Contrasting arc and MORB-like assemblages in the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon Belt, Manitoba, and the role of intra-arc extension in localizing volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 36, Issue 11, 1999, Pages 1767-1788

  Syme, E C ^a   Lucas, S B ^b   Bailes, A H ^a   Stern, R A ^b  

^a Manitoba Industry   (Canada)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; GREENSTONE BELT; ISLAND ARC; MASSIVE SULFIDE; MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALT; OROGENIC BELT; PROTEROZOIC; TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHY; VOLCANOGENIC DEPOSIT;

CANADA; FLIN FLON BELT; MANITOBA;

EID: 0033508805     PISSN: 00084077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/e98-084     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Ansdell, K.M., Lucas, S.B., Connors, K.A., and Stern, R.A. 1995. Kisseynew metasedimentary gneiss belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen (Canada): back-arc origin and collisional inversion. Geology, 23: 1039-1043.
2. Ashton, K.E., Heaman, L.H., Lewry, J.F., Hartlaub, R.P., and Shi, R. 1999. Age and origin of the Jan Lake Complex: a glimpse at the buried Archean craton of the Trans-Hudson Orogen. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36: 185-208.
3. Ayres, L.D., Van Wagoner, N.A., and Ferreira, W.S. 1991. Voluminous shallow water to emergent phreatomagmatic basaltic volcaniclastic rocks, Proterozoic (1886 Ma) Amisk Lake composite volcano, Flin Flon greenstone belt, Canada. In Sedimentation in volcanic settings. Edited by R.V. Fisher and G.A. Smith. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 47, pp. 175-187.
4. Bailes, A.H., and Galley, A.G. 1996. Setting of Paleoproterozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, Snow Lake. In EXTECH I: a multidisciplinary approach to massive sulphide research in the Rusty Lake - Snow Lake greenstone belts, Manitoba. Edited by G.F. Bonham-Carter, A.G. Galley, and G.E.M. Hall. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 426, pp. 105-138.
5. Bailes, A.H., and Galley, A.G. 1999. Evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc assemblage and geodynamic setting for associated volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, Flin Flon Belt, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36: 1789-1805.
6. Bailes, A.H., and Syme, E.C. 1989. Geology of the Flin Flon -White Lake area. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Report GR87-1.
7. Bailes, A.H., Hunt, P.A., and Gordon, T.M. 1990. U-Pb zircon dating of possible synvolcanic plutons in the Flin Flon belt at Snow Lake, Manitoba. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 4. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 90-2, pp. 35-43.
8. Bamburak, J.D. 1990. Metallic mines and mineral deposits of Manitoba. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services, Open File Report OF90-2.
9. Barrie, C.T. 1995. Zircon thermometry of high-temperature rhyolites near volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits, Abitibi subprovince, Canada. Geology, 23: 169-172.
10. Barrie, C.T., Ludden, J.N., and Green, T. 1993. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks associated with Cu-Zn and Ni-Cu deposits in the Abitibi subprovince. Economic Geology, 88: 1341-1358.
11. Bleeker, W., and Parrish, R.R. 1996. Stratigraphy and U-Pb geochronology of Kidd Creek: implications for the formation of giant volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and the tectonic history of the Abitibi greenstone belt. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33: 1213-1231.
12. Byerly, G.R., Melson, W.G., and Vogt, P.R. 1976. Rhyodacites, andesites, ferrobasalts and ocean tholeiites from the Galapagos Spreading Centre. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 30: 215-221.
13. Byers, A.R., Kirkland, S.J.T., and Pearson, W.J. 1965. Geology and mineral deposits of the Flin Flon area, Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Department of Mineral Resources, Report 62.
14. Cathles, L.M., Guber, A.L., Lenagh, T.C., and Dudás, F.Ö. 1983. Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposits of Japan: products of an aborted island-arc rift. Economic Geology, Monograph 5, pp. 96-114.
15. Clift, P.D., and ODP Leg 135 Scientific Party. 1995. Volcanism and sedimentation in a rifting island-arc terrain: an example from Tonga, SW Pacific. In Volcanism associated with extension at consuming plate margins. Edited by J.L. Smellie. Geological Society Special Publication (London), no. 81, pp. 29-51.
16. David, J., Machado, N., and Bailes, A.H. 1993. U-Pb geochronology of the Proterozoic Flin Flon belt, Snow Lake area, Manitoba. Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts, 17: A22.
17. David, J., and Syme, E.C. 1994. U-Pb geochronology of late Neoarchean tonalites in the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen: surprise at surface. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31: 1785-1790.
