
82. Khin Zaw, Hunns, S.R., Large, R.R., Gemmell, B.J., Ryan, C.G., and Mernagh, T.P., 2003, Microthermometry and chemical composition of fluid inclusions from the Mt. Chalmers volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, central Queensland, Australia: Implications for ore genesis: Chemical Geology, v. 194, p. 225-244.
83. Knauth, L.P., 2005, Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean: Implications for the course of microbial evolution: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 219, p. 53-69.
84. Knauth, L.P., and Lowe, D.R., 2003, High Archean climactic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 566-580.
85. Lagabrielle, Y., Goslin, J., Martin, H., Thirot, J.-L., and Auzende, J-M., 1997, Multiple active spreading centres in the hot North Fiji basin (Southwest Pacific): A possible model for Archaean seafloor dynamics?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 149, p. 1-13.
86. Lalitinen, R., Korja, A., Nironen, M., and Heikkinen, P., 2009, Paleoproterozoic accretionary processes in Fennoscandia. Accretionary orogens through Earth history: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 318, p. 237-256.
87. Lambert, I.B., Donnelly, T.H., Dunlop, J.S.R., and Groves, D.I., 1978, Stable isotopic compositions of early Archaean sulphate deposits of probable evaporitic and volcanogenic origins: Nature, v. 276, p. 808-810.
88. Leach, D.L., Bradley, D.C., Huston, D., Sergei A. Pisarevsky, S.A., and Gardoll, S., 2010, Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 105, p. 000.
89. Li, Z. X., Bogdanova, S., Collins, A.S., Davidson, A, De Waele, B., Ernst, R.E., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Fuck, R.A., Gladkochub, D.P., Jacobs, J., Karlstrom, K.E., Lu, S., Natapov, L.M. Pease, V., Pisarevsky, S.A., Thrane, K., and Vernikovsky, V., 2008, Assembly, configuration, and breakup history of Rodinia: A synthesis: Precambrian Research, v. 160, p. 179-210.
90. Lindsay, J.F., and Brasier, M.D., 2002, Did global tectonics drive early biosphere evolution? Carbon isotope record from 2.6 to 1.9 Ga carbonates of Western Australian basins: Precambrian Research, v. 114, p. 1-34.
91. Luders, V., Pracejus, B., and Halbach, B., 2001, Fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope studies in probable modern analogue Kuroko-type ores from the JADE hydrothermal field (Central Okinawa trough, Japan): Chemical Geology, v. 173, p. 45-58.
92. Lydon, J.L., 1988, Ore deposit models: Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Part 2: Genetic models: Geoscience Canada, v. 15, p. 43-65.
93. Martin, H., and Moyen, J-F., 2002, Secular changes in tonalite-trondhjemitegranodiorite composition as markers of the progressive cooling of Earth: Geology, v. 30, p. 319-322.
94. Maxeiner, R.O., Corrigan, D., Harper, C.T., MacDougall, D.C., and Ansdell, K., 2005, Paleoproterozoic arc and ophiolitic rocks on the northwest-margin of the Trans-Hudson orogen, Saskatchewan, Canada: Their contribution to a revised tectonic framework for the orogen: Precambrian Research, v. 136, p. 67-106.
95. Meert, J.C., 1999, A paleomagnetic analysis of Cambrian true polar wander: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 168, p. 131-144.
96. -2003, A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana: Tectonphysics, v. 362, p. 1-40.
97. Mercier-Langevin, P., Dubé, B., Hannington, M.D., Richer-Laflèche, M., and Gosselin, C., 2007, The LaRonde Penna Au-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec: Part II. Lithogeochemistry and paleotectonic setting: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 611-631.
98. Mojzsis, S.J., Coath, C.D., Greenwood, J.P., McKeegan, K.D., and Harrison TM., 2003, Mass-independent isotope effects in Archean (2.5 to 3.8 Ga) sedimentary sulfides determined by ion microprobe anSysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 1635-1658.
99. Mosier, D.L., Berger, V.I., and Singer, D.A., 2009, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1034, 46 p.
100. Moura, A., 2005, Fluids from the Neves Corvo massive sulphide ores, Iberian pyrite belt, Portugal: Chemical Geology, v. 223, p. 153-169.
101. -2008, Metallogenesis at the Neves Corvo VHMS deposit (Portugal): A contribution from the study of fluid inclusions: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 34, p. 354-368.