18. David, J., Bailes, A.H., and Machado, N. 1996. Evolution of the Snow Lake portion of the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon and Kisseynew belts, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba, Canada. Precambrian Research, 80: 107-124.
19. Dimroth, E., Cousineau, P., Leduc, M., and Sanschagrin, Y. 1978. Structure and organization of Archean subaqueous basalt flows, Rouyn-Noranda area, Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15: 902-918.
20. Ewart, A., and Hawkesworth, C.J. 1987. The Pleistocene-Recent Tonga-Kermadec arc lavas: interpretation of new isotopic and rare earth data in terms of a depleted mantle source model. Journal of Petrology, 28: 495-530.
21. Ewart, A., Bryan, W.B., Chappel, B.W., and Rudnick, R.L. 1994. Regional geochemistry of the Lau-Tonga arc and back-arc systems. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 135: 385-425.
22. Falloon, T.J., Malahoff, A., Zonenshain, L.P., and Bogdanov, Y. 1992. Petrology and geochemistry of back-arc basin basalts from Lau Basin spreading ridges at 15°, 18°, and 19°. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 47: 1-35.
23. Florendo, F. 1994. Tertiary arc rifting in northern Luzon, Philippines. Tectonics, 13: 623-640.
24. Fouquet, Y., von Stackelberg, U., Charlou, J.L., Erzinger, J., Herzig, P., Muehe, R., and Wiedicke, M. 1993. Metallogenesis in back-arc environments: the Lau Basin example. Economic Geology, 88: 2154-2181.
25. Franklin, J.M. 1996. Volcanic-associated massive sulphide base metals. In Geology of Canadian mineral deposit types. Edited by O.R. Eckstrand, W.D. Sinclair, and R.I. Thorpe. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, No. 8, pp. 158-183.
26. Franklin, J.M., Hannington, M.D., Jonasson, I.R., and Barrie, C.T. 1998. Arc-related volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. In Metallogeny of volcanic arcs. British Columbia Geological Survey, Short Course Notes, Open File 1998-5, Section B.
27. Fryer, P.A., Taylor, B., Langmuir, C.H., and Hochstaedter, A.G. 1990. Petrology and geochemistry of lavas from the Sumisu and Torishima backarc rifts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100: 161-178.
28. Gale, G.H., and Eccles, D.R. 1992. Mineral deposits and occurrences in the Schist Lake area, NTS 63 K/12. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Mineral Deposits Series, Report 11.
29. Gale, G.H., Baldwin, D.A., and Koo, J. 1980. A geological evaluation of Precambrian massive sulphide deposit potential in Manitoba. Manitoba Department of Energy and Mines, Mineral Resources Division, Economic Geology Report ER79-1.
30. Galley, A.G. 1996. Paleoproterozoic volcanic-related massive sulphide deposits: tectonic and depositional environments: notes from a GAC '96 Symposium. In The Gangue. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Issue 54, pp. 10-15.
31. Galley, A.G., Bailes, A.H., and Kitzler, G. 1993. Geological setting and hydrothermal evolution of the Chisel Lake and North Chisel Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au massive sulphide deposits, Snow Lake, Manitoba. Exploration and Mining Journal, 2: 271-295.
32. Gans, P.B., Mahood, G.A., and Schermer, E. 1989. Synextensional magmatism in the Basin and Range province: a case study from the eastern Great Basin. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 233.
33. Gill, J.B. 1981. Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
34. Gill, J.B. 1987. Early geochemical evolution of an oceanic island arc and backarc: Fiji and the South Fiji Basin. Journal of Geology, 95: 589-615.
35. Gill, J.B., and Whalen, P. 1989. Post-subduction oceanic island alkali basalts in Fiji. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 4579-4588.
36. Gilmore, K.V. 1997. The Konuto Lake VMS deposit. In Program, Manitoba Mining and Minerals Convention '97, p. 37.
37. Gordon, T.M., Hunt, P.A., Bailes, A.H., and Syme, E.C. 1990. U-Pb zircon ages from the Flin Flon and Kisseynew belts, Manitoba: chronology of crust formation at an Early Proterozoic accretionary margin. In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 177-199.
38. Hamilton, W.B. 1995. Subduction systems and magmatism. In Volcanism associated with extension at consuming plate margins. Edited by J.L. Smellie. Geological Society Special Publication (London), no. 81, pp. 3-28.