102. Murphy, J.B., and Nance, R.D., 2008, The Pangea conundrum: Geology, v. 36, p. 703-706.
103. Ohmoto, H., 1996, Evidence of pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota: Geology, v. 24, p. 1135-1138.
104. Ohmoto, H., Mizukami, M., Drummond, S. E., Eldridge, C.S., PisuthaArnond, V., and Lenaugh, T.C., 1983, Chemical processes in kuroko formation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5, p. 570-604.
105. O'Reilly, S.Y., and Griffin, W.L., 1996, 4-D lithospheric mapping: A review of the methodology with examples: Tectonophysics, v. 262, p. 3-18.
106. Pavlov, A.A., and Kasting, J.F., 2002, Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: Strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere: Astrobiology, v. 2, p. 27-41.
107. Peacock, S.M., Rushmer, T., and Thompson, A.B., 1994, Partial melting of subducting oceanic crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 121, p. 227-244.
108. Pease, V., Percival, J., Smithies, H., Stevens, C., and Van Kranendonk, M., 2008, When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the orogenic record: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, p. 199-228.
109. Pehrsson, S., Galley, A., Corrigan, D., and Jefferson, C., 2007, Influence of the worlds first supercontinent on global metallotects: NUNA and the formation and preservation of Paleoproterozoic base metal and uranium deposits: Ores and Orogenesis 2007, Program with Abstracts, CD-ROM.
110. Pelletier, B., Calmant, S., and Fillet, R., 1998, Current tectonics of the Tonga-New Hebrides region: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 164, p. 263-276.
111. Percival, J.A., 2007, Geology and metallogeny of the Superior province, Canada: Mineral Deposits Division, Geological Association of Canada, Special Publication 5, p. 903-928.
112. Percival, J.A., and Helmstaedt, H., eds., 2004. Insights on Archean continentocean assembly, western Superior province: Precambrian Research, v. 132, p. 209-326.
113. Peter, J.M., and Scott, S.D., 1988, Mineralogy, composition and fluid inclusion microthermometry of seafloor hydrothermal deposits in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 26, p. 567-587.
114. Peter, J.M., Goodfellow, W.D., and Doherty, W. 2003, Hydrothermal sedimentary rocks of the Heath Steele belt, Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick: Part 2. Bulk and rare earth element geochemistry and implications for origin: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 11, p. 391-415.
115. Petersen, S., Herzig, P.M., and Hannington, M.D., 1998, Fluid inclusion studies as a guide to the temperature regime within TAG hydrothermal mound 26°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Ocean Drilling Program, Science Results, v. 158, p. 163-178.
116. Phillips, B.R., and Bunge, H-P. 2005, Supercontinent cycles disrupted by strong mantle plumes: Geology, v. 35, p. 847-850.
117. Pisutha-Arnond, V., and Ohmoto, H., 1983, Thermal history, and chemical and isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluids responsible for the Kuroko massive sulfide deposits in the Hokuroko district of Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5, p. 523-558.
118. Pollack, H.N., 1986, Cratonization and thermal evolution of the mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 80, p. 175-182.
119. Pottorf, F.J., and Barnes, H.L., 1983, Mineralogy, geochemistry, and ore genesis of hydrothermal sediments from the Atlantis 11 Deep, Red Sea: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5, p. 198-223.
120. Poudjom-Djomani, Y., O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., and Morgan, P., 2001, The density structure of subcontinents lithosphere: Constraints on delamination models: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 184, p. 605-621.
121. Rickard, D.T., Zweifel, H., and Donnelly, T. H., 1979, Sulfur isotope systematics in the Åsen pyrite-barite deposits, Skellefte district, Sweden: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, V. 74, p. 1060-1068.
122. Roedder, E., 1984, Fluid inclusions: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 12, 644 p.
123. Rogers, J.J.W., and Santosh, M., 2002, Configuration of Columbia: A Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: Gondwana Research, v. 5, p. 5-22.
124. Rye, R., and Holland, H.D., 1998, Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: A critical review: American Journal of Science, v. 298, p. 621-672.
125. Rye, R., Kuo, P.H., and Holland, H.D., 1995, Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago: Nature, v. 378, p. 603-605.