39. Hannington, M.D., Poulsen, K.H., Thompson, J.F.H., and Sillitoe, R.H. 1997. Volcanogenic gold and epithermal-style mineralization in the VMS environment. In Volcanic-associated massive sulphide deposits: processes and examples in modern and ancient settings. Edited by C.T. Barrie and M.D. Hannington. Geological Association of Canada - Mineral Deposit Division -Society of Economic Geologists, pp. 183-214.
40. Hawkins, J.W., and Melchior, J.T. 1985. Petrology of Mariana Trough and Lau Basin basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90: 11 431-11 468.
41. Janecke, S.U., Hammond, B.F., Snee, L.W., and Geissman, J.W. 1997. Rapid extension in an Eocene volcanic arc: structure and paleogeography of an intra-arc half-graben in central Idaho. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109: 253-267.
42. Kerrich, R., and Wyman, D. 1996. The trace element systematics of igneous rocks in mineral exploration: an overview. In Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications for massive sulphide exploration. Edited by D.A. Wyman. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 12: 1-50.
43. Koo, J., and Mossman, D.J. 1975. Origin and metamorphism of the Flin Flon stratabound Cu-Zn sulphide deposit, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Economic Geology, 70: 48-62.
44. Lentz, D.R. 1996. Trace element systematics of felsic volcanic rocks associated with massive-sulphide deposits in the Bathurst mining camp: petrogenetic, tectonic and chemostratigraphic implications for VMS exploration. In Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications for massive sulphide exploration. Edited by D.A. Wyman. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12: 359-402.
45. LeRoex, A.P. 1987. Source regions of mid-ocean ridge basalts: evidence for enrichment processes. In Mantle metasomatism. Edited by M.A. Menzies and C.J. Hawkesworth. Academic Press, New York, pp. 389-422.
46. Lesher, C.M., Goodwin, A.M., Campbell, I.H., and Gorton, M.P. 1986. Trace element geochemistry of ore-associated and barren felsic metavolcanic rocks in the Superior Province, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23: 222-237.
47. Lucas, S.B. 1993. Structural studies of the Northeast Arm shear zone (Schist Lake), Flin Flon belt. In Report of activities 1993. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, pp. 54-60.
48. Lucas, S.B., Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Reilly, B.A., and Thomas, D.J. 1996. Intraoceanic tectonics and the development of continental crust: 1.92-1.84 Ga evolution of the Flin Flon Belt, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108: 602-629.
49. Lucas, S.B., Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Zwanzig, H., Bailes, A.H., Ashton, K.E., Maxeiner, R.O., Ansdell, K.M., Lewry, J.F., Ryan, J.J., and Kraus, J. 1997. Tectonics of the southeastern Reindeer Zone, Trans-Hudson Orogen (Manitoba and Saskatchewan). Geological Association of Canada - Mineralogical Association of Canada, Annual Meeting, Program with Abstracts, 22: A93.
50. Natland, J.H. 1980. Effects of axial magma chambers beneath spreading centres on the compositions of basaltic rocks. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 54: 833-850.
51. NATMAP Shield Margin Working Group. 1998. Geology, NATMAP Shield Margin Project Area (Flin Flon Belt), Manitoba-Saskatchewan. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Map A-98-2, sheets 1-7, scale 1 : 100 000.
52. Pearce, J.A. 1996. A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications for massive sulphide exploration. Edited by D.A. Wyman. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 12: 79-113.
53. Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W. 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23: 251-285.
54. Pearce, J.A., Ernewein, M., Bloomer, S.H., Parson, L.M., Murton, B.J., and Johnson, L.E. 1994. Geochemistry of Lau Basin volcanic rocks. In Volcanism associated with extension at consuming plate margins. Edited by J.L. Smellie. Geological Society Special Publication (London), no. 81, pp. 53-75.
55. Price, D.P. 1978. Geology and economic potential of the Flin Flon - Snow Lake area. In Centre for Precambrian Studies, University of Manitoba, 1977 Annual Report, pp. 52-83.
56. Price, R.C., Johnson, L.E., and Crawford, A.J. 1990. Basalts of the North Fiji Basin: the generation of back arc basin magmas by mixing of depleted and enriched mantle sources. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 105: 106-121.
57. Provins, N.M. 1982. Geology of the Centennial copper-zinc deposit, Flin Flon, Manitoba. In Geological Association of Canada - Mineral Association of Canada, Annual Meeting, Program with Abstracts, 7: A75.
58. Reilly, B., Slimmon, W.L., Harper, C.T., Ashton, K.E., and Watters, B.R. 1994. Contrasting lithotectonic assemblages from the western Flin Flon Domain. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Workshop. Lithoprobe Report 38, pp. 105-111.