126. Sangster, D.F., 1968, Relative sulphur isotope abundances of ancient seas and strata-bound sulphide deposits: Proceedings of the the Geological Association of Canada, v. 19, p. 79-91.
127. Sato, T., 1972, Behaviors of ore-forming solutions in seawater: Mining Geology, v. 22, p. 31-42.
128. Scholl, D.W., and von Huene, R., 2009, Implications of estimated magmatic additions and recycling losses at the subduction zones of accretionary (noncollisional) and colusion (suturing) orogens: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 318, p. 105-125.
129. Schubert, C., and Stevenson, D., 1980, Whole planet cooling and the radiogenic heat source contents of the Earth and Moon: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, p. 2531-2538.
130. Schwartz, M.O., and Melcher, F., 2003, The Perkoa zinc deposit, Burkina Faso: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 1463-1485.
131. Sharpe, R., and Gemmell, J B., 2000, Sulfur isotope characteristics of the Archean Cu-Zn Gossan Hill VHMS deposit, Western Australia: Mineralium Deposita, v. 35, p. 533-550.
132. Sheppard, S.M.F., 1986, Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 165-183.
133. Sherlock, R.L., Roth, T., Spooner, E.T.C., and Bray, C.J., 1999, Origin of the Eskay Creek precious metal-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 94, p. 803-824.
134. Shervais, J.W., 2001, Birth, death, and resurrection: The life cycle of suprasubduction zone ophiolites: Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems, v. 2, 1010, doi: 10.1029/2000GC000080, 45 p.
135. Shirey, S.B., Kamber, B., Whitehouse, M.J., Mueller, P.A., and Basu, A.R. 2008, A review of the isotopic and trace element evidence for mantle and crustal processes in the Hadean and Archean: Implications for the onset of plate tectonic subduction: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, p. 1-30.
136. Silva, J.B., Oliveira, J.T., and Ribeiro, A., 1990, Structural outline of the South Portuguese zone, in Dallmeyer, R.D., and Martinez-Garcia, E., eds., Pre-Mesozoic geology of Iberia: Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, SpringerVerlag, p. 348-362.
137. Slack, J.F., and Cannon, W.F., 2009, Extraterrestrial demise of banded iron formations at ca. 1.85 Ga: Geology, v. 37, p. 1011-1014.
138. Slack, J.F., Grenne, T., Bekker, A., Rouxel, O.J., and Lindberg, P.A. 2007, Suboxic deep seawater in the late Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from hematitic chert and iron formation related to seafloor-hydrothermal sulfide deposits, central Arizona, USA: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 255, p. 243-256.
139. Slack, J.F., Grenne, T., and Bekker, A., 2009, Seafloor-hydrothermal Si-FeMn exhalites in the Pecos greenstone belt, New Mexico, and the redox state of ca. 1720 Ma deep seawater: Geosphere, v. 5, p. 302-314.
140. Sleep, S.L., 2000, Evolution of the mode of convection within terrestrial planets: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 17, 563-17, 578.
141. Smithies, R.H., 2000, The Archaean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series is not an analogue of Cenozoic adakite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 182, p. 115-125.
142. Smithies, R.H., Champion, D.C., and Van Kranendonk, M.J., 2007, The oldest well preserved felsic volcanic rocks on Earth: Geochemical clues to the early evolution of the Pilbara Supergroup and implications for the growth of a Paleoarchean protocontinent: Developments in Precambrian Geology, v. 15, p. 339-368.
143. Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
144. Stern, R. J., 2002, Subduction zones: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 40, p. 1012.
145. Stuart, F.M., Ellam, R.M., and Duckworth, R.C., 1999, Metal sources in the Middle Valley massive sulphide deposit, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Pb isotope constraints: Chemical Geology, v. 153, p. 213-225.
146. Styrt, M.M., Brackmann, A.J., Holland, H.D., Clark, B.C., Pisutha-Arnold, V., Eldridge, C.S., and Ohmoto, H., 1981, The mineralogy and isotopic composition of sulphur in hydrothermal sulphide/sulphate deposits on East Pacific Rise, 21°N latitude: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 53, p. 382-390.
147. Suganuma, Y., Hamano, Y., Niitsuma, S., Hoashi, M., Hisamitsu, T., Niitsuma, N., Kodama K., and Nedachi, M., 2006, Paleomagnetism of the Marble Bar Chert Member, Western Australia: Implications for apparent polar wander path for Pilbara craton during Archean time: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 252, p. 360-371.
148. Syme, E.C., Lucas, S.B., Bailes, A.H., and Stern, R.A., 1999, Contrasting arc and MORB-like assemblages in the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon belt, Manitoba, and the role of intra-arc extension in localizing volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 1767-1788.
149. Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M., 1995, The geochemical evolution of the continents crust: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 241-265.
150. Thorpe, R.A., 1999, The Pb isotope linear array for volcanogenic massive sulfides deposits of the Abitibi and Wawa subprovinces, Canadian Shield: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 10, p. 555-576.
151. Thorpe, R.I., 2008, Release of lead isotope data in 4 databases: Canadian, western Superior, foreign and whole rock and feldspar: Geological Survey of Canada Open-File Report 5664, 42 p.
152. Tian, F., Toon, O.B., Pavlov, A.A., and De Sterck, H., 2005, A hydrogen rich early Earth atmosphere: Science, v. 308, p. 1014-1017.
153. Tornos, F., Casquet, C, and Relvas, J.M.R.S., 2005, Transpressional tectonics, lower crust decoupling and intrusion of deep mafic sills: A model for the unusual metallogencsis of SW Iberia: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 27, p. 133-163.
154. Torsvik, T.H., Smethurst, M.A., Meert, J.C., Van der Voo, R., McKerrow, W.S., Brasier, M.D., Sturt, B.A., Walderhaug, H.J., 1996, Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic a tale of Baltica and Laurentia: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 40, p. 229-258.
155. van der Lee, S., and Nolet, C., 1997, Upper mantle S velocity structure of North America: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 22, 815-22, 838.
156. van Hunen, J., van Keken, P.E., Hynes, A., and Davies, C.F., 2008, Tectonics of the early Earth: Some geodynamic considerations: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, p. 157-172.
157. Van Kranendonk, M.J., Smithies, R.H., Hickman, A. H. and Champion, D., 2007, Secular tectonic evolution of Archean continental crust: Interplay between horizontal and vertical processes in the formation of the Pilbara craton, Australia: Terra Nova, v. 19, p. 1-38.
158. Van Kranendonk, M.J., Philippot, P., Lepot, K., Bodorkos, S., and Pirajno, F., 2008, Geological setting of Earth's oldest fossils in the c. 3.5 Ga Dresser Formation, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 167, p. 93-124.
159. van Staal, C.R. 2007, Pre-Carboniferous tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Canadian Appalachians: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 5, p. 793-818.
160. van Staal, C.R. Dewey, J.F., Mac Niocaill, C., and McKerrow, W.S. 1998, The Cambrian-Silurian tectonic evolution of the Northern Appalachians and British Caledonides: History of a complex, west and southwest Pacific-type segment of Iapetus (in Lyell: the past is the key to the present): Geological Society [Lonodon] Special Publication 143, p. 199-242.
161. Vearncombe, S.E., 1995, Volcanogenic massive sulphide-sulphate mineralisation at Strelley, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Australia, 152 p.
162. Vervoort, J.D., White, W.M., and Thorpe, R.I., 1994, Nd and Pb isotope ratios of the Abitibi greenstone belt: New evidence for very early differentiation of the Earth: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 128, p. 215-229.
163. Walford, P.C., and Franklin, J.M., 1982, The Anderson Lake mine, Snow Lake, Manitoba: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 25, p. 481-524.
164. Walker, J.C.G., 1977, Evolution of the atmosphere: New York, Macmillan, 318 p.
165. Walter, M.R., Veevers, J.J., Calver, C.R., and Gray, K., 1995, Neoproterozoic stratigraphy of the Centralian superbasin, Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 73, p. 173-195.
166. Weiershäuser, L., and Spooner, E.T.C., 2005, Seafloor hydrothermal fluids, Ben Nevis area, Abitibi greenstone belt: Implications for Archean (-2.7 Ga) seawater properties: Precambrian Research, v. 138, p. 89-123.
167. Yakubchuk, A., 2008, The gyroscopic Earth and its role in supercontinent and metallogenic cycles: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 34, p. 387-398.
168. Zappettini, E.O., and de Brodtkrob, M.K., 2000, The VMS Santa Elena deposit, San Juan province, Argentina: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Publication 2, p. 613-616.