59. Saunders, A.D., and Tarney, J. 1979. The geochemistry of basalts from a back-arc spreading centre in the East Scotia Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43: 555-572.
60. Saunders, A.D., and Tarney, J. 1984. Geochemical characteristics of basaltic volcanism within back-arc basins. In Marginal basin geology. Edited by B.P. Kokelaar and M.F. Howells. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K., pp. 59-76.
61. Saunders, A.D., and Tarney, J. 1991. Back-arc basins. In Oceanic basalts. Edited by P.A. Floyd. Blackie, Glascow, U.K., pp. 219-263.
62. Sillitoe, R.H. 1982. Extensional habitats of rhyolite-hosted massive sulphide deposits. Geology, 109: 403-407.
63. Sinton, J.M., and Fryer, P.A. 1987. Mariana Trough lavas from 18°N: implications for the origin of back arc basin basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 12 782-12 802.
64. Skirrow, R.G., and Franklin, J.M. 1994. Silicification and metal leaching in subconcordant alteration zones beneath the Chisel Lake massive sulphide deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba. Economic Geology, 89: 31-50.
65. Smellie, J.E. (Editor). 1995. Volcanism associated with extension at consuming plate margins. Geological Society Special Publication (London), no. 81.
66. Stern, R.J., Bloomer, S.H., Lin, P.-N., Ito, E., and Morris, J. 1988. Shoshonitic magmas in nascent arcs: new evidence from submarine volcanoes in the northern Marianas. Geology, 16: 426-430.
67. Stern, R.J., Lin, P.-N., Morris, J., Jackson, M.C., Fryer, P., Bloomer, S.H., and Ito, E. 1990. Enriched back-arc basin basalts from the northern Mariana Trough: implications for the magmatic evolution of back-arc basins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100: 210-225.
68. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Baues, A.M., Galley, A.G., Thomas, D.J., and Lucas, S.B. 1992. Nd-isotopic stratigraphy of Early Proterozoic Amisk Group metavolcanic rocks from the Flin Flon belt. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 6. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92-2, pp. 73-84.
69. Stern, R.A., Lucas, S.B., Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., Thomas, D.J., LeClair, A.D., and Hulbert, L. 1993. Geochronological studies in the Flin Flon Domain, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, NATMAP Shield Margin Project area: results for 1992-1993. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 7. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 93-2, pp. 59-70.
70. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., and Lucas, S.B. 1995a. Paleoproterozoic (1.86-1.90 Ga) arc volcanism in the Flin Flon belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 119: 117-141.
71. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., and Lucas, S.B. 1995b. Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga MORB-and OIB-like basalts from the Amisk collage, Flin Flon belt, Canada: evidence for an intra-oceanic origin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 3131-3154.
72. Stern, R.A., Machado, N., Syme, E.C., Lucas, S.B., and David, J. 1999. Chronology of crustal growth and recycling in the Paleoproterozoic Amisk collage (Flin Flon Belt), Trans-Hudson Orogen (Canada). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36: 1807-1827.
73. Stockwell, C.H. 1960. Flin Flon - Mandy area, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1078A.
74. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the ocean basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry. Geological Society Special Publication (London), no. 42, pp. 313-345.
75. Swinden, H.S. 1996. The application of volcanic geochemistry to the metallogeny of volcanic-hosted sulphide deposits in central Newfoundland. In Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications for massive sulphide exploration. Edited by D.A. Wyman. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12: 329-358.
76. Syme, E.C. 1985. Geochemistry of metavolcanic rocks in the Lynn Lake belt. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Report GR 84-1.
77. Syme, E.C. 1988. Athapapuskow Lake Project. In Report of field activities 1988. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, pp. 20-34.
78. Syme, E.C. 1990. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Lynn Lake and Flin Flon metavolcanic belts, Manitoba. In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 143-161.
79. Syme, E.C. 1991. Elbow Lake project - Part A: supracrustal rocks and structural setting. In Report of activities 1991. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, pp. 14-27.
80. Syme, E.C. 1992. Elbow Lake project - Part A: supracrustal rocks and structural setting. In Report of activities 1992. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, pp. 32-46.
81. Syme, E.C. 1995. 1.9 Ga arc and ocean floor assemblages and their bounding structures in the central Flin Flon belt. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Workshop. Lithoprobe Report 48, pp. 261-272.
82. Syme, E.C. 1997. Geology of the "Millrock Hill" area, Creighton. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Open File Map OF97-6, 1 sheet, scale 1 : 400.
83. Syme, E.C. 1998. Ore-associated and barren rhyolites in the central Flin Flon Belt: case study of the Flin Flon Mine sequence. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Open File Report OF98-9.
84. Syme, E.C., and Bailes, A.H. 1993. Stratigraphic and tectonic setting of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Flin Flon, Manitoba. Economic Geology, 88: 566-589.
85. Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H. 1996. Geochemistry of arc and ocean-floor metavolcanic rocks in the Reed Lake area, Flin Flon belt. In Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, Report on Activities 1996, pp. 52-65.
86. Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., and Stern, R.A. 1993a. Recognition of distinct lithogeochemical assemblages in the Flin Flon belt. Part I: Lithology. Abstract In New Perspectives on the Flin Flon -Snow Lake - Hanson Lake belt from the NATMAP Shield Margin Project, Special Meeting of the Flin Flon - Creighton Branch of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 4-6 June 1993.
87. Syme, E.C., Thomas, D.J., Bailes, A.H., Reilly, B.A., and Slimmon, W.L. 1993b. Geology of the Flin Flon area, Manitoba and Saskatchewan (parts of NTS 63 K,L). Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2658, scale 1 : 50 000.
88. Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., and Lucas, S.B. 1995. Geology of the Reed Lake area (parts of NTS 63 K/9 and 10). In Report of activities 1995. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, pp. 42-60.
89. Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., Lucas, S.B., and Stern, R.A. 1996. Tectonostratigraphic and depositional setting of Paleoproterozoic volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, Flin Flon, Manitoba. Geological Association of Canada - Mineralogical Association of Canada, Joint Annual Meeting, Program with Abstracts, 21: A93.
90. Tarney, J., Saunders, A.D., Mattey, D.P., Wood, D.A., and Marsh, N.G. 1981. Geochemical aspects of back-arc spreading in the Scotia Sea and Western Pacific. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 300: 263-285.
91. Thomas, D.J. 1989. Geology of the Douglas Lake - Phantom Lake area (part of NTS 63 K-12 and -13). In Summary of investigations 1989, Saskatchewan Geological Survey. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Miscellaneous Report 89-4, pp. 44-54.
92. Thomas, D.J. 1991. Revision bedrock geological mapping: Bootleg Lake - Birch Lake area (parts of 63 K-12 and 63 L-9). In Summary of investigations 1991, Saskatchewan Geological Survey. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Miscellaneous Report 91-4, pp. 2-8.
93. Thomas, D.J. 1992. Highlights of investigations around Flin Flon Mine: reassessment of the structural history. In Summary of investigations 1992, Saskatchewan Geological Survey. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Miscellaneous Report 92-4, pp. 3-15.
94. Thomas, D.J. 1994. Stratigraphic and structural complexities of the Flin Flon mine sequence. In Summary of investigations, Saskatchewan Geological Survey. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Miscellaneous Report 94-4, pp. 3-10.
95. van Stall, C.R. 1987. Tectonic setting of the Tetagouche Group in southern New Brunswick: implications for plate tectonic models in the northern Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 1329-1351.
96. Volpe, A.M., Macdougall, J.D., and Hawkins, J.W. 1988. Lau Basin basalts (LBB): trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence for heterogeneity in backarc basin mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90: 174-186.
97. Walford, P.C., and Franklin, J.M. 1982. The Anderson Lake Mine, Snow Lake, Manitoba. In Precambrian sulphide deposits. Edited by R.W. Hutchinson, C.D. Spence, and J.M. Franklin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 25, pp. 481-523.
98. Whalen, J.B., Syme, E.C., and Stern, R.A. 1999. Geochemical and Nd isotopic evolution of Paleoproterozoic arc-type granitoid magmatism in the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson orogen, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36: 227-250.
99. Williams, H., and McBirney, A.R. 1979. Volcanology. Freeman, Cooper and Co., San Francisco.
100. Williamson, B.L. 1993. Petrologic studies of the Reed Lake and Claw Lake gabbroic complex. In Report of activities 1993. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, p. 119.
101. Williamson, B.L., and Eckstrand, O.R. 1995. A summary of new contributions on the Reed Lake mafic complex. In Report of activities 1995. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, pp. 61-70.
102. Wood, D.A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50: 11-30.
103. Yamazaki, T., Murakami, F., and Saito, E. 1993. Mode of seafloor spreading in the northern Mariana Trough. Tectonophysics, 221: 207-222